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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation trainers notes

Description
Participants consider different types of word formation. They correct and improve on
definitions of each type before testing each others understanding through a game. There is
a TKT: KAL sample task practising this area for participants to take away.
Time required:

25 minutes

Materials
required:

Aims:

Participants Worksheet 1 (one copy per participant)

Participants Worksheet 2 (one copy per participant)

Sample Task (one copy per participant)

Slips of paper (3 per participant)

to raise awareness of the different types of word formation

to work towards a clear understanding of the different types of word


formation

to practise a sample task from TKT: KAL

Procedure
1. Elicit briefly what participants understand by the term word formation. Point out that
this is one of the areas which may be tested under Part 1 of TKT: KAL. Elicit some
examples of any kinds of word formation.
2. Give out Participants Worksheet 1. Participants should match the different types of
word formation with the examples in the boxes. When they have done this, they
should check with a partner and then add 2 or more further examples to each box.
Check answers and examples together as necessary (see Key below).
3. Give out Participants Worksheet 2. In pairs or small groups, participants correct
the definitions for each type of word formation. Feed back answers (see Key below).
4. Give out slips of paper to each participant. Each participant writes an example of
three of the categories on a separate slip of paper. They then mingle and when the
music stops/ you clap hands, etc, they show one slip to another member of the
group. The other member must say what kind of word formation the slip shows an
example of. Repeat until all the slips have been shown.
5. Discuss the following questions with the group:

How might knowledge of word formation help the teacher in the classroom?
(It could be useful for teachers to know these terms as it could help them to:

work with reference resources

understand cohesion in texts

help learners focus on word formation

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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation trainers notes

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design tasks on word formation.)


Would it be useful or not for teach learners the lexical terms used in this
unit? (Participants may have differing views on this. Invite a range of opinions
and arguments. TKT: KAL does not imply that the terms used in the test must be
taught to students. Teachers should decide what is appropriate for their own
students.)
6. Give out the Sample Task. Participants can complete this at home. They should
spend no more than 8 minutes on this task.
Additional information

In the KAL exam, tasks may go across some of the areas listed in the syllabus or
focus just on one area as here.

See the TKT: KAL Sample Paper questions 16 for an example task in which word
formation is touched on.
https://www.teachers.cambridgeesol.org/ts/teachingqualifications/kal

Spelling rules are covered in questions 713 of the same sample paper.

TKT: KAL is neither a test of terminology nor a test of methodology. However, the
practical application of the knowledge tested in TKT: KAL will help to improve the
practice of teaching.

UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
information see our Terms of Use at http://www.teachers.cambridgeESOL.org/ts/legalinfo

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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation answer keys


Key to Participants Worksheet 1
1

walked, walkabout

CEO, UN, asap

y at the end of a word changes to ies for plural/present tense 3rd person
singular or ied for past tense
The final e of adjectives is not dropped when adding ly for the adverb.

im-, mis-, -able, mini-, multi-, -est, s, -ian

*5

big, -ing, pro, table, run, -ible, -ment

airport, weekday, sofa bed, mobile phone, single-handed

*Note: morphemes include words like break, which can also be part of compounds such as
breakfast, breakdown, etc
Key to Participants Worksheet 2 (corrections in bold or crossed out)
Compounds
These are words formed from two or more words, and the meaning of which comes from
both words in the compound. Compounds can only be nouns, e.g. bookshelf, evening meal,
adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositions.
Morphemes
These are the smallest possible units of meaning in a language. There are two kinds of
morpheme those which must be attached to another word, e.g. un-, and those which can
stand alone, e.g. countable. The word handbags contains three morphemes.
Acronyms
A word formed from the first letters of several words and that is pronounceable as a normal
word, e.g. JPEG or radar. Sometimes it is also used to refer to just a string of initials
representing the first letter in a group of words but pronounced as letters rather than as a
word, e.g. HTML.

Affixation
There are two kinds of affixation in English: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are attached to
the beginning of a word, while suffixes are added at the end. Affixes can have a grammatical
function, e.g. plural s or the past tense ending ed. They may also change a words part
of speech, e.g. happy-happiness, careful- carefully. Often prefixes and suffixes also have
particular meanings attached to them, e.g. un-/ il-/ ir-/ re- have a negative meaning when
attached to an adjective.
UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
information see our Terms of Use at http://www.teachers.cambridgeESOL.org/ts/legalinfo

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Word families
These are words which all come from the same base word, e.g. direct, direction, director,
directing, undirected.
Spelling rules
These are rules which govern how words are written in English. They help particularly with
knowing when to double letters and the spelling of adverbs. They can also guide the spelling
of silent letters i.e. letters in a word which do not contribute to a words pronunciation, e.g.
climb, knife, sign.

Key to Sample Task


1 D

2 A

3 B

4 C

5 E

6 A

7 B

8 C

UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation Participants Worksheet 1


1. Label these sets of words 16 with the kinds of word formation, AF, they exemplify.
N.B. Some sets may exemplify more than one kind.

A: morphemes

B: affixes

D: acronyms

C: compounds

E: spelling rules

F: word families

1
walk, walking, walker

2
FAQ, EFL, ATM

3
i before e except after c
Double the consonant at the end of words if it is a single
consonant in a single syllable word containing a short vowel.

5
4
unre
dis

-ly
-ish
-er
-ment

-s
-ed
-tion

ilbreak
sock

6
birthday, toothbrush, to catch sight (of)

2. Add at least two more examples to each box.

UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation Participants Worksheet 2


The following definitions of these terms for different types of word formation are all
slightly wrong. Reword them so that they are exact.

Compounds
These are words formed from three or more words, and the meaning of which comes from
the main word in the compound. Compounds can only be nouns, e.g. bookshelf, evening
meal.

Morphemes
These are the smallest possible words in a language. There are two kinds of morpheme
those which must be attached to another word, e.g. un-, and those which can stand alone,
e.g. countable. The word handbags contains two morphemes.

Acronyms
A word formed from the first and last letters of several words and that is pronounceable as a
normal word, e.g. JPEG or radar. Sometimes it is also used to refer to just a string of initials
representing the first letter in a group of words but pronounced as letters rather than as a
word, e.g. HTML.

Affixation
There are two kinds of affixation in English: prefixes and infixes. Prefixes are attached to the
beginning of a word, while suffixes are added in the middle. Affixes can have a grammatical
function e.g. plural s or the past tense ending ed. They may also change a words lexical
set, e.g. happy-happiness, careful-carefully. Often prefixes and suffixes also have particular
meanings attached to them e.g. un-/ il-/ ir-/ re- have a negative meaning when attached to an
adjective.

Word families
These are words which are all related by topic to a base word, e.g. direct, direction, director,
directing, undirected.

Spelling rules
These are rules which govern how words are pronounced in English. They help particularly
with knowing when to double letters and the spelling of adverbs. They can also guide the
spelling of silent letters, i.e. letters in a word which do not contribute to a words
pronunciation, e.g. climb, knife, sign.
UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
information see our Terms of Use at http://www.teachers.cambridgeESOL.org/ts/legalinfo

TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation Participants Worksheet 2

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TKT: KAL Part 1 Lexis: Word formation Sample Task


A teacher is researching word formation in preparation for teaching aspects of it to a class.
For questions 1 8, match the examples with the types of word formation listed A E. You
will need to use some of the options more than once.

Types of word formation

Examples

compound words

1.

AWOL, PIN

words with affixes

2.

onto, in order to

morphemes

3.

teacher, receptionist

acronyms

4.

can, not, -ing

word families

5.

satisfy, satisfaction, dissatisfied

6.

barman, headmaster

7.

unfortunately, mispronunciation

8.

un-, will, -ly

UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further
information see our Terms of Use at http://www.teachers.cambridgeESOL.org/ts/legalinfo

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