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Gerretsens inequality (1.1) has broad applications in geometric inequalities, and is a powerul
tool of research in geometric inequalities. It is as important to geometric inequality theory as
Holders inequality is to analytic inequality theory.
The purpose of this note is to present a simple but powerful form of strengthening Gerretsens
inequalities for triangles. The parameter form for Gerretsens inequalities are established by using
power series.
2. The Strengthened Form of Gerretsens Inequalities
In this paper, the following three lemmas are necessary:
Lemma 2.1. (Basic inequalities for the triangle [2]) In every triangle we have
p
p
(2.1) 2R2 + 10Rr r2 2(R 2r) R2 2Rr s2 2R2 + 10Rr r2 + 2(R 2r) R2 2Rr.
Lemma 2.2. Assume 1 x 1 and 0 < < 1, we have the following power series expansion
(2.2)
(1 + x) = 1 +
X
( 1)( 2) ( n + 1)
n!
n=1
xn
(1 + x) 1 + x
Lemma 2.3. Assume 1 < x < 1, the following power series expansion is well-known
(2.4)
X
1
=
xn .
1x
n=0
(2.5)
r2 (R 2r)
r2 (R 2r)
s2 4R2 + 4Rr + 3r2
.
Rr
Rr
Proof. Since basic inequalities (2.1) for the triangle are equivalent to the following inequalities:
p
(2.6)
16Rr 5r2 + 2(R 2r)(R r R2 2Rr) s2
p
4R2 + 4Rr + 3r2 2(R 2r)(R r R2 2Rr).
From Eulers inequality R 2r and Bernoullis inequality (2.3), we have
r
1,
R r > 0, 0 <
Rr
and
s
#
"
2 2Rr
R
R r R2 2Rr = (R r) 1
(R r)2
s
"
#
2
r2
1
r
r2
= (R r) 1 1
(R
r)
=
.
2
(R r)
2
Rr
2(R r)
According to (2.6), it is easy to obtain (2.5). The proof of Theorem 2.1 is completed.
The inequalities (2.5) were also proved by Xue-zhi Yang in [4], by the use of appropriate trigonometric inequalities.
Now, we will give a generalized result:
Theorem 2.2. In every triangle we have the following inequalities
2n1
X
(2n 3) !!
r
2
(2.7)
16Rr 5r + r(R 2 r)
s2
2n1 n !
Rr
n=1
2n1
X
(2n 3) !!
r
2
2
4R + 4Rr + 3r r(R 2 r)
.
2n 1 n !
Rr
n=1
#
r2
.
(R r)2
Let
r
= x (0 < x 1),
Rr
then
p
p
R r R2 2Rr = (R r)(1 1 x2 ).
From the power series expansion (2.2), we have
p
1 2 X (2n 3) !! 2n
2
1x = 1 x
x
(0 < x 1),
2
2n n !
n=2
or
1
x2
n=2
n=1
X ( 2n 3 ) !!
X (2n 3) !!
r
1
2n 1
= x [x+
x
]
=
2
2n 1 n !
2(R r)
2n 1 n !
p
1 X (2n 3) !!
r
2
(2.8)
R r R 2Rr = r
.
2
2n 1 n !
Rr
n=1
r
Rr
2n 1
.
Combining expressions (2.6) and (2.8) we obtain (2.7). Theorem 2.2 is proved.
where
X
(2n 3 ) !!
=
2n 1 n !
n=1
"
m1
m=1
r
R+r
m #2n1
.
r
2r
r X
2r
r
r
m1
=
1
=
=
2
.
(2.10)
Rr
R+r
R+r
R+r
R+r
R+r
m=0
m=1
Combining expression (2.7) and (2.10) we immediately get (2.9). Theorem 2.3 is proved.
where
1
( 1)2 R2 + 2(2 + 5 + 2)Rr (4 + )r2 + (R 2r) (1 2 )R 2r s2
2
1
( + 1)2 R2 2(2 5 + 2)Rr + (4 )r2 (R 2r) (1 2 )R 2r ,
2
2n1
X
( 2n 3 ) !! (1 2 )R 2r
=
.
2n 1 n ! (1 + 2 )R 2r
n=1
p
( + 1)2 R2 2(2 5 + 2)Rr + (4 )r2 (R 2r)[(2 + 1)R 2r 2 R2 2Rr],
From Eulers inequality R 2r, we obtain (2 + 1)R 2r > 0, and
s
"
#
2
p
2 2Rr)
4
(R
2
2
( + 1)R 2r 2 R2 2Rr = [( + 1)R 2r] 1
[(1 + 2 )R 2r]2
s
2
2
(1
)R
2r
.
= [(2 + 1)R 2r] 1 1
(1 + 2 )R 2r
Let
(1 2 )R 2r
(1 + 2 )R 2r
then
(2 + 1)R 2r 2
= x(0 < x 1),
p
1 x2 ).
p
1 X (2n 3) !! 2n 1
2
1 1x = x
x
,
2
2n 1 n !
n=1
and
p
X
1
(2n 3) !!
(3.3) ( + 1)R 2r 2 R2 2Rr = (1 2 )R 2r
2
2n 1 n !
2
n=1
(1 2 )R 2r 2n1
.
(1 + 2 )R 2r
X
(2n 3) !! (tR r)2 R(R 2r)
=
.
2n 1 n ! (tR r)2 + R(R 2r)
n=1
2
Let
(tR r)2 R(R 2r)
(tR r)2 + R(R 2r) = x(0 < x 1),
then
(tR r)2 + R(R 2r) 2 |tR r|
1 x2 ),
1 X (2n 3) !! 2n 1
1 x2 = x
x
,
2
2n 1 n !
n=1
therefore
p
(tR r)2 + R(R 2r) 2 |tR r| R2 2Rr
2n 1
X
1
(2n 3) !! (tR r)2 R(R 2r)
2
= [(tR r) R(R 2r)]
.
2
2n 1 n ! (tR r)2 + R(R 2r)
(3.7)
n=1
Combining expression (3.6) and (3.7) we can get the inequalities (3.4). Theorem 3.2 is proved.
Now, we give some corollaries from Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2.
Corollary 3.1. Let , t be real numbers, respectively, and 6= 2t, in every triangle we have the
following inequalities
(3.8) (t1)2 R3 +2 [t2 +(+5)t+2]R2 r[(4+1)t+2 +10+4]Rr2 +(22 +)r3 (tRr)s2
(t + 1)2 R3 2[t2 + ( 5)t + + 2]R2 r + [(4 1)t + 2 10 + 4]Rr2 (22 )r3 .
Corollary 3.2. Let be a nonzero real numbers, in every triangle we have the following double
inequality
( 1)2 R2 + 2(2 + 5 + 2)Rr (4 + )r2 s2
(3.9)
X
X
( 2m 3 ) !!
1
2Rr
2
=
[
(tR
r)
R(R
2r)
2n1 (
)n ]2m1 .
m
1
2
2
m ! 2Rr
(tR r) + R(R + 2r)
m=1
n=1
< 1.
2
(tR r) + R(R + 2r)
(tR r)2 + 4Rr
Using the power series expansion (2.4), we have
(tR r)2 R(R 2r) (tR r)2 R(R 2r) (tR r)2 + R(R + 2r)
(3.11)
(tR r)2 + R(R 2r) = (tR r)2 + R(R + 2r) (tR r)2 + R(R 2r)
(tR r)2 R(R 2r)
1
=
2
4Rr
(tR r) + R(R + 2r)
1
(tR r)2 + R(R + 2r)
n
(tR r)2 R(R 2r) X
4Rr
=
(tR r)2 + R(R + 2r)
(tR r)2 + R(R + 2r)
n=0
n
X
1
2Rr
2
n1
=
(tR r) R(R 2r)
2
.
2Rr
(tR r)2 + R(R + 2r)
n=1
Combining expression (3.4) and (3.11) we immediately get the inequalities (3.10), and the proof of
Corollary 3.3 is completed.
References
[1] J.C.Gerretsen. OngelijKheden in the Driehoek. Nieuw Tijdschr, Wisk, 41(1953). 17.
[2] D.S.Mitrinovic, J.E.Pecric and V.Volenec. Recent Advances in Geometric Inequalities. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989. 23.
[3] D. S. Mitrinovic, P.M.Vasic. Analytic Inequalities. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1970. 4445.
[4] Xue-zhi Yang. The proof of a class of trigonometric Inequalities, Mathematics Olympic, Hunan Education Press,
Hunan Education Press, Changsha, China, 19(1994).2440. (in Chinese).
(SH.-H. Wu) Department of Mathematics, Longyan College, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R.China
E-mail address: wushanhe@yahoo.com.cn
(Zh.-H. Zhang) Zixing Educational Research Section, Chenzhou, Hunan 423400,P.R.China.
E-mail address: zxzh1234@163.com