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Systematic Error
The major feature of systematic error is that the sources of errors are
recognizable and can be reduced to a great extent by carefully designing
the measuring system and selecting its components.
Random Errors
The causes of random errors are not known, so becomes all the
more difficult to eliminate them.
Calibration errors.
Loading errors.
Guaranteed Accuracy
Aa = As + dA
e = dA
As
Where e = relative limiting error
Aa = As + dA
= As (1+ e)
For Eg.
di = xi xmean
(2.1)
Frequency Distribution
The condition that the area under the curve is unity can be expressed
mathematically as:
The probability that the error in any one particular measurement lies
between two levels D1 and D2 can be calculated by measuring the area
under the curve contained between two vertical lines drawn through D1
and D2, as shown by the right-hand hatched area. This can be expressed
mathematically as:
Gaussian
distribution
Numerical Examples
Type1
Type 2
Type 3