PHL 100

Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics

Instructor: Ratnamala Chatterjee

Lecture - 1

Topics you have already learnt

Vector calculus: grad, div, curl, ...

Electric fields in matter: P, E, D
Magnetic fields in matter: M, H, B
Maxwell equations and boundary conditions
E M wave equation, Plane wave solutions
Polarization of E M waves,
Poynting vector and Intensity of E M waves
Wave packet, Phase and group velocity.
2

Topics that will be covered in this part

Electromagnetic waves
6 Lectures + 1 Problem Session

Introductory Quantum Mechanics

6 Lectures + 1 Problem Session

Halliday & Resnick

4

Mobile phone:

How many technologies do you

see here ?
Sound -> electrical signal and vice versa (EM)
Electromagnetic induction, piezo, others
Transmission/ receiving of RF signal (EM)
Current drives antenna radiation
Receiving is reciprocal
Circuitry
Semiconductor technology needed QM
Digital Camera
What is a digital pixel array?
Concept of potential well (QM)
Photoelectrons need to be stored
Others
5

Why should we study EM waves??? Its Reflection &

Refraction??
Plane EM waves
encounter obstacles
along their
propagation paths

What does the wave do then???

Induces conduction current in the object (if object is metallic)
Polarization current (if the object is made of an insulator)

These currents

sources of secondary EM field,scattered field

6

Determiation of scattered field is a difficult problem

even in case of simple scatterers & can rarely be
solved analytically

Usually numerical analysis

offers various solutions

However

A plane EM wave incident on planar boundary betwee

two homogeneous media
determination of scattered
field is simple

Scattered waves are also plane waves

reflected

Transmitted (if not a

perfect conductor)

Topics you will learn in EM part

- Reflection and refraction of EM waves at
dielectric interface
(EM waves in Matter- 9.3 onwards in Griffiths)
- Brewster angle
- Total internal reflection
EM waves in a conducting medium and plasma
- Complex k vector
- Skin depth
- Reflection at metal boundary
- Dispersion
- Plasma frequency
8

Plane wave representation in free space

E-field


E ( r , t ) n E0 exp[ i ( k r t ) ]

Transverse waves

n k 0

Recap:

B-field

B( r , t )

1
k E ( r,t )
c
Unit vector in direction of k

Reflection and Refraction of EM waves

at dielectric interface
Snells laws
1 = 2
1

n1 sin(1) = n2 sin(3)

n1
n2
3

What about reflected/

transmitted energy?
10

Recap:
Maxwell equations in terms of free charges/currents

D f

B 0

B
E
t

D
H Jf
t

D E

B H

[ Griffiths 7.3.5]
11

Recap:
Electrodynamic Boundary conditions

D1

B1
||
E1
||
H1

D2

B2
||
E2

f
0

0
||

H 2 K f n

When there are no free charges/

currents at the interface, all the
r.h.s.s above are zero.

Interface

1 , 1

2 , 2

[ Griffiths 7.3.6]
12

Inside matter, BUT in regions where no free charge

or no free current
If the medium is linear

D E

B H

If also homogeneous ( & do not vary

in space)

13

EM wave propagate thro a linear, homogeneous

medium at a speed-

where
Interface

1 , 1
Index of refraction of the
substance

2 , 2
Dielectric constant 1

For most materials 0 & n r

So, in matter 0 , 0 and c v

14

What happens when wave

passes from one medium to
another????

15

Boundary value problems:

4 basic steps for solving boundary value problems
1. Determine natural behavior of each homogeneous section
of the system in isolation
2. Express this natural behavior as superposition of waves
characterized by unknown constants, with basic building
blocks as uniform plane waves

3. Write equations for boundary conditions that must be

satisfied by these sets of superimposed waves and then
solve for unknown constants
4. Test resulting solutions against any of the Maxwells
equation that have not already been imposed

16

Recap:

( z, t )
ei ( kz t )

( z, t ) B
ei ( kz t )
B
0

Plane wave representation in a dielectric:

E-field

E ( r , t ) E0 exp[ i ( k r t )

k x k x y k y z k z

and

k x2

k y2

1
(linear)

Transverse waves

k 0

k z2

2 (linear)

B-field

B( r , t )

1
k E ( r,t ) ,
v

c
v
n

Unit vector in direction of k

18

Reflection/Transmission at normal incidence

x

Incident beam

1+2

E i x E0i exp[ i ( k1 z t ) ]

E0i

Bi y
exp[ i ( k1 z t ) ]
v1

2 , 2

1 , 1

Et

Ei

Bt

Bi

Br

Reflected beam

Er

S aims in
direction of
propagation

E r x E0r exp[ i ( k1 z t ) ]

E0r
B r y
exp[ i ( k1 z t ) ]
v1

Transmitted beam

E t x E0t exp[ i ( k2 z t ) ]

E
B t y 0t exp[ i ( k2 z t ) ]
v2

19

How can we relate the incident, reflected and

transmitted fields?

Boundary conditions no free charges/currents

D1
B1
||
E1
||
H1

||
B1

D2
B2
||
E2
||
H2

||
B2

0
0
0
0

there are no normal

components of E, B

Useful for our purpose

0
20

Normal incidence continued

E-parallel condition at boundary z = 0

E 0i E 0r E 0t
H-parallel condition at boundary z = 0

1
1
( E 0i E 0 r )
E 0t
1 v1
2 v2
or

E 0i E 0 r

1 v1

E 0t E 0t
2 v2

Solve simultaneous equations to get reflected and

transmitted field amplitude in terms of incident field.
21

Solving simultaneous equations

1
E 0r
1

where

2
E 0i , E0t

E 0i

1 v1
1 n2

2 v2
2 n1

Magnetic permeability is almost same as vacuum

for most materials ...
1 n1
n2

2 n2
n1
22

Solution in terms of refractive index (1 2)

Normal incidence
n1 n2
E 0r
n1 n2

2n1
E 0i , E0t
E 0i

n1 n2

Reflection Coefficient
n1 n2
E 0r
r

E 0i
n1 n2

Transmission Coefficient
2n1
E0t
t

E 0i
n1 n2

n1 > n2: Incident and reflected waves are in phase

n1 < n2: Incident and reflected waves are out of phase
23

Transmitted/ Reflected intensity

Average power passing normal to a unit area

1
v E02
2

Reflection coefficient

E0r
R

E0i

n1 n2

n1 n2

24

Transmission coefficient
2

2 v2 E0t
T

1 v1 E0i

n22 n1
n12 n2

2 n1

n1 n2

4 n1 n2
(n1 n2 )2

Summary of results (normal incidence)

2

n1 n2
R
, T
n1 n2
R T 1

4 n1n2

n1 n2

25

4
The last step of the four-step method
for solving boundary value problem
involves checking this solution against
all Maxwells equations they are
satisfied

26

Illustration: Air-Glass interface

(normal incidence)

n1 1 n2 1.5

1
0.5
R

25
2.5
4 % Energy is reflected

27

Day/Night setting on rearview car mirror

Glass

Side view
Mirror

Day/Night
switch

4%

Day

> 90 %

Night

28