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President Outline

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Presidents and Prime Ministers


a. Presidents are often outsiders
i. Usually not a official due to the fact that the president is voted
by the populace
b. Presidents choose cabinet members from outside of congress
i. Under the Constitution, no sitting member of Congress can hold
office in the executive branch
c. Presidents have no guaranteed majority in the legislature
i. Unlike Prime ministers, Presidents can have a divided
government whereas Prime ministers are guaranteed a Unified
government
Divided Government
i. Divided government government in which one party controls
the White House and the other controls Congress
ii. Unified government one party controls everything
b. Does gridlock matter
i. Yes, it allows for difference of opinions in the people
c. Is policy gridlock bad?
i. An American president has less ability to decide what laws get
passed than does a British prime minister.
The Evolution of the Presidency
a. Concerns of the Founders
i. The delegates in Philadelphia, and later the critics of the new
Constitution during the debate over its ratification, worried
about aspects of the presidency that were quite different from
those that concern us today.
b. The electoral college
i. Electoral college where each of the states would select
electors in whatever manner it wish. The electors would then
meet in each state capital and vote for president and vice
president.
c. The presidents term of office
i. Due to the fact that the longest leading leaders of America has
limited themselves to two terms in office, we have created a law
limiting it to two terms.
The Powers of the President
a. Powers of the President Alone
i. Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces
ii. Commission officers of the armed forces
iii. Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except
impeachment)
iv. Convene Congress in special sessions
v. Receive ambassadors
vi. Take care that the laws be faithfully executed
vii. Wield the executive power

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viii. Appoint officials to lesser offices


b. Powers of the President that are shared with the Senate
i. Make treaties
ii. Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials
c. Powers of the president that are shared with Congress as a whole
i. Approve legislation
The Office of the President
a. The White House Office
i. Pyramid structure hierarchical structure in which the higher
ups report to the president
ii. Circular structure where assistants and cabinet members
report directly to the president
iii. Ad hoc structure where everyone including informal groups
and task forces all report to the president directly
b. The Executive Office of the President
i. Agencies report directly to the president and perform staff
services for him
ii. Principal agencies:
1. Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
2. Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
3. Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
4. Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
5. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
c. The Cabinet
i. Cabinet heads of the fifteen executive branch departments of
the federal government
Who Gets Appointed
a. Subcabinet refers to under secretary, deputy secretary, and assistant
secretaries in each cabinet department
b. Whoever the President prefers and has strategic purposes is appointed
Presidential Character
a. The amount each president gets along with his/her party is how much
his approval rating goes up or down.
The Power to Persuade
a. The Three Audiences
i. Bully pulpit the presidents use of his prestige and visibility to
guide or enthuse the American public
b. Popularity and Influence
i. The honeymoon period is the beginning of each career of
Presidents run
c. The Decline in Popularity
i. Because weve never had a perfect president, the mistakes
he/she makes declines the popularity. We also want CHANGE
therefore, leading to the loss of interest.
The Power to Say No
a. Veto

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i. Veto message message from the president to Congress stating


that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within
ten days of the bills passage
ii. Pocket veto bill fails to become law because the president did
not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns
iii. Line-item veto an executives ability to block a particular
provision in a bill passed by the legislature
b. Executive Privilege
i. The Constitution says nothing about whether the president is
obliged to divulge private communications between himself and
his principal advisers, but presidents have acted as though they
do have that right of privacy.
c. Impoundment of Funds
i. From time to time presidents have refused to spend money
appropriated by Congress.
1. Truman did not spend all that Congress wanted spent on
the armed forces
2. Johnson did not spend all that Congress made available
for highway
The Presidents Program
a. Putting together a Program
i. Interest groups
ii. Aides and campaign advisers
iii. Federal bureaus and agencies
iv. Outside, academic, and other specialists and experts
Presidential transition
a. The Vice President
i. Eight times a vice president has become president because of
the death of his predecessor.
1. 25th amendment of the Constitution states the order
b. Problems of Succession
i. If the president should die in office, the right of the vice
president to assume that office has been clear. However, what
happens if president falls ill but does not die. And who takes vice
president spot
1. 25th amendment of Constitution , of acting president
c. Impeachment
i. Impeachment - charges against a President approved by a
majority of the House of Representatives
ii. Lame duck a person still in office after he/she has lost the bid

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