CITATIONS: Chicago Style (author/date)

In this system, sources are cited briefly in parentheses within the text of a paper, with full
bibliographic information provided in a list of references at the end of the paper. For quick
reference, see the examples below. A more detailed explanation follows the examples. The
complete Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., is available from Western Libraries. See chapter 14
and 15 for citing information. A Citation Quick Guide is also available. Select Author/Date
NOT Notes and Bibliography.

Examples: Each example shows an In-text Citation, followed by the

corresponding Reference List entry.
Book:
(Krugman and Obstfeld 2009, 312)
Krugman, Paul R., and Maurice Obstfeld. 2009. International Economics: Theory and Policy. 8th
ed. Boston: Pearson Addison-Wesley.
(Judge et al., 57-79)
Judge, George G., R. Carter Hill, William E. Griffiths, Helmut Ltkepol, and Tshoung-Chao Lee.
1982. Introduction to the Practice of Econometrics. New York: Wiley.
Chapter / Article in an Edited Book:
(Levy and Sarnat 1983, 390)
Levy, Haim, and Marshall Sarnat. 1983. International Portfolio Diversification. In Managing
Foreign Exchange Risk, edited by Richard J. Herring, 149-168. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
(Lester, Millard, and Willison 2008)
Lester, Benjamin, Stephen Millard, and Matthew Willison. 2008. Optimal Settlement Rules for
Payment Systems. In TheFuture of Payment Systems, edited by Andrew G. Haldane,
Stephen Millard, and Victoria Saporta, 87-99. Routledge International Studies in Money
and Banking 43. London: Routledge. http://lib.myilibrary.com?ID=125954.
Journal Article:
(Davies, Kocher, and Sutter 2008, 42)
Davies, James B., Martin G. Kocher, and Matthias Sutter. 2008. Economics Research in Canada:
A Long-run Assessment of Journal Publications. Canadian Journal of Economics 41:
22-45. [For a print journal]
(Whalley and Zhang 2011)
Whalley, John, and Shunming Zhang. 2011. On the Arbitrariness of Consumption. Applied
Economics Letters 18: 301-304. doi:10.1080/13504851003655024. [For a print journal
consulted online]

(Caucutt and Kumar 2008, 13)

Caucutt, Elizabeth M., and Krishna B. Kumar. 2008. Africa: Is Aid an Answer? The B.E.
Journal of Macroeconomics 8 (1) (Advances), Article 32: 1-46.
http://www.bepress.com/bejm/vol8/iss1/art322 [For a journal published online]
Working Paper / Unpublished Work:
(Fryer and Levitt 2005)
Fryer, Rolland G., Jr., and Steven D. Levitt. 2005. The Black-white Test Score Gap through the
Third Grade. NBER Working Paper 1049, National Bureau of Economic Research,
Cambridge, MA.
(Goltsman and Pavlov 2008, 13)
Goltsman, Maria, and Gregory Pavlov. 2008. How to Talk to Multiple Audiences. Department
of Economics Research Report 2008-1, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
http://economics.uwo.ca/econref/WorkingPapers/researchreports/wp2008/wp2008_1.pdf
(Smith 2009)
Smith, Roger. 2009. Some Thoughts on the Harmonized Sales Tax. Photocopy, Department of
Economics, York University, Toronto.
Website:
(Statistics Canada 2006)
Statistics Canada. 2006. How to Cite Statistics Canada Products. Catalogue no. 12-591-XWE.
Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Version updated March 31.
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-591-x/12-591-x2009001-eng.htm
(Berube 2009)
Berube, Alan. 2009. Recovery? Depends on Where You Look. Up Front Blog, December 16.
Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Accessed April 1, 2009.
http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1215_recovery_berube.aspx
(OECD 2009)
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)*. 2009. Governments
Agree to Step up Fight against Bribery. December 16. Accessed April 13, 2010.
http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3343,en_2649_34487_44232739_1_1_1_1,00.html
*Acronym is added if the work is cited in the text.
Multiple Works by Same Author(s):
(Laidler 2004a, 335)
Laidler, David E. W. 1991. How shall we Govern the Governor? A Critique of the Governance of
the Bank of Canada. Canada Round 1. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute.
, ed. 1997. Where we Go from Here: Inflation Targets in Canadas Monetary Policy
Regime. Policy Study 29. Toronto: C. D. Howe Institute.
. 2004a. Monetary Policy after the Bubbles Burst: The Zero Lower Bound, the Liquidity
Trap and the Credit Deadlock. Canadian Public Policy 30: 333-340.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3552306
. 2004b. Monetary Policy without Money: Hamlet without the Ghost. In
Macroeconomics, Monetary Policy, and Financial Stability: A Festschrift in Honour of

Charles Freedman. Ottawa: Bank of Canada. Proceedings of a conference held by the

Bank of Canada, June 2003.

Citations & Reference List: Brief Description

In-text (parenthetical) Citations:

Last name Year, Page numbers (if relevant)

Omit ed., trans. etc.; dont use pp. or p.
Use n. d. if work is not dated
For 4 or more authors, use first authors last name with et al.
If the Author is referred to in the text, only the year and pages appear in parenthesis; the
name is not repeated
The parenthetical reference goes before a punctuation mark, if practical, or in the most
logical place
If the author has more than one work in the same year, add lower case letters to the dates
in the in-text citation and the reference list. e.g. 2007a and 2007b

Examples: (Wonnacott and Wonnacott 1998, 53); / (Bank of Canada n.d., 4-8) / (Davies, Zhang,
and Zeng 2005) / (Smith et al. 2002, 112-119) / (King 1996, fig. 7) / Krugman (2009) argues
that / King and Radford (2009, 56) demonstrate / In a study by Wegman et al. (1997),

Reference List (titled References or Works Cited):

Arrange items alphabetically by author, and chronologically within a group of works by

the same author(s). Interfile books, articles, etc. If no author is given, start with the title,
then the date
Indent the second and following lines for each entry (hanging indent format)
Separate main elements within each entry with a period [Author. Year. Title.
Publication information.]
List all Authors, using full names as given. Only the name of the first author is inverted
(last name, first name). Use commas between names where there is more than one author.
Author can refer to editors, compilers or organizations. For corporate authors, write the
organizations name in full [e.g. International Monetary Fund]
For multiple entries by the same author(s), a 3-em dash* replaces the name(s) after the
first entry. * = ctl alt NumPadMinus x 3
Year of publication follows the author(s) for all entries. If no date is given, use n. d.
All Titles are capitalized headline style, i.e. first letter of all major words are in upper
case
Italicize the titles of books and the names of journals, magazines, newspapers, etc.; use
a colon between a title and a subtitle. Article titles are put in quotation marks.
Publication information for books: City: Publisher. Use first city listed; add province,
state or country only if city name is unfamiliar or ambiguous. Page numbers are not used
for books. See examples for edition, volume, series.
Publication information for journal articles: Author(s). Year of publication. Title of
Article. Title of Journal volume: page numbers (for entire article). doi (if available) for
journals consulted online. Use the url for online journal articles if no DOI is provided.

Electronic Resources:

Requirements and principles are the same as for print material. Add URL for online
material, and medium consulted for CD-ROMs, DVDs, etc.
Add a DOI for online journal articles, if one is provided, instead of an URL.
Access date is not necessary for stable sources; use date retrieved for time-sensitive data
or where information is likely to be updated
Where a website doesnt provide the standard elements required for a proper citation, add
a statement describing the source, along with the URL
More informal web content (blogs, commentary, etc.) is treated like an unpublished
document. If possible, cite in the running text and omit from the Reference list.
When a website requires that you be inventive when creating a citation, make it logical
and as consistent as possible with the standard conventions
If a website has disappeared since you consulted it, add a note to that effect (accessed
September 24, 2009; site now discontinued)

Footnotes / Appendices

Using superscript, number notes consecutively throughout paper.

Numbers follow punctuation (like this.2 )
Put footnotes at the bottom of the page rather than at the end of the paper.
Tables have their own notation (usually letters) specific to the table. Notes go
immediately below the table body
Avoid long, digressive notes. Simplify them or integrate them into the text
Complicated tabular material, lists or other items not an essential part of the text but
helpful to the reader should be put in an Appendix

REFERENCES
The Chicago Manual of Style Online. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
Turabian, Kate L. 1996. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed.
Rev. John Grossman and Alice Bennett. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.