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ADSLTheory:ADSLTHEORY
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ADSL Theory

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Kamis,15Mei2008

Arsip Blog

ADSL THEORY

2008(1)
Mei(1)
ADSLTHEORY

Mengenai Saya

Basics
Humanhearingcoversabout
20kHzvoicerangeisvariable
but95%ofverbal
communicationhappensina
relativelylimitedbandof300
4000Hz.Thetelephone
networksoftheworlduse0
4000Hz,thatcovershuman
speechfrequenciesand
signalingwithinthephone
network.Yourtelephoneline
isapairof
solidcopper
lineswhichhas
afrequency
range
available,
basicallyonly
limitedby
technologyand
attenuation.

dewanoad
Lihatprofillengkapku

ADSLleaves
somesafety
spacebetweenitselfandothercommontelephonenetwork
protocolsandthenusestheavailablefrequencybandwidth.This
translatesto28kHzto1.1MHzforADSL1/2and28kHzto2.2MHz
forADSL2+.

Attenuation
Attenuation,in
a

communicationssense,istheenergylossofsignaltransmission
throughagivenmedium.Simplyput,ifyoutalknormallyIcan
hearyouwhenyou're10mawaybutIcan'thearyouat100m
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unlessyoushout.
InanADSL
meaningthere
aretwo
separateand
distinct
versions.
SIGNAL
attenuationis
what's
reportedfora
current
connection(e.g.fromyourmodem)andanaverageofeach
individualbucket
intheconnection,itchangescontinuously.
LINEattenuationiswhat'sreportedfromalineSQ(Service
Qualification)andismeasuredatasetfrequencyandsignal
strengthbyyourprovidersDSLAM,itcanbeusedtomakespeed
guesstimationsandisagoodindicatoroflinehealth.
Toclarify,
LINEattenuation(reportedbyDSLAM)isaboutwirehealth
SIGNALattenuation(reportedbymodem)isaboutconnection
healthandisonlyusefulwhenconsideredwithSNRmargins,
powerlevelsandconnectionspeed.
There'sabitofatwistwithattenuation,itincreaseswith
frequencythehigherthefrequencythehighertheattenuation.
Soundsstrangebutmakessensewhensomeonegoespastin
theirloweredCommodorewithabadassstereoallyoucanhear
isthedoofdoofofthesubwoofers.Youdon'thearthesinging,
guitars,etcwhichareahigherfrequency.Thevolumelevelsare
generallythesame(thepeopleinthecarhearabitmorethan
justdoofdoof)it'sjustthehigherfrequenciesarebeing
attenuatedfasterthanthelowerfrequencies.
Attenuationisalsocausedbylinejoins(whichcanalsocause
noise
).Ifyou'retalkingtosomeone5mawaytheycanhear
youfine,ifthey're5mawaybutaroundacornerinadifferent
roomthenyouhavetotalklouder.Ittakesenergytoturna
signalaroundacorner.
Signalattenuationvariesandevenforthesamelineisdifferent
atdifferentpointsoftime.Thisdoesnotapplytolineattenuation.
Let'sseewhy.
Lineattenuationismeasuredforapresetgroupofparameters.
Thisincludesthenoisefrequencydistribution.Thisdistributionis
staticforlineattenuationmeasurement.Thereforepowerlevels
foreachof255channels(buckets)andoverallpowerlevelare
alsostatic.Thereisnoneedtovarythem.
Inrealsituationnoisefrequencydistributionishighlyvolatile.If
channelssayfrom130till145getmostseverelyaffectedby
somefrequencydependentnoise(yourneighbourturnedmower
on)thenthisamountsfrommodempointofviewtothechangein
linecharacteristics,namelylineattenuation.Toputitprecisely,
theshapeofthecurve(whichdescribeshowattenuationdepends
onfrequency)changes.
Beforethechange:justgradualincreaseofattenuationdepending
onthefrequency.Afterthechange:gradualincreasefrom
channel1to129,suddenandabruptincreasefrom130to145,
thenpartialdropdowntousuallevelswithsubsequentcontinuing
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gradualincreasefrom145till255.(Inpracticeincreasemost
likelywillbenotthatsuddenunlesssomeveryspecialequipment
isused).
Modemwilltrytoovercomethishurdle,ifitcan,byincreasingits
transmissionpowerforthese15affectedchannels.Whichagain,
isthesamethingthemodemwouldhavedoneiftheline
attenuationwouldsuddenlyincreasebyitself(whichinreallifeit
cannot)forthefrequencyrangewherethechannels130145are.
Sofrommodempointofviewlineconditionsarevolatileand
changeovertime.

Noise
Ifyou'reatapartyandyou'retalkingtosomeonethenyouhave
totalkloudertomakeyourselfheardoverthebackgroundnoise.
ADSLisexactlythesamealthoughthenoiseiselectrical.Noise
canbegeneratedbyothertelephonydevicesontheline(alarms,
phones,faxes,etc)orbyelectromagneticpulses(EMP
,the
onlycoolthingaboutanuclearbomb).
Noisegeneratedbydevicescangenerallybedealtwithusing
goodqualitylinefiltersoracentralsplitterinyourhome.They
simplystopanysignalsoutsidethe04000Hztelephoneband
frompassingthrougheitherway.Therearesomecaseswhere
devicesexternaltoyourhomemaybecausingdevicenoise,they
areveryrareandcangenerallybeidentifiedbyTelstra
performinglinetests.
EMPisalittlemorehairy,bitofphysics,twoideaswhichare
related.Whenyoupassanelectricalchargethroughawirethere
willbeanelectromagneticfield(basicallyanEMP)createdaround
thewire.Whenanelectromagneticfieldtravelsoverawireit
createsanelectricalsignalonthewire.Basically,ifyouhadtwo
wiresnexttoeachotheryoucouldapplyanelectricalsignalto
wireAandyoucouldrecordaweakerversionofthesignalon
wireB.EMPcanbecreatedbyanyelectricalsourcesuchas
fridgemotors,carstartermotors,PCpowersupplies,light
globes,etc,etc.Thisistheideabehindcrosstalk
whichwe'll
coverlater.
Frysie'sredhottipsforreducinglinenoise:
oMakesuretheunshieldedreceivingwire(i.e.walltomodem
phonecable)isassmallaspossible
oUsethefirstpointinthehouse(generallytheoneclosesttothe
frontofthehouse)
oMakesurethere'snodevicesonthelinecausingnoise(unplug
everythingelse)
oKeepthemodemandlineaway(1m+)fromanythingelsethat
usespower
oHomealarmsgeneratealotoflinenoisedisconnectitorgeta
centralsplitter

SNRMargins
WhenyourmodemattemptstonegotiateADSLitlooksattheline
andbasicallyseesattenuationandnoiseputtogether.Attenuation
graduallyincreasesasfrequencyincreasesandnoiseisarandom
patternoflowlevelinterferenceinthebackground.
It'sverysimilartoaconversationatapartyandit'sdealtwithin
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thesamewaywenaturallyaccountforbothdistancefromthe
otherpersonandtheamountofbackgroundnoise.Whenwedo
wedon'tjusttalkloudenoughtobeheard,wespeakabitlouder
waitingfortheidiotwiththestupid,loudlaughtostartupagain.
Weaddabitextraontomakesurewe'relouderthanthe
averagechangeinbackgroundnoise.ThisisaSNRmargin.
TherearethreeSNRmarginswhichcanbeconfiguredonthe
DSLAM,
ominimumSNR
otargetSNR
omaximumSNR
Whateffecttheyhaveisdependentonthebucketmanagement
schema.ForallofthemthetargetSNRmarginmustbeachieved
togetADSLsyncandpowerlevelswillbeincreasedifSNR
margindropsbelowtheminimumanddecreasedifit'sabovethe
maximum.IftheSNRmargindropsbelowtheminimumandthe
modemcan'tincreasepowerlevelsthenADSLwilldrop.
Whenthemodeminspectsthelineandgetsareadingonthe
accumulatedattenuationandnoiseitwilltakeawaythetarget
SNRmargin,whichissetontheISPsideofthings.Whatremains
istheavailablespectrumtoADSL,keepinmindthatthereare
limitstotheamountofpowerADSLisallowedtotransmithence
alimitedspectrum.
Theproblemiseverypartyisdifferent,onemightbeaSunday
chilloutsessionwhichisrelativelyquiet,theotherabucksnights
withloudtunes,shouting,debauchery,etc.Linesarethesame
theSNRmarginthatisrequiredisdifferentforeachlinebutthe
configurationisstatic.
What'stheproblem?Justmakeitasbigaspossibleyousay?
There'salimittohowloudyoucanshoutandADSListhesame,
thedifferenceishumansdon'treallyputanyadditional
informationinextravolume(theoppositegenerally).ADSL
basicallyusesthestrengthofthesignaltoimplementnuancesor
toneswhichcarriesthedata,i.e.themorereceivedvolumethe
moreinformationcanbetransmitted.Onaverage,every3dBof
SNRmargintakes0.5Mbto1Mbofdownstreamdatarateso
thereisabalancingact.
It'sbasicallyanISPproblembutthereareacouplewaystodeal
withitdon'tgoforhigherspeedsandintroducelargeSNR
margins,or,ifhigherspeedsarewantedintroducearangeof
configurationswhichuserscanjumpbetweentoestablishtheir
ownspeedv'sstabilitybalance.
TherearesomemodemswhichallowthetweakingofSNR
marginsfromtheclientside,Iwouldn'trecommendusingthem,
itjustmakesyourISPslifeharderonafewfronts.

Buckets
Sothemodemhasanideaofthequalityoftheline,itinspectsit
overdiscrete
frequencyranges.ADSLisnotasinglemodem,it'sactuallya
wholeheapofthem(255onADSL1/2,512onADSL2+)runningin
parallel.Eachoftheseindividualfrequencyrangesactsasit's
ownindependentminimodemtheycanbecalledbuckets,bins,
carriers,bearers,andsometimesthey'llbecalledmodemsjustto
confusetheissue.I'llrefertothemasbucketsthroughoutthis
document.
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IfwetakeADSL1thenthesebucketslookVERYsimilartoanold
analoguedialupmodem.56KwasjustatrickofdigitalISDNlines
attheISPend,ifyoudialeduptoafriendsmodemyouwouldget
33.6/33.6maximum,it'sactuallyaimposedlimit,thetheoretical
isabout36k.This36kpotential(seeShannon'sTheorem
)is
overa4kHzspectrum.
Somequickmaths,ADSL1is28kHzto1.1MHz,that's1.072MHzof
bandwidth,divideby255buckets,that's4.2kHz,let'sassume
200Hzofmarginbetweeneachbucket,that's4kHzoffrequency
perbucket.255bucketsby36kpotentialcomesto9.18M,strange
that8Mbdownstreamplus1Mbupstreamequals9Mbright?
Thesebucketsandtheirfrequencyrangesaredefinedaspartof
theADSLspecification.Theyareindependentmodemssothey
canbeusedfordownstream,upstream,whitespaceor
managementsignaling.ADSL1,2,2+specifieshowmanybuckets
andthedatastreaminthemisformatted.Therearethen
differentannexesineachADSLtypewhichspecifieshow
managementsignalingoccursandhowthebucketsareallocated.
Thisiscoolbutmovingaroundthestandardbucketallocations
(e.gAnnexM,SADSL)cancausecrosstalkissues.

BucketAllocation
Justtogiveanexampleofbucketallocationwe'lltakealookat
ADSLv1G922.1/AnnexA.Thereare255availablebuckets
oThefirstfewareusedforDSLsignallingandbucketnegotation,
etcpluswhitespace(notsureofspecifics).
o8to32areusedforupstream
o32to40iswhitespacetopreventcrosstalk
o41to255isdownstream
Ifyougoforabitofaplayyouwillfindmanymodemswill
actuallyreportthebucketallocation.Eachbucketiscapableof
carryinganumberofbits(coveredinSNRmargins),0to15
(maybeinhexadecimal0toF).Ifyoufindtheinformationgrab
itandputitintoExcel,spitagraphouttheotherside.Itwill
generallyillustrateattenuationandnoisequiteclearly,onthe
overallgraphtherewillgradualfallinthenumberofbucketsper
bin(attenuationincreaseasthefrequencyincreases)andthere
maybeacouplenoisespikesatcertainfrequencieswherethe
amountofcarrieddataissignificantlyreduced.

BucketNegotiation
Themodemswillnegotiatebetweenthemselveswhattheir
availableADSLannexesareanddecideonthebestannexbased
onthelineconditions.Theywillthensimultaneouslyinspecteach
bucketanddecidehowmuchdatacanbefittedthrougheachone
basedontheSNRmarginandbucketmanagementalgorithm.
ADSLusesaprocesscalledquadratureamplitudemodulation
(QAM)
totransmitsymbolsinsteadofjustbitsbymakingshifts
inamplitudeandphase.Theremoteendreceivesthevarying
signalstreamandbasicallymakesabestguessatwhatthephase
andamplitudeofthesignalwasatthereceiveinterval.Toseea
graphicalrepresentationofthishavealookatconstellation
diagrams
.
Thelouderamodemisthecleareritistothereceivingendwhat
theintendedsymbolwasandthemoresymbolscanbefitted
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througheachbucket,i.e.thenumberofbitscarriedinthebucket.

ErrorCorrection
ADSLrunserrorcorrectionatatwodifferentlevels.
FirstlyitrunsaprocesscalledTrellisModulation(TCM)

.Ina

basicwayTCMisanalgorithmwhichdefinessequencesthat
symbolshavetobetransmittedin.Saywetransmit
1,1,2,3,5,8,13andtherecievingendgets1,1,2,3,?,8,13,itcan
recalculatewhatthemissingvalueisbecauseofwhatwasbefore
andafterit.(No,TCMisnottheFibonaccisequence,itwasjusta
niceeasyalgorithmforanexample).
TheothercommonformiscalledReedSolomon(RS)
whichisaformofForwardErrorCorrection(FEC)

coding

.It'smuch

easiershownthenexplained,inabasicsenseinsteadof
transmittingthedata1,7,6,3,itwilltransmitthedataalong
withthesum,so1,7,6,3,17.Ifanythingisdroppedfromthe
sequenceitcanberecalculatedfromthetotal.
TCMoccursatasymbollevelofthings(fairlyclosetothe
electricalimpulseside)whilstRSoccursatadatalayersothey
canandwillindependentlyfindandresolveproblems.
IfyoueverwanttoseeRScodinginareallifegrabacouple
blankCDsandmakebackupsofyourfavouritemusicCD.Graba
knife(askMumandDadfirstkids)andscratchbothCDs,inone
makeascratchatrightanglestotheedgeoftheCD,intheother
makeacircularscratchparalleltotheedge.CD'sareburntina
spiralinsidetooutside,becauseoftheRScodingontheCDthe
circlescratchwillbedead,you'vescratchedoveranentire
(probablymany)RSgroup.Theonethat'sscratchedatright
angleshassimplytakenoutindividualbitsofdatafromeach
groupwhichcanthenrecalculatedfromtherestofthegroup.

Interleaving
Sowe'rerunningourReedSolomon(RS)encodingand
everythingisgoingalongswimmingly,letssaywehavethree
groupsofRSdatareadytosend,
1:11,12,13,36
2:21,22,23,66
3:31,32,33,96
Andwetransmititoverthewire,
11,12,13,36,21,22,23,66,31,32,33,96
Butthere'saburstofnoiseinthetransmissionandthereceiver
gets,
11,12,13,36,21,?,?,66,31,32,33,96
RSisgood,butthere'sbeenacodeviolation(CValsocalleda
cyclicredundancycheck(CRC)failure)itcan'trecoverthesecond
group,itneedstoberetransmitted.
Interleavingbuffersatimesampleofdataandthenmixesitup,
sounderaninterleavedconnectionthefollowingwouldbe
transmitted,
11,21,31,12,22,32,13,23,33,36,66,96
Withthesameburstofnoisecausingatransmissionproblem,
11,21,31,12,22,?,?,23,33,36,66,96
Oncethereceivingendunmixesthedatait'sonlylostonevalue
fromeachgroupandcanrecalculatethedata.

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Interleavingisacatalystforforwarderrorcorrection,otherwise,
moreoftenthannotdataneedstoberetransmitted.Thetradeoff
isthattheentireinterleavedgroupneedstobereceivedand
unmixedbeforeitcanbeprocessed.Thisintroduceslatencyto
theconnectionequivalenttothetimeperiodofinterleaveddata.
IfyouareattemptingtorunafastADSLconnection(i.e.lessthan
1520dBofSNRmargin)thenit'srecommendedtohave
interleavingtocorrectpacketsaffectedbyimpulsenoisewhichis
louderthanthemarginandaffectsthedatastream.Whilstitdoes
introducelatencyitalsoincreasestheoverallthroughputofthe
connectionbecausedatadoesn'tneedtoberetransmitted.

Crosstalk
Thisisn'treallypartofwhathappenstoyourconnection,it's
moretodowithdesignissuesfacedbutit'sinterestingtothe
overallpictureofthingsandexplainswhycertainannexesof
ADSLareproblematic.
Yourememberinthenoisesectionweweretalkingaboutpower
flowingdownawirecreatinganEMPandanEMPpassingovera
wirecreatesasignalonthatwire.
Nowwhenthetelephonelinesareinsidetheexchange(andinthe
groundforthatmatter)theyaretightlybundledtogether.Asan
ADSLsignaltravelsdownlineAthenanEMPiscreatedanda
signalisgeneratedintheadjacentlineB,that'scrosstalkorXT.
Crosstalkwillonlyoccurclosetothesignalsource,whilstthe
signalisstrong,onceit'stravelleda100morsoit'slostthe
powertocreateadecentEMP.
TherearetwotypesofcrosstalkdependantonwheretheXT
signalisheard.ADSLAMporttalksandtheXTsignalgetsheard
byanotherDSLAMportit'scalledNearEndCrosstalkorNEXT.A
DSLAMporttalksandtheXTsignalgetsheardbyanotherlines
DSLmodemit'scalledFarEndCrosstalkorFEXT.
NEXThappensallthetimeinsidetheexchanges,itdoesn't
matter.AllthecommonADSLannexeslistenon28kHz138kHz
andtalkon138kHz1.1/2.2MHz,asignalNEXT'satsay432kHz,
theportthatitcrosstalk'stoisn'tlisteningtothatfrequencyband.
FEXTisalotlesscommonandalothardertoidentify.FEXTwill
onlyoccuronveryshortlines(lessthan250m),theXTsignal
thatisgeneratedisalotlesspowerfulthantheoriginalandit's
generallyattenuatedoutbeforeitreachestheDSLmodem.Inthe
veryrarecasesitdoesgetheardbytheDSLmodemitgenerally
appearsasbackgroundnoise.Theonlyrealtimeitcausesissues
isifyousyncupwhilstanadjacentlineisdown,theadjacentline
comesupandthesignalisXT'edandcausesanincreaseinline
noiseresultinginadrop.

Speeds
OK,thebestwaytopulltogetherthewholeattenuationandnoise
thingistohavealookatthenegotiatedspeed.Let'sassumea
normalADSLv1connectionrunningAnnexA.
o8198/1024highdown,highuplowattenuation(shortline),
lownoise.
o4096/1024middown,highupattenuated(longerline),low
noise(fullspeedupstream).
o4096/512middown,miduplikelylowattenuation,high
noiselevels(fromthelowupstreamspeed)
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o2048/512lowdown,midupattenuated(lowerdownspeed),
highnoiselevels(lowupspeed).
Remember,we'retalkingaboutlineattenuationandnotsignal
attenuationhere.

Counters
Ok,soyou'vegotaDSLconnectionandfoundthispageonyour
modemwithalltheseweirdcounters,whatdotheymean?
oFECForwardErrorCorrectionpacketswitherrorsthathave
beenfixed.
oCVorCRCCodeViolationorCyclicRedundancyCheck
packetswhichhavetoberetransmittedduetoerrors
oECSErrorCorrectedSecondscounterofnumberofseconds
inwhichaFECoccured
oESErroredSecondscounterofnumberofsecondsinwhicha
CV/CRCoccured
oSESSeverelyErroredSecondscounterofnumberofseconds
inwhich10ormoreCV/CRCoccured
oUASUnAvailableSecondsnumberofsecondsthatthe
connectionwasn'tabletotransmitin
oLOSLossofSignalSecondsnumberofsecondsthatDSL
singallinghasbeenlost

ATM
ADSLisonlyaphysicallayerspecification,i.e.howthedata
shouldbetransmittedovertheline.ADSLthenimplementsa
networklayerspecificationcalledATM
.ATMisdesignedasa
largeswitchingnetworkrunatveryhighspeeds(fibreoptic,etc).
YoufindapaththroughanATMnetworkviatwonumbers,a
virtualpathidentifier(VPI)andavirtualcircuitidentifier(VCI),
writtenasVPI/VCI.GiventhatADSLisapointtopointnetwork
andnotlargescaleswitchednetworkitreallydoesn'tmatterbut
bothsideshavetobelisteningatthesameaddress.InAustralia
thetraditionalADSLVPI/VCIis8/35,asageneralruleeach
countryorregiontendstouseitsowndefaultvalues.

PPP
PointtoPointProtocol(PPP)

is,asit'snamesuggests,a

protocolforestablishingalinkbetweentwopoints.Inthecaseof
ADSLit'sbetweenyourmodemorPCtoourBRAS(Broadband
RemoteAccessServerthePPPserver).PPPisn'ttechnically
requiredforanADSLconnection,theinternetcouldrunstraight
overtheADSL'sATMnetwork.PPPisusedonmostofADSL
connectionbecauseofthelegacyofdialupan
authorisation/accountingsystemisneededandPPPisthedefacto
standard.
PPPcanberunintwodifferentwaysandthepreferredstyleis
dependantonyourISPssetup.PPPoEisbestiftheyrunan
ethernetlinkbetweentheDSLAMandBRAS,PPPoAisbetterif
theyarerunninganATMnetworkbetweentheDSLAMandBRAS.
Whythedifference?MaximumTransmissableUnit(MTU)isthe
largestindividualdatapacketthatcanbesentoveranetwork,in
thecaseofEthernetit's1500,inthecaseofATMit'snotlimited.
WhatthismeansisthatasthepacketpassesfromADSLto
EthernetiscanexceedEthernet'sMTUandbedropped.Byforcing
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PPPoEyourmodemforcesthepacketstostaywithinEthernet's
1500MTUlimit.ThatsaidPPPoAismarginallymoreeffiecient
withoverheadsandprocessingbybothends.
Manypeopleareasking:
shouldIusePPPoEorPPPoA
whatMTUisbetter
SomepeoplearereportingtroubleswithPPPoAandsomewith
PPPoE.Sousewhateverworksforyou,howeverifyouarereally
inapositiontochoose,thenyouwillbeslightlybetteroffby
usingPPPoA.AsforMTU,setitto1462incaseyouhavesettled
onPPPoA.
Sotheshortansweris:usePPPoAwithMTU1462bytes.
Thelong(andmuchmoreinvolved)answer.Partone:PPPoEvs
PPPoA.
PPPoEusesoneextraeightbyteslongheaderwhicheatsintothe
payload.PPPoAdoesnothavethisheadersoithaslessoverhead
andeachpacketcancarrymoreusefuldata(8bytesmore)which
resultsinslight(aroundonepercent)speedimprovement.
Thelong(andmuchmoreinvolved)answer.Parttwo:MTU
issues.
ThedefaultMTUforPPPoAis1500bytes.Thesamedefaultfor
PPPoEis1492bytes(8byteslessduetoincreasedoverhead
becauseofoneextra8bytesheadermentionedabove).
YourADSLmodemalwaystalkstoDSLAMusingATMwitheither
PPPoEorPPPoA(whateveryouhavechosen)ontopofATM.
DSLAMisinturnconnectedtoaservercalledBRAS/LNSusing
eitherATM(incaseofTelstraWholesaleDSLAMs)ofGigabit
EthernetGE(incaseofiiNETDSLAMs).
IfbackhaulisATMbased,thenDSLAMcanprocessbothPPPoE
andPPPoAanditcandigestbothMTUof1500bytesforPPPoA
andMTUof1492bytesforPPPoE.ThesearethedefaultMTU
valuessonoprobshere.
IfbackhaulisGEbased,thenDSLAMcanstillprocessbothPPPoE
andPPPoA,howeveritcandigestonlyMTUofnomorethan1492
bytes.IfyouhavechosenPPPoEthen1492isthePPPoE'sdefault
MTUandeverythingisfine.IfyouhavechosenPPPoAandkept
itsdefaultMTUequalto1500bytes,thenyouareintrouble
unlessyouloweredMTUtoatleast1492bytes.Thisisthereason
whyiiNetrecommendsPPPoElesspotentialissueswithMTU
exceeding1492bytesbecauseiiNetDSLAMsaresettomaxMTU
equalto1492bytesforbothPPPoEandPPPoA.
Thelong(andmuchmoreinvolved)answer.Partthree:What
MTUtochoose.
WhenchoosingMTUyoushouldaimatincreasedspeed.Sodon't
thinkintermsofchoosingbetween1500and1492bytesMTUsas
thesevaluesareonlyrelevantwhenyouconsiderhowtoavoid
thepotentialtroublewhenaDSLAM(withGEbackhaul)drops
yourpacketswith1500bytesMTU.
Butweareaftertheincreasedspeedarentwe?Itwillbe
achievedbygetting53byteslongATMcellsfilledbetter.Which
happenswhenthepackethas1454bytesMTUforPPPoEand1462
bytesMTUforPPPoA.PPPoAisitselfmoreefficientforthereason
describedabove.Hencetheanswer:PPPoAwith1462bytesMTU.
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Glossary
ADSLAsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLinewhatthisisallabout
ATMAsynchronousTransferModeanetworkprotocolusedby
ADSL
BRASBroadbandRemoteAccessServeraPPPserver
CPECustomerPremisesEquipmentyourmodemandwiring
DSLAMDigitalSubscriberLineAccessMultiplexerWhatyour
modemconnectsto,generallyatatelephoneexchange.
PPPOAPointtoPointProtocolOverATM
PPPOEPointtoPointProtocolOverEthernet
PVCPermanentVirtualCircuit
SDSLSymmetricDSLanADSLlinkwitha1/1,2/2,etcspeed
SNRSignaltoNoiseRatiodifferencebetweenthevolumeof
signaloverthevolumeofnoise
ULLUnbundledLocalLoop
Diposkanolehdewanoaddi19.41

1 komentar:
NguynMnhTomengatakan...
Xemthngtinkhuyenmaiviettelccpnhtsmnhtt
ccnhmng,bncthnaptienvietteltrctuynngaytrn
websitecchnptinviettel.
15Desember201418.50
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Ensure
TriplePlay
QoS
exfo.com/Ma

TestHybrid
ADSL1/2/2+,
VDSL2and
Deployed
BondedDSL
Networks.

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