Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Sediment Transport
Sediment Transport
Contents
1. Properties of Water and Sediment
2. Incipient Motion Criteria and Application
3. Resistance to flow and bed forms
4. Bed Load Transport
5. Suspended Load Transport
6. Total Load Transport
Reference: SEDIMENT TRANSPORT Theory and Practice
By: Chih Ted Yang
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terminology
=g
(1.1)
1. 2 Terminology
1. 2 Terminology
du
dy
(1.3)
du
Velocity Gradient
dy
(1.4)
c
(1.5)
ab
where : a, b & c are lengths of longest, intermediate
and short mutually perpendicular axes through the particle respectively
Sp
2
Where : FD Drag Force, CD = Drag Coefficient
4 3
Ws r ( s ) g
(1.7)
3
Where : r Particle radius, s =Density of Sediment.
Fall velocity can be solved from above two equations(1.6 & 1.7), once the
drag coefficient (CD) has been determined. The Drag Coefficient is a
function of Reynolds Number (Re) and Shape Factor.
FD=6 r
(1.8)
Eq.(1.8) obtained by Stoke in solving the general Navier-Stoke Equation, with
the aid of shear function and neglecting inertia term completely. The CD is
thus
CD=24/Re
(1.9)
Equation is acceptable for Reynolds Number Re < 1
From Eq. (1.6) and (1.9), Stokes (1851) equation can be obtained. i.e
FD=3 d v
(1.10)
Now from eqs (1.7) and (1.10), the terminal fall velocity of sediment particle is
1 s gd 2
18
(1.11)
d= Sediment diameter
Eq. (1.11) is applicable if diameter of sediment is less than equal to 0.1mm
(1.1 2)
Where: T is temperature in o C
(1.13)
24
3
Re
Re 16
24
3
19
71
2
3
1
Re
Re
Re
.....
Re 16
1280
20480
1.14
F dg s
(1.15)
Where : F= 0.79 for particles >1mm settling in water with temperature between 10o and 25o C
d= Diameter of particle
1/ 2
2
2
2
36
36
F
(1.16)
3
gd 3 s
gd 3 s
(1.17a)
=3.32d1/2 ( in m/sec, d in m)
(1.17b)
After the CD has been determined, can be computed by solving eqs (1.6) and (1.7)
(Cont.)
Cumulative frequency of
normal distribution i.e %
finer-than curve
(Cont.)
Specific Weight:
(1.18)
Lecture # 10
2.1 Introduction:
stress or
Velocity approach
Because of stochastic
movement,
Probabilistic approaches
Other
Criterion
nature
of
bed
load
Whites Analysis
White (1940) assumed that the slope and life force have insignificant
influence on incipient motion, and hence can be neglected compared
to other factors. According to White a particle will start to move when
shear stress is such that M o=MR.
c C5 s d Where; C5 Constant,
c Critical shear stress incipient motion
c / f
1/ 2
dU *
and
d ( s f ) g d ( s / f 1)
where :
s and Density of sediment and fluid
= specific weight of water
U* Shear Velocity
Shields Diagram
VELOCITY APPROACH
Frontier and
Scobeys Study.
VELOCITY APPROACH
(Cont.)
Figure (a)
VELOCITY APPROACH
(Cont.)
Figure (b)
VELOCITY APPROACH
(Cont.)
c R1S1 R2 S2
Where: R1 & R 2 are hydraulic radii
S1 & S2 are Channel Slopes
V2 R2
V1 R1
PROBABILISTIC CONSIDERATION
PROBABILISTIC CONSIDERATION
(Cont.)
From Meyer-Peter and Muller (1948) bed load equation, the sediment
size at incipient motion can be obtained as,
SD
K1 n / d
1/ 6 3/ 2
90
Where;
Vb K 2 d
1/ 2
Where;
Lecture # 11
3.1 Introduction:
y
u 8.5 5.75log
Ks
and
yU*
u 5.5 5.75log
U*
Where:
U*
The above equations can be integrated to obtain the relationship between mean
flow velocity V, and shear velocity U*, or roughness Ks.
Where:
L V2
hf f
D 2g
For open channel flow, D=4R and S=hf/L. The value of f can
be expressed as
8 gRS
, Where : R= Hydraulic Radius, S = Energy Slope
2
V
Because U*2 gRS so above eq. can be rewritten as
f
1/ 2
V 8
U* f
Where:
V C RS
Mannings Formula
Most common used resistance equation for open channel flows is Mannings
Equation
Where:
1 2/ 3 1/ 2
V R S
n
(Cont.)
(Cont.)
(Cont.)
Ripples
Dunes
Transition Zone:
(Cont.)
Depth
Slope
Density
Size of bed material
Gradation of bed material
Fall velocity
Channel cross sectional shape
Seepage flow
(Cont.)
Similar to
roughness the shear stress or drag force acting along an alluvial
bed can be divided into two parts
S R R
Where : =Total Drag Force acting along an alluvial bed
& Drag force due to grain and form roughness
R & R Hydraulic radii due to grain and form roughness
4. Bed Load
Transport
Introduction:
Generally the bed load transport of a river is about 525% of that in suspension. However for coarser material
higher percentage of sediment may be transported as
bed load.
DuBoys Approach:
Duboys (1879) assume that
sediment particles move in
layers along the bed and
presented following relationship
qb K ( c ) ( ft 3 / s ) / ft
0.173
K 3/ 4 ft 6 (lb 2 s ) (Straub, 1935)
d
The relationship between c , k
and d are shown in figure below.
c can be determined from
shields diagram
Duboys Eqution was criticized mainly due to
two reasons
1. All data was obtained from small laboratory flume with a small range of particle size.
2. It is not clear that eq. (4.2) is applicable to field condition,
(Cont.)
qb s
c
10
q S
s
Where : qb and q = bed load and water discharge per unit width
DS
d Sediment particle diameter
s & Specific weights of sediment and water
0.4qb
q S
17
d
D
Where : q b = Bed load (kg/s/m)
Note:
The Constants 17 and 0.4 are valid for sand with Sp. Gr =2.65
Above formula can be applied only to coarse material have d>3mm
For non-uniform material d=d35,
Kr
Where : s & Specific weights of sediment and water [Metric Tons/m3 ]
R= Hydraulic Radius [ m]
S the kind of slope, which is adjusted such that only a portion of the total energy
K
r
loss ,namely that due to the grain resistance Sr, is responsible for bed load motion.
V2
S 2 4/3
Ks R
V2
& Sr 2 4 / 3
Kr R
then
1/ 2
Ks Sr
Kr S
However test results showed the relationship to be of form
3/ 2
Ks
Sr
,
S
Kr
The coefficient K r was determined by Muller as,
Kr
26
,
1/ 6
d90
Schoklistchs Approach:
Schoklistch pioneered the use of discharge for determination of bed
load. There are two Schoklistch formulas:
Schoklistch(1934)
S 3/ 2
qb 7000 1/ 2 q qc
d
0.00001944d
qc
S 4/3
Schoklistch(1943)
qb 2500S
3/ 2
0.6d 3/ 2
qc
S 7/6
q qc
Rottners Approach:
V
d50
d50
3 1/ 2
qb s s 1 gD
0.667
0.14 0.778
s 1 gD
D
D
Velocity Approach
Duboys
Approach
Approach
The Einstein-Brown Approach
Stochastic Approach
Yang
Etc etc
Numerical Problem
Solution
Numerical Problem
Duboys Formula
0.173
3
(
ft
/ s ) / ft
c
3/ 4
d
DS 62.4 1.44 0.00144
qb
0.129 lb / ft 2
From Figure with d 50 =0.283,
c 0.018 lb / ft 2
0.173
qb
0.129(0.129 0.018)
3/ 4
0.283
0.0064 ft 3 / s / ft
qb 0.0064 s 0.0064 2.65 62.4
1.06 lb / s / ft
Numerical Problem
Shields Formula
qb s 10( c )
qS s d50
DS 62.4 1.44 0.00144
0.129 lb / ft 2
Using Figure to calculate c
U * gDS 32.2 1.44 0.00144
0.26 ft / s
0.26 9.29 104
Re
15.1
5
1.613 10
From figure Dimensionless shear stress
c
=0.031 c 0.031 2.65 62.4 - 62.4 9.29 10-4 0.003lb / ft 2
( s - )d
10(0.130 - 0.003)
0.00144 62.4
3
qb
0.033
ft
/ s / ft
-4
2.65 62.4 - 62.4 9.29 10 2.65 62.4
U *d
qb 0.033 s 5.46 lb / s / ft
Numerical Problem
Schoklistchs Formula
7000S 3/ 2
qb
q qs Metric Units
0.5
d
d
0.283
3
qc 1.94 105 4 / 3 1.94 105
0.033
m
/ s / m
4/3
S
0.00144
q 4.61 ft 3 / s / ft 0.43 m3 / s / m
7000 0.001443/ 2
qb
0.43 0.033 0.287 kg / s / m
0.5
0.283
=0.193 lb/s/ ft
Numerical Problem
Meyer-Peter Formula
0.4 2 / 3 q 2 / 3 S
qb
17 Metric Units
d
d
q 4.61 ft 3 / s / ft 428 kg / s / m
d 0.283mm 0.000283m
q2/ 3S
d
q
17
0.20
d
0.4
qb 0.089 kg / s / m
2/3
b
qb 0.059 lb / s / ft
Numerical Problem
3/ 2
1
metric
ton
/
m
0.30483
s 2.65(1) 2.65 metric ton / m3
62.4lb / ft 3
R D 1.44 ft 0.44 m
d 0.000283m
26
26
26
101.7
1/ 6
1/ 6
1/ 6
d90
d50
0.000286
V2
(3.2 0.3048) 2
Sr 2 4 / 3
0.00027
2
4/3
Kr R
101.7 0.44
Ks
Since
K
r
3/ 2
Sr K s
S Kr
3/ 2
S S r 0.00027
Numerical Problem
ks
SR 0.047 s d 0.25 1/ 3qb2 / 3 Metric Units
Kr
1(0.00027)0.44 0.047(2.65 1)62.4 0.000283 0.25 0.1021/ 3 qb2 / 3
Metric ton / s / m
qb 0.0000242 2205 0.3048 0.01626 lb / s / ft
qb2 / 3 0.0008376 qb 0.0000242
For Dry weight of sediment
q 'b
qb 0.026 lb / s / ft
Numerical Problem
Rottner Formula
3 1/ 2
qb s s 1 gD
2/3
2/3
V
d50
d50
0.667
0.14 0.778
D
D
s 1 gD
1/ 2
2/3
2/3
3.2
2.283
2.283
0.667
0.14 0.778
1000
0.3048
1.44
1000
0.3048
1.44
2.65 1 32.2 1.44
0.293 lb / s / ft
Comparison
Formula
qb
qb/qm
Duboys
Shields
Schoklistch
Meyer-Peter
1.06
5.46
0.193
0.059
2.30
11.87
0.42
0.13
0.026
0.057
Rottner
0.293
0.64
Mean Value
1.18
2.57
5. Suspended Load
Transport
They
1/ 2
o
d
qs 0.05 sV
s
50
s
Where:qs Total sediment load (lb/s)/ft
2
3/ 2
Based
1/ 2
1 n
s
V
n
Fgr U * gd 1
32 log D / d
Where: Fgr = Mobility number for sediment,
U* =Shear Velocity,
Where:=Kinematic Viscosity
1/ 3
(Cont.)
XD U *
also
d s / V
m
Fgr
G gr =C
1
A
9.66
1.34
d gr
The Values of n, A, m, and C were determined by Ackers and White based on best
curves of laboratory data with sediment size greater than 0.04mm and Froud
Number less than 0.8.
Yang Approach:
U * VS Vcr S
d
1.799
0.409
log
0.314
log
log
Where: C ts =Total sand concentration (in ppm by weight)
=Fall velocity, =Kinematic Viscosity, S= Channel slope
log Cts 5.435 - 0.286 log
Vcr S
Ud
2.5
0.66 for 1.2< * 70
U d
log * 0.06
Ud
=2.05
for * 70
0.57
0.32 0.00750189
Numerical Problem
Yang (1973)
Ackers and White
Engelund and Hansen
Shen and Hung
Numerical Problem
U
d
- 0.457 log *
U*
d
VS Vcr S
1.799
0.409
log
0.314
log
log
22.6
-5
1.26 10
V
cr can be determined by following eq.
U *d
Vcr
2.5
2.5
0.66 =
0.66 2.59
log 22.6 0.06
U *d
log
0.06
Numerical Problem
Numerical Problem
-5
1.26 10
0.12
-5
1.26
10
0.12
3.7 0.00169
log
- 2.59 0.00169
0.12
ppm
Numerical Problem
1/ 3
32.2 2.65 1
9.28 104
1.26 105 2
1/ 3
6.44
10
0.013
Numerical Problem
1 n
n
*
gd s / 1
1/ 2
32
log
D
/
d
0.307
Fgr
Fgr 1.01
1/ 2
3.7
4
32 log 10 1.73 / 9.28 10
1.01
G gr C gr 1 0.013
1 0.43
0.23
A
and now X:
G gr d ( s / ) 0.43 9.28 10-4 (2.65)
X=
0.0024
n
0.55
D(U* /V)
1.73(0.307/3.7)
Hence
Ct 2400
2.84
ppm
1 0.55
Numerical Problem
d2
2
qs 0.05 sV
g s / 1
s 165 lb / ft 3
s d50
3/ 2
at 14.4o C 62.38 lb / ft 3
o DS 62.38(1.73)0.00169 0.182 lb / ft 2
9.28 104 2
qs 0.05(165)3.7 2
32.2 1.65
qs 1.25 lb / s / ft
1/ 2
Ct
0.182
4
165
62.38
9.28
10
Wqs
71(1.25)
3120
WDV 62.38(71)1.73(3.7)
ppm
3/ 2
Numerical Problem
0.00750189
0.00750189
Comparison
Formula
Ct
Yang(1973)
1910
2400
3120
2400
Ct/Ctm