Fundamental Equations of Mechanics of Materials

Axial Load

Shear

Normal Stress

Average direct shear stress

s =

P
A

tavg =

Displacement
Transverse shear stress

P(x)dx
L0 A (x)E

d =

d =

V
A

VQ
It

t =

PL
AE

Shear flow
q = tt =

dT = a TL

Torsion

VQ
I

Stress in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel

Shear stress in circular shaft

t =

Cylinder

Tr
J

s1 =

pr
t

pr
2t

s2 =

where
p 4
c
solid cross section
2
p 4
J=
(c - ci 4)
tubular cross section
2 o

Sphere

J=

Stress Transformation Equations

sx =

Power

sx + sy

P = Tv = 2pf T
txy = -

Angle of twist

pr
2t

s1 = s2 =

2
sx - sy
2

sx - sy
2

cos 2u + txy sin 2u

sin 2u + txy cos 2u

f =

T(x)dx
L0 J(x)G

Principal Stress
tan 2up =

TL
f =
JG

s1,2 =

Average shear stress in a thin-walled tube

tavg

T
=
2tA m

(sx - sy)>2
sx + sy
2

tan 2us = q = tavg t =

T
2A m

tmax =

Bending

savg =

Normal stress
s =

My
I

Unsymmetric bending
M yz
Mz y
+
,
Iz
Iy

sx - sy
2

b + t2xy

Maximum in-plane shear stress

Shear Flow

s = -

txy

tan a =

Iz
tan u
Iy

(sx - sy)>2
txy
a

sx - sy

A
2
sx + sy

b + t2xy

Absolute maximum shear stress

smax
tabs =
for smax, smin same sign
max
2
smax - smin
for smax, smin opposite signs
tabs =
max
2

Geometric Properties of Area Elements

Material Property Relations
Poissons ratio

Plat
n = Plong

Generalized Hookes Law

1
3 s - n(sy
ex =
E x
1
3 s - n(sx
ey =
E y
1
3 s - n(sx
ez =
E z
1
gxy =
t , g =
G xy yz
where

G =

Elastic Curve

1
r
d 4v
EI 4
dx
d3v
EI 3
dx
d2v
EI 2
dx

1
1
t g =
t
G yz, zx
G zx

scr =

E
2(1 + n)

+ b)

x
1 2a + b
3 a+b

= w(x)

A = p2r

2
4r
3p

r
C

= V (x)

Ix =
Iy =

1
4
8 pr
1
4
8 pr

Semicircular area

= M(x)

A = pr 2
Ix =

p2EI
(KL)2

p2E
, r = 2I>A
(KL >r)2

Iy =

Circular area
2
5a

P
ec
L
P
=
c 1 + 2 sec a
bd
A
2r
A
EA
r

A=
b

Conservation of energy

2
3 ab

Ue = Ui
N2L
constant axial load
2AE
L 2
M dx
bending moment
Ui =
L0 2EI
L
fsV2dx
transverse shear
Ui =
L0 2GA
L 2
T dx
torsional moment
Ui =
L0 2GJ

Trapezoidal area

Energy Methods
Strain energy

1
2 h(a

A=
C

Secant formula
smax

1
3h

Triangular area

Buckling

Critical stress

M
EI

Pcr =

1
3
36 bh

1
2 bh

A=

dM
= V
dx

Critical axial load

Ix =

Rectangular area

+ sz ) 4
+ sy) 4

Iy =

1
3
12 bh
1
3
12 hb

Ix =

C
b

+ sz ) 4

Relations Between w, V, M
dV
= w(x),
dx

A = bh

3
8b

Ui =

zero slope

Semiparabolic area

A=
b
C
zero slope

3
4a

Exparabolic area

ab
3

3
10 b

1
4
4 pr
1
4
4 pr

101
103

8.74
8.83

2.37
1.45

Kevlar 49
30% Glass

Plastic

Reinforced

Wood
Select Structural
Grade
13.1
9.65

0.47
3.60

White Spruce

72.4

131

29.0

22.1

120

Douglas Fir

1.45

2.38

Concrete
High Strength

Nonmetallic

4.43

8.16

Tool L2
[Ti-6Al-4V]

193

7.86

Stainless 304
200

200

7.85

Structural A992

200

7.85

44

75

75

75

75

18

38

37

68

27

26

27

Modulus of
Rigidity G
(GPa)

924

703

207

345

250

152

345

70.0

255

414

924

703

207

345

250

152

345

70.0

255

414

38

12

131

172

Yield Strength (MPa)

SY
Tens.
Comp.b Shear

26d
36d

2.5c

131

483

1,000

800

517

450

400

276

655

241

572

669

290

469

2.1c

90

717

1,000

800

517

450

400

276

655

241

276

179

290

469

6.7d

6.2d

20.3

152

186

290

Ultimate Strength (MPa)

Su
Tens.
Comp.b Shear

2.8

16

22

40

30

30

20

35

0.6

12

10

%Elongation in
50 mm specimen

0.31e

0.29e

0.34

0.34

0.15

0.15

0.36

0.32

0.27

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.34

0.35

0.28

0.28

0.35

0.35

Poissons
Ratio N

11

11

9.4

12

17

12

12

26

17

18

12

12

24

23

Coef. of Therm.
Expansion A
(106)/C

Specific values may vary for a particular material due to alloy or mineral composition,mechanical working of the specimen,or heat treatment. For a more exact value
reference books for the material should be consulted.
b The yield and ultimate strengths for ductile materials can be assumed equal for both tension and compression.
c Measured perpendicular to the grain.
d Measured parallel to the grain.
e Deformation measured perpendicular to the grain when the load is applied along the grain.

172

7.28

44.7

67.0

7.19

1.83

68.9

Structural A-36

[Am 1004-T61]

73.1

2.71

Moduls of
Elasticity E
(GPa)

2.79

Density R
(Mg/m3)

Low Strength

Titanium
Alloy

Steel
Alloys

Gray ASTM 20
Malleable ASTM A-197

2014-T6
6061-T6

Red Brass C83400

Bronze C86100

Magnesium
Alloy

Copper
Alloys

Cast Iron
Alloys

Aluminum
Wrought Alloys

Metallic

Materials

(SI Units)

Average Mechanical Properties of Typical Engineering Materialsa

0.101
0.098
0.260
0.263

Gray ASTM 20
Malleable ASTM A-197

1.90
1.40

0.017
0.130

White Spruce

10.5

Douglas Fir

0.0524

19.0

4.20

3.20

17.4

6.4

11.0

11.0

11.0

11.0

2.5

5.6

5.4

9.8

3.9

3.7

3.9

Modulus of
Rigidity G
(103) ksi

134

102

30

50

36

22

50

11.4

37

60

134

102

30

50

36

22

50

11.4

37

60

5.5

1.8

19

25

Yield Strength (ksi)

SY
Tens.
Comp.b Shear

3.78d
5.18d

0.36c

19

70

145

116

75

65

58

40

35

35

83

96

42

68

0.30c

13

104

145

116

75

65

58

40

35

35

40

26

42

68

0.97d

0.90d

10.2

22

27

42

Ultimate Strength (ksi)

Su
Tens.
Comp.b Shear

2.8

16

22

40

30

30

20

35

0.6

12

10

%Elongation in
2 in. specimen

0.31e

0.29e

0.34

0.34

0.15

0.15

0.36

0.32

0.27

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.34

0.35

0.28

0.28

0.35

0.35

Poissons
Ratio N

6.0

6.0

5.20

6.50

9.60

6.60

6.60

14.3

9.60

9.80

6.60

6.70

13.1

12.8

Coef. of Therm.
Expansion A
(106)/F

measured perpendicular to the grain when the load is applied along the grain.

parallel to the grain.

e Deformation

perpendicular to the grain.

d Measured

yield and ultimate strengths for ductile materials can be assumed equal for both tension and compression.

c Measured

b The

values may vary for a particular material due to alloy or mineral composition,mechanical working of the specimen,or heat treatment. For a more exact value
reference books for the material should be consulted.

a Specific

Wood
Select Structural
Grade

30% Glass

Reinforced

0.0524

0.086

Kevlar 49

0.086

High Strength

0.160

Low Strength

Nonmetallic

[Ti-6Al-4V]

0.295

Tool L2

29.0

28.0

0.284

Stainless 304

Plastic

Concrete

Titanium
Alloy

Steel
Alloys

29.0

0.284

29.0

0.284

Structural A992

6.48

15.0

14.6

25.0

10.0

10.0

10.6

Moduls of
Elasticity E
(103) ksi

Structural A-36

0.066

0.319

Bronze C86100
[Am 1004-T61]

0.316

Red Brass C83400

Magnesium
Alloy

Copper
Alloys

Cast Iron
Alloys

Aluminum
Wrought Alloys
6061-T6

Specific
Weight
(lb/in3)

2014-T6

Metallic

Materials

(U.S. Customary Units)

Average Mechanical Properties of Typical Engineering Materialsa