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EARTHQUAKE TIP
Learning Earthquake Design and Construction
"a.
h
V. R. MURTY
September 2005
IITK - BUM
EARTHQUAKE TIPS
Learning Earthquake Design and Construction
C. V. R. MURTY
-,.*.:;.
yvWit^M^^ywwiii'iN'v^H^^
Published by:
National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur 208016
Phone: (0512) 259 7866; Fax: (0512) 259 7794
Email: nicee@iitk.ac.in; Web: unvw.nicee.org
September 2005
PREFACE
The Republic Day earthquake of 26 January 2001 in Gujarat clearly demonstrated the earthquake
vulnerability profile of our country. It created a considerable interest amongst the professionals
associated with construction activities in any form, as well as the non-professionals regarding the
earthquake safety issues. While the subject of earthquake engineering has its own sophistication and a lot
of new research is being conducted in this very important subject, it is also important to widely
disseminate the basic concepts of earthquake resistant constructions through simple language. With this
objective, the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK) and the Building Materials and Technology
Promotion Council (BMTPC), a constituent of the Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation,
Government of India, launched the IITK-BMTPC Series on Earthquake Tips in early 2002. Professor C. V. R.
Murty was requested to take up the daunting task of expressing difficult concepts in very simple
language, which he has very ably done.
This publication, containing all the 24 Tips, is targeted at persons interested in building
construction. The Tips cover topics such as basic introduction to earthquakes and terminology such as
magnitude and intensity, concepts of earthquake resistant design, and aspects of a seismic design and
construction of buildings. Utmost care is taken to ensure that despite complexity of the concepts, the Tips
are simple and unambiguous. To ensure the highest quality of technical contents, ever)' Tip is carefully
reviewed by two or more experts, both within and outside India and thru feedback is used before
Seeing the interest of the readers in the Tips, we are happy to place all the twenty four Tips in this
single cover for facilitating their usage. We are grateful to Professor C. V. R. Murty for the dedication
with which he worked on this project. We also take this opportunity to thank the numerous reviewers
who have willingly spent time in reviewing the Tips. But, a special mention may be made here for Ms.
Alpa R. Sheth of Mumbai and Professor Svetlana N. Brzev of Vancouver (Canada), who have reviewed
very substantial number of these Tips. Finally, we must thank numerous newspapers, journals and
magazines who came forward to publish these Tips, at times making an exception to their editorial policy
on exclusivity.
Development of the Tips was financially supported by the BMTPC New Delhi. Financial support
for this reprint and dissemination was provided by the National Programme on Earthquake Engineering
Education (jmow.nicee.org/hpeee) and the Joan and Haresh Shah family funds, respectively, which is
gratefully acknowledged.
We hope that the readers will find the Tips useful when constructing buildings in earthquake
prone areas and will consult the expert for finalising their design and construction details. We welcome
comments and suggestions; please email to nicee@iitk.ac.iii.
Sudhir K. Jain
Coordinator, National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering &
Professor of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur208016
September 2005
UST OF REVIEWERS
We are grateful to the following experts who reviewed one or more Earthquake
Tip and made valuable feedback.
Ms. Alpa R. Sheth, Vakil Mehta Sheth Consulting Engineers, Mumbai
Professor Andrew Charleson, Victoria University of Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
Dr. C. P. Rajendran, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Reviewers
Tip 01: What Causes Earthquake?
Tip 02: How the Ground Shakes?
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bnflpc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
sank to the center and the lighter ones rose to the top.
The differentiated Earth consists of the Inner Core
Figure 2:
Local Convective Currents in the Mantle
Plate Tectonics
The convective flows of Mantle material cause the
The Circulations
molten lava comes out and the cold rock mass goes
into the Earth. The mass absorbed eventually melts
under high temperature and pressure and becomes a
part of the Mantle, only to come out again from
another location, someday. Many such local
circulations are taking place at different regions
underneath the Earth's surface, leading to different
portions of the Earth undergoing different directions
of movements along the surface.
Figure 3:
Transform Boundary
j>age2
The sudden slip at the fault causes theearthquake....
a violent shaking of the Earth when large elastic strain
energy released spreads out through seismic waves
that travel through the body and along the surface of
the Earth. And, after the earthquake is over, the
process of strain build-up at this modified interface
between the rocks starts all over again (Figure 6). Earth
scientists know this as the Elastic Rebound Tlieory. The
material points at the fault over which slip occurs
usually constitute an oblong three-dimensional
volume, with its long dimension often running into
tens of kilometers.
Figure 4: Types of
Inter-Plate Boundaries^^
Divergent Boundary
The Earthquake
Rocks are made of elastic material, and so elastic
Figure 5:
Elastic Strain Build-Up
Sla ;e C
Reading Material
BolLB.A., (1999), Earthquakes, Fourth Edition, W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York, USA
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/
http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/
general_seismicity.html
y -g~
Authored by:
R.Murtv
O .-
Lt.
a
Strength
5>
i?
c
Energy
Build-Up JD
t Time
(years)
jrSl Energy
". l/Q*
c6^
Time
(years)
Time
IITK - bmTPC
Earthquake Tip
How the ground shakes?
Seismic Waves
P'-Waves
Extension
S-Waves
Compression
Up and down
Side to side
Direction of
Energy Transmission
Love Waves
Structure
Surface Waves
Rayleigh Waves
Elliptic in vertical plane
Figure 2:
Love and Rayleigh waves. For example, in granites, Pand S-waves have speeds ~4.8 km/sec and
~3.0km/sec, respectively. S-waves do not travel
Measuring Instruments
The instrument that measures earthquake shaking,
jmge_2
Support
s,Figure 3:
jaw
50
60
Time (sec)
^V
~~^^WW-VVW\/\/Vv^^\rv v-
Figure 4::
Resource Material
Authored by:
C.V.R.Miirtv
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
^5
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - timfc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
Magnitude
Great
8 and higher
Major
7-7.9
18
Strong
6-6.9
120
Moderate
5 - 5.9
Mill
Light
4-4.9
Minor
3-3.9
6,200 (estimated)
49.000 (estimated)
Very Minor
<3.0
Source: http::/neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html
Intensity
A number of smaller size earthquakes take place
Magnitude
Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the actual
size of the earthquake. Professor Charles Richter
noticed that (a) at the same distance, seismograms
scales are based on three features of shaking perception by people and animals, performance of
http::/www.nicee.org/nicee/EQReports/Bhuj/isoseismal.html
Hat
Type A slim lures - rural constructions; Type B - ordinary
Pffc 2
enclosed by the isoseismal VIII (Figure 2) may have
experienced a PGA of about 0.25-0.30g. However, now
strong ground motion records from seismic
instruments are relied upon to quantify destructive
ground shaking. These are critical for cost-effective
earthquake-resistant design.
Table 3: PGAs during shaking of different intensities
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Wm
Source: B.A.BoIt. Earthquakes. W.H.Freeman and Co., New York. 1993
0.03-0.04
0.06-0.07
0.10-0.15
0.25-0.30 0.50-0.55
>0.60
Near
Bright
(100 lumens)
Normal
(50 lumens)
farther awav from it. While the bulb releases 100 Watts
Dull
(20 lumens)
Resource Material
http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/magnitude_intensity.
html
Authored by:
C.V.R.Murty
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a property of IIT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Delhi. It may be reproduced without changing its contents
and with due acknowledgement. Suggestions/comments
IITK - bnflpc
Earthquake Tip
Where are the Seismic Zones in India?
Basic Geography and Tectonic Features
India lies at the northwestern end of the Indo-
page 2
Dale
Event
Time Magnitude
Max.
Intensity
Deaths
IlMKI
8.3
VIII
1.500
17:11
8.7
XII
1,500
8 Feb. 1900
Coimbatore
03:11
6.0
Nil
4 Apr. 1905
Kangra
Bihar-Nepal
06:20
8.6
19,000
15 Jan. 1934
14:13
8.4
11,000
03:03
7.6
10,000
15 Aug 1950
19:31
8.5
1,530
21:02
7.0
IX
115
04:30
6.5
VIII
200
20:56
5.4
VII
30
04:39
6.6
IX
1,004
Assam
02:53
6.6
IX
768
6.4
IX
7.928
6.0
VIII
38
12:35
6.6
VIII
63
26 Jan. 2001
08:46
7.7
13,805
Bhuj
anc
The national Seismic Zone Map presents a largescale view of the seismic zones in the country. Local
variations in soil type and geology cannot be
represented at that scale. Therefore, for important
projects, such as a major dam or a nuclear power plant,
the seismic hazard is evaluated specifically for that
site. Also, for the purposes of urban planning,
metropolitan
areas
are
microzoned.
Seismic
Authored by.
CV.R.Murty
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bmlPC
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
What are the Seismic Effects on Structures?
Inertia Forces in Structures
Inertia Force
III
Roof
\\
Column
Foundation
Soil
>
Acceleration
_pagc2
have been observed in many earthquakes in the past
(e.g., Figure 5a). Similarly, poorly designed and
constructed
reinforced
concrete
columns
can
be
Resource Material
Chopra.A.K., (1980), Dynamics of Structures - A Primer, EERI
Authored by:
Figure 4: Flow of seismic inertia forces through
all structural components.
Walls or columns are the most critical elements in
C.V.R.MuiU
10
IITK - bnflpc
Earthquake Tip
How Architectural Features Affect Buildings During Earthquakes?
Importance of Architectural Features
The behaviour of a building during earthquakes
depends critically on its overall shape, size and
geometry, in addition to how the earthquake forces are
carried to the ground. Hence, at the planning stage
itself, architects and structural engineers must work
together to ensure that the unfavourable features are
avoided and a good building configuration is chosen.
The importance of the configuration of a building
was aptly summarised by Late Henry Degenkolb, a
noted Earthquake Engineer of USA, as:
"If-we have a poor configuration to start with, all the
engineer can do is to provide a band-aid - improve a
basically poor solution as best as he can. Conversely, if
we start-offwith a good configuration and reasonable
framing system, even a poor engineer cannot harm its
ultimate performance too much."
Architectural Features
structure
drives
architects
to
conceive
dda
I'l'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'I'T'I'l'I'I'I'l
[l-M-l-M-l-l>l-M-M*M-M-t-l-l
(b) Corners
and Curves
:: poor
*>
H"W
".
>
'
**
TV
'
DODDDDDODU
DDDDDDDDDD
DDDDODDODD
OOOOODDDOO
(a) Setbacks
DDDD
nana
D
m
I Unusually
Tall
Storey
JLH
(c) Slopy Ground (d) Hanging or Floating Columns
features
that
are
detrimental
to
Reinforced
Concrete Wall
Discontinued in
Ground Storey
TT
(i Authored by:
C.V.R.Murty
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a property of ITT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Delhi. It may be reproduced without changing its contents
and with due acknowledgement. Suggestions/comments
12-
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - hmlPC
Earthquake Tip
ami
Construction
Uniform Movement
of Floor
Identical Vertica.
Members
^s^_/
-:S:y:y:y:S:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:y:::----
--........
/
Light Side
of Building
Earthquake
Ground Shaking
a]
Heavy Side
of Building
JhUBL
IEarthquake
Ground
Shaking
.f$g3.<
calculations
need
this
TT
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
TT
TT
Earthquake
iUl
Ground
.>
...,
TT
:"
-D.
Movement
'. Wall
Wall
Resource Material
Arnold.C, and Reitherman.R., (1982), Building Configuration and
Seismic Design,John Wiley, USA
Lagorio.HJ, (1990), EARTHQUAKES An Architect's Guide to NonStructural Seismic Hazard. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA
Wall
Beam^
Columns
Authored by:
C.V.R.Murtv
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bmlc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
The engineers do not attempt to make earthquakeproof buildings that ivill not get damaged even during
the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be
too robust and also too expensive. Instead, the
engineering intention is to make buildings earthquakeresistant; such buildings resist the effects of ground
shaking, although they may get damaged severely but
would not collapse during the strong earthquake.
Thus, safety of people and contents is assured in
earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster
is avoided. This is a major objective of seismic design
codes throughout the world.
page 2
Ductile
Performpnc^
Brittle
Collapse
17
Horizontal Movement of Roof of Building
relative to its base
JW~
(b) Brittle failure of a reinforced concrete
column
Authored by:
C.V.R.Mum
16
IITK - bmfc
Earthquake Tip
How to Make Buildings Ductile for Good Seismic Performance?
Construction Materials
Compression
Tension
Let us take two bars of same length and crosssectional area - one made of a ductile material and
until they break!! You will notice that the ductile bar
elongates bv a large amount before it breaks, while the
brittle bar breaks suddenlv on reaching its maximum
strength at a relatively small elongation (Figure 2).
Amongst the materials used in building construction,
steel is ductile, while masonrv and concrete are brittle.
Strong
Concrete
is
another
material
that
has
been
Final
Elongation
is large
Elongation of Bar
17
PaSe2
Weak Beam
-Weak Column
ductile link is the iveak one (i.e., its capacity to take load
is less), then the chain will show large final elongation.
Instead, if the brittle link is the weak one, then the
Strong
'Column
5fong-Column
Design
Weak-Beam
weakest link.
Strong
Beam
1/
Strong-Beam
Design
Original Chain
Ductile Link
Loaded Chain
Brittle Links
Ductile Link
stretches by
yielding before
breaking
do not yield
Mazzolani.F.M., and Piluso.V., (19%), Theory and Design of SeismicResistant Steel Frames, E&FN Spon, UK
Authored by:
C \ R Murty
Sponsored by:
IITK - brnlpc
Earthquake Tip
How Flexibility of Buildings Affects their Earthquake Response?
Oscillations of Flexible Buildings
When the ground shakes, the base of a building
moves with the ground, and the building swings backand-forth. If the building were rigid, then every point
in it would move by the same amount as the ground.
But, most buildings are flexible, and different parts
move back-and-forth by different amounts.
Take a fat coir rope and tie one end of it to the roof
of a building and its other end to a motorized vehicle
(say a tractor). Next, start the tractor and pull the
building; it will move in the direction of pull (Figure
la). For the same amount of pull force, the movement
is larger for a more flexible building. Now, cut the
rope! The building will oscillate back-and-forth
horizontally and after some time come back to the
original position (Figure lb); these oscillations are
periodic. The time taken (in seconds) for each complete
cycle of oscillation (i.e., one complete back-and-forth
motion) is the same and is called Fundamental Natural
Period T of the building. Value of T depends on the
building flexibility and mass; more the flexibility, the
longer is the T, and more the mass, the longer is the T.
In general, taller buildings are more flexible and have
larger mass, and therefore have a longer T. On the
contrary, low- to medium-rise buildings generally
have shorter T (less than 0.4 sec).
15 Storey Building:
1 sec
Reinforced
Concrete
Chimney:
2 sec
L
Elevated Water Tank: 4 sec
m
Large
mymmmmmmm^^^^^M
(a) Building pulled with a rope tied at its roof
Root
Displacement
Importance of Flexibility
The ground shaking during an earthquake
contains a mixture of many sinusoidal waves of
different frequencies, ranging from short to long
periods (Figure 3). The time taken by the wave to
complete one cycle of motion is called period of the
earthquake wave In general, earthquake shaking of the
ground has waves whose periods vary in the range
0.03-33sec. Even within this range, some earthquake
waves are stronger than the others. Intensity of
//-/.7-V'V-v
Earthquake Shaking :
(a) Buildings in a city lie on different soils
50
10-14 Storey
Buildings
.)-.
3-5 Storey
Buildings
Short
20
Time
Period
Wave
f.
10
50
100
150
200
Long
l/TX
Wave
r^7
300
Amplitude
Period
250
Time
' long
response.
Resource Material
Authored by:
C.V.R.Murty
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by.
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Learning
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Earthquake Tip
and
Const ruction
What are the Indian Seismic Codes?
Importance of Seismic Design Codes
Ground
the ground.
(b) Lateral Strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal)
force that it can resist is such that the damage
induced in it does not result in collapse.
(c) Adequate Stiffness: Its lateral load resisting system is
such that the earthquake-induced deformations in
it do not damage its contents under low-tomoderate shaking.
(d)G(H>d Ductility: Its capacity to undergo large
deformations under severe earthquake shaking
even after yielding, is improved by favourable
design and detailing strategies.
Seismic codes cover all these aspects.
Seismic
Zone
21
IS 13935, 1993
techniques
for repair/seismic
strengthening of
Resource Material
Bridge Rules, (1964), Rules Specifying the 1-oadsfor the Design of SuperStructure and Sub-Structure of Bridges and for Assessment of the
Strength of Existing Bridges, Government of India, Ministry of
reinforced
concrete
structures
are
Delhi
Authored by.
IS 13920, 1993
In
C.V.K.Murh
htk - am
Earthquake Tip
How do brick masonry houses behave during earthquakes?
Behaviour of Brick Masonry Walls
Masonry buildings are brittle structures and one of
the most vulnerable of the entire building stock under
strong earthquake shaking. The large number of
human fatalities in such constructions during the past
earthquakes in India corroborates this. Thus, it is very
important to improve the seismic behaviour of
masonry buildings. A number of earthquake-resistant
features can be introduced to achieve this objective.
Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause
inertia forces at locations of mass in the building.
These forces travel through the roof and walls to the
foundation. The main emphasis is on ensuring that
these forces reach the ground without causing major
damage or collapse. Of the three components of a
masonry building (roof, wall and foundation) (figure
la), the walls are most vulnerable to damage caused
^\
Walls
Roof
Toppling
J8r D'rec,'on of
gJa&*
earthquake
shaking
^^mmmmmmw^
(a) For the direction of earthquake shaking shown.
wall B tends to fail
, Toothed joints
in masonry
;A^
courses
, or L-shaped
Direction of
earthquake shaking
Strong
S'S' ^^
dowel bars
Toppling
Direction
Pushed perpendicular
to the plane of the wall
^'Direction ol
earthquake
shaking
Direction ol
^mmmmm^^
(b) WallB properly connected to WallA (Note: roof
earthquake
shaking
V^2
Overturning
Overturning
wsoirmm
Soil
MiMrWi
Thick Wall(l'ibnck) 1
Largeportion of wallt
not supported by
cross walls
-0
Authored by.
C.V.R.Murty
\\f#
lwvm
mn Short Wall
Visit www.nicee.org or
24
Learning
HTK - hrnlBE
Earthquake Tip
Earthquake Design
and
Construction
and walls
Walls with
small
Inertia force
fmm roof
Inertia force
from roof
openings
Good
connection
"....'...
'.'. ,.-,..,.-,..,..,..,..,.."..'..M*..\.<......'
Good connection
between
walls and
foundation
Regions
at wall corners'
where load
transfer
earthquake
takes place
shaklna
from one
wall to
Influence of Openings
Openings are functional necessities in buildings.
However, location and size of openings in walls
assume significance in deciding the performance of
masonry buildings in earthquakes. To understand this,
another
walls to strong walls in a masonry building wall B1 pulls walls A1 and A2, while wall B2
pushes walls A1 and A2.
25
jnigc2
Large window
opening
reduces the
wall strength
in its strong
direction
Damage
Diagonal
bracing
effect
Earthquake-Resistant Features
Indian Standards suggest a number of earthquakeresistant measures to develop good box-type action in
masonry buildings and improve their seismic
performance. For instance, it is suggested that a
building having horizontal projections when seen
from the top, e.g., like a building with plan shapes L, T,
E and Y, be separated into (almost) simple rectangular
blocks in plan, each of which has simple and good
earthquake behaviour (IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tip 6).
During earthquakes, separated blocks can oscillate
independendy and even hammer each other if they are
too close. Thus, adequate gap is necessary between
these different blocks of the building. The Indian
Standards suggest minimum seismic separations
between blocks of buildings. However, it may not be
necessary to provide such separations between blocks,
if horizontal projections in buildings are small, say up
to -15-20% of the length of building in that direction.
Inclined staircase slabs in masonry buildings offer
another concern. An integrally connected staircase slab
acts like a cross-brace between floors and transfers
^^mSDamage
MtMNMNMMMMMW
(a) Damage in building with rigidly built-in staircase
Reinforced Concrete
Stair Case Tower
(or Mumly)
Authored by:
CV.R.Murtx
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Earthquake Tip
Learning
Earthquake Design
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Construction
Roof
MasonryJ
above linten
Lintel Band
Masonry
below lintel
Wall
Plinth Band
Foundation
^^T^J*': ':
Gable-mot
connection
Root
Band
Floor-walls
connectioi
'6:::v6v/y^fifi^J^!fS^enPheral wall
(b) Two-storey Building with Pitched Roof
PaSe2
Wood
Runners
Pulling of
Bending of
Lintel Band
'Lintel Band
(b) RC Band
Figure 4: Horizontal Bands in masonry buildings
- RC bands are the best.
>Wj-S>'i'-"'
Direction of
earthquake
shaking
configuration?
J 751
150
mm
Resource Material
IAEE, (1986), Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Non-Engineered
e^
Construction,
International
Association
for
Earthquake
Large
Small
Cross-section of
Lintel Bands
Figure 3: Bending and pulling in lintel bandsBands must be capable of resisting these.
^
ft Authored by:
"
Indian Standards
The Indian Standards IS:4326-1993 and IS:13828
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Kanpur, India
Sponsored by.
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Council, New Delhi, India
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Lintel
Band
Plinth^^i^i>ii^i^iili^^(^i^^^ti^^^ Masonry
Roof
Pier
Spandrel
Masonry
Lintel
Level
Wall Pier
*Masonry
Sill
Level
Sill
' Masonry
Plinth
Level
Foundation
mmmmm
mSSmmMWm
masonry
X-Cracking
of Masonry
Piers
the
inertia
force
causes
the
small-sized
Foundation
&sij$iliiP
2&^#si.Smi$!$M.
^/sprowotec^nwa//s^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Roof
Earthquakeinduced inertia
force
Sliding
Foundation
jmge2
*%$&
(a) Cracking in building with no corner reinforcement
Lintel Band
Bending
Reinforcement
Bars
of Pier
Sill Band
(Similar to ^^
Untel Band.^
but discontinued
*wm
configuration?
Tipl4: Why horizontal bandsare required in masonry buildings?
i1""""""'"": !>
(b) Vertical reinforcement prevents sliding in walls
(See Figure 3).
Figure 4: Vertical reinforcement in masonry walls
- wall behaviour is modified.
Resource Material
Amrose.J., (1991), Simplified Design of Masonry Structures. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., USA
Authored by:
C.V.R.Muitv
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Construction
Vertical gap
<r=3
Mud mortar
^r^
"y Outward bulging
/
of vertical wall
layer
Half-dressed
oblong stones
zones.
The
Indian Standard
IS:13828-1993
Alternatives to
Section
Through Stones
Wood
< 800mm
plank \ts.
Hooked
~t>'
steel link "=J>
< BOOmm
Floor
Authored by.
I \ K Murty
Indian Institute ol technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by.
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a properly of DT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Delhi. It may be reproduced without changing its contents
and with due acknowledgement. Suggestions/comments
may be sent to: nice&iiiitk. ac. in. Visit www.nicee.ore or
32
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bnflpc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
(a) Out-of-plane
Vertical Movement
33
on
beam
and
column
faces
at
locations
Strength Hierarchy
For a building to remain safe during earthquake
shaking, columns (which receive forces from beams)
should be stronger than beams, and foundations
s^l
1 Large
1 Small
^ displacement
B sr collapse
at collapse
Damage
f^^^^distributed
All damage
in one
slorev
arJ
}p
Strong Beam
I Earthquake I
Stretching of member
and locations of tension
C.V.R Murt)
Indian Institute ol lechnolog) Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technologj Promotion
( ouncil. New Delhi, India
This release is a property of IIT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bmliic
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
action. A
induced forces.
Vertical Stirrup
Smaller diameter steel
bars that are made into
lleam
Design Strategy
Designing a beam involves the selection of /7s
material properties (i.e, grades of steel bars and concrete)
placed at regular
intervals along the full
length of the beam
Column
(a)
Flexure Failure
Inclined crack
Longitudinal Bar
Larger diameter steel bars that
Beam
/ \ <5-"
Shear Failure
_Mge2
bars are (a) made away from the face the column, and
(b) not made at locations where they are likely to
stretch by large amounts and yield (e.g., bottom bars at
mid-length of the beam). Moreover, at the locations of
laps, vertical stirrups should be provided at a closer
spacing (Figure 6).
Spacing of stirrups
Spacing of stirrups
Column
Column
as calculated
as calculated
Spacing o( stirrups
l per calculations
diameter)
diameter)
zones,
the
Indian
Standard
IS13920-1993
Column
Column
ummimMtrm
Spacing of stirrups
not more than 150mm
Column
Lapping prohibited In
regions where
longitudinal bars can
Column
yield in tension
Preferred:
135'hooks in
Horizontal
adjacent
Spacing
stirrups on
> 10 times
diameter of
stirruo
alternate sides
Authored by:
C.V.R.Murtv
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a property of IIT Kanpur and BMTPC New
September 21X)3
Learning
IITK - bmfc
Earthquake Tip
Earthquake Design
Construction
Vertical bars
Closed Ties
Smaller diameter steel bars
that are made into closed
w times
diameter
of tie
Column
Shear Failure
Large spacing of
135 hook ends in
them causes brittle
Design Strategy
Designing a column involves selection of materials
failure of during
2001 Bhuj
earthquake
(b)
At least larger of
Ties required
Spacing of ties
Spacing of ties
not more than D/2
Ties required
Extra Links
At least larger of
D. h</6 and 450 mm
Spacing of ties
not more than D/4. but need
not be less than 75mm nor
more than 100 mm
Column
in
construction,
there
are
numerous
ends (Figure 4). Also, only half the vertical bars in the
column are to be lapped at a time in any storey.
Authored by:
t \ R Murty
Indian Institute ol Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a property of IIT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - hnilpc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
Overlap volume
common to beams
and columns
10 times
diameter of tie
Beam
135
Column
<=> o
Gripping of
ar inside
<=J
/] //Compression
w
joint region
W1
Intermediate
Column Bars
extra
effort.
Indian
Standard
IS:13920-1993
causes diagonal
cracking and cnishing
of concrete
in joint region:
beam bars
(or
beams).
The
American
Concrete
Institute
Column
Beam
Stage II:
beam reinforcement
Shear failure of RC
the formwork
beam-column joint
during the 7985
(C)
Mexico City
Sfage ///:
Earthquake,
(C)
joints - diagrams (a) and (b) show crosssectional views in plan of joint region.
.
Resource Material
WideC olumn
c=
'
L-shaped
bar ends
Authored by:
C.V.R.Mui-tv
ored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Portion of column
already cast
(a) Poor
(b) Good
Figure 5: Anchorage of beam bars in exterior
40
HTK - bniic
Earthquake Tip
Why are Open-Ground Storey Buildings Vulnerable in Earthquakes?
Basic Features
Earthquake
oscillations
!<
(a)
Inverted
Pendulum
' '
through walls
The Problem
upper storeys
Figure 5: Avoiding open ground storey problem continuity of walls in groundstorey is preferred.
(a) Actualbuilding
Figure 4: Open ground storey building assumptions made in current design practice
are not consistent with the actual structure.
Authored by:
C.V.R.Mum
Sponsored by:
42
Learning
Earthquake Design
h t k - mm
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
Tall
Column
Partial
Short
<column
Opening
Regular
Height
Wall
f
r
Column
r1
Portion of
column
nastrained
Tall Column:
from
Attracts smaller
horizontal force
movina
<3
Short Column:
Attracts larger
horizontal force
P"Se2
LLJ
Length depends
on diameter of
longitudinal bar
Short column
between lintel
and sill of
window
Short Column
Regular Column
The Solution
44
Learning
Earthquake Design
HTK - bnflpc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
contents).
Foundation
Shear
Wall
shear walls
not desirable
Symmetry of buildingin
plan about both axes
Unsymmetric
location of
effectiveness in
=f
... f . ... f . f . s . . . . .
elements
(a)
Boundary
L-Shaped
Element
Boundary Elements
without increased thickness
-m
LH
Boundary
Boundary Elements
Element
RC Hollow
Core around
Elevators
Confining reinforcement in
-*C ,
Anchoring of wall
boundary elements:
reinforcement in
Bars
in
RC
Walls:
boundary element
(b)
Steel
Authored by.
C.V.R.Murry
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, India
Sj'onsored by:
Learning
Earthquake Design
IITK - hmlpc
Earthquake Tip
and
Construction
Rollers
the building.
Hypothetical
Building
Building on rollers without any friction
Small
<
movement
of building
directly on ground.
Large
movement
Flexible pads
in isolators
Base Isolation
Original
Lead plug-
Isolator
-Flexible
Material
Stainless
Building
of building
Fixed-Base
Building
Large
movement
wmmmm
P<W 2
provided in a 18-storey RC frame structure in Gurgaon
(SeehttfJ^/www.palldynamics.com/main.htm).
Basement columns
Seismic Dampers
Another approach for controlling seismic damage
in buildings and improving their seismic performance
is by installing seismic dampers in place of structural
elements, such as diagonal braces. These dampers act
like the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars - much of
the sudden jerks are absorbed in the hydraulic fluids
and only little is transmitted above to the chassis of the
car. When seismic energy is transmitted through them,
dampers absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of
the building. Dampers were used since 1960s to
protect tall buildings against wind effects. However, it
was only since 1990s, that they were used to protect
buildings against earthquake effects. Commonly used
types of seismic dampers include viscous dampers
(energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing
between piston-cylinder arrangement), friction dampers
(energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between
them rubbing against each other), and yielding dampers
(energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield)
(Figure 3). In India, friction dampers have been
Figure 3: Seismic Energy Dissipation Devices each device is suitable for a certain building.
Research
Institute, Oakland
available at http//wwu'.nicee.org/readings/EERI_Report.htm.
Hanson,R.D., and Soong,T.T., (2001), "Seismic Design
with
Supplemental Energy Dissipation Devices," Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute, Oakland (CA), USA
"An
Authored hi/:
C.V.R.Murtv
Sponsored by:
Building Materials and Technology Promotion
Council, New Delhi, India
This release is a property of UT Kanpur and BMTPC New
Delhi. It may be reproduced without changing its contents
48
Strong, Sh iking
j45s3
W'
"1