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LECTURE 11
SPACE CURVES
Space Curves
Intrinsic properties
Synthetic curves
SPACE CURVES
A curve which may pass through any region of threedimensional space, as contrasted to a plane curve
which must lie on a single plane.
Space curves are very general form of curves
The generation of curves is a problem of curve fitting for
given set of points or approximating a curve for these data
points
Curve Applications
Many real engineering designs need curved mechanical
parts, civil engineering designs, architectural designs,
aeronautics, ship building
Synthetic Curves
The limitations of the analytic curves prompt us to
study the synthetic curves
Frenet Frame
Curvature
Frenet formulae
dt
= k ( s).v( s ).n( s )
ds
dn
= k ( s ).v( s ).t ( s )
ds
Binormal b=txn
SPACE CURVES
An example of a space curve
A helix can be generated by the following parametric
relations x = r cos t
y = r sin t
z = bt
r , b 0, t
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
5
0
0
-5
-5
SPACE CURVES
Exercise 1
A cubical parabola can be generated by the following
parametric relations. Generate the space curve
and also its components (x,t), (y,t) and (z,t).
x=t
y = t2
z = t3
0 t 1
SPACE CURVES
Another example of a space curve
The seam on a tennis ball can be generated by the following
parametric relations
x = a cos( + 4 ) b cos 3( + 4 )
y = a sin( + 4 ) b sin 3( + 4 )
z = c sin(2 )
c 2 = 4ab, = 2t ;0 t 1
SPACE CURVES
A conical helix can be generated by the following
parametric relations with frequency a and height of
the cone h
hz
x=
r cos(az )
h
hz
y=
r sin(az )
h
z=z
0 zh
x = cos t cos c
y = sin t sin c
z = sin c
c = tan 1 (at )
t 0
D n =
b 0
0 t
0 n
0 b
b = tn
Db = n
Synthetic Curves
When we combine polynomial segments to represent a desired curve, it is
called a synthetic curve
Generation
ORDER OF CONTINUITY
Curves are represented by joining segments of splines
(piecewise polynomials) connecting them end to end.
Therefore, the type or order of continuity becomes
important for accepting them in design applications. The
minimum continuity requirement is position continuity. This
ensures the physical connectivity between different
segments of the curve
POSITION CONTINUITY C0 CONTINUITY
P3(t)
P2(t)
P1(t)
Q1(t)
P3(t) = Q1(t)
Q2(t)
Q3(t)
Q1(t)
P3(t)
P2(t)
P1(t)
Q2(t)
P3 (t ) = Q1 (t )
Q3(t)
P3 ' (t ) = Q1 ' (t )
P3(t)
Q1(t)
P2(t)
Q2(t)
P1(t)
P3 (t ) = Q1 (t )
Q3(t)
P3 ' (t ) = Q1 ' (t )
P3 (t ) = Q1 (t )