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Chapter 1
KEY CONCEPTS OF GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
In order to develop sensitivity and responsiveness to
gender issues, all agents of the state need to know and
understand the nuances of key concepts in GAD.
The
following are building blocks to developing a gender lens that
will help enable researchers to unearth the concerns in their
research subjects affecting women and men.
1. SEX
- a physical, biological identity of men and women; it refers
to whether a person is born male or female;
- Sex is fixed because it is based on the makeup of ones
chromosomes and reproductive organs including genitalia.
A person is of female sex if she is with xx chromosomes
and her reproductive organs give her the capacity to
menstruate, gestate and lactate;
- Since sex is an inborn physiological attribute, it is difficult
or impossible to entirely change even with surgical
procedures; For instance, a male transsexual although
with female features after surgery, will never be able to
get pregnant.
- Sex refers to the two categories of animals male and
female- needed for the act of mating to result in biological
reproduction. This categorization is made according to
reproductive function:
the female produces two egg cell, or ovum;
the male provide the sperm that fertilizes it;
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
2. GENDER
- Gender refers to the differentiated social roles, behavior,
capacities and intellectual, emotional and social
characteristics attributed by a given culture to women and
men;
- The term implies the cultural roles expected of a person;
- Gender is not fixed since it is based on the culture and
are socially determined;
- The characteristics attributed to females are labeled as
feminine and those attributed to males are labeled as
masculine as defined by a given society. Hence, gender is
a social construct.
- Gender is a variable concept, as its construction varies
across cultures and over time. Definition of masculine and
feminine often vary from one race to another. Variations in
gender definitions are due to specific economic, political
and social conditions of each class, culture or era.
4. GENDER STEREOTYPE
- Are the ascribed traits, characteristics, attributes and role
relegated to men and women
- The assumption behind stereotypes is that the ascribed
attributes regarding men apply to all men and those about
women apply to all women in a given society
Gender Stereotyping
- This is the tendency of a given culture to ascribed
particular traits, characteristics and roles distinctly to a
man and woman that have become fixed in ones mind
that is not open to change;
- Individuals are then judge according to their groups
identity. Me and women are conditioned to behave and
think in a way that is determined by the society as
appropriate for the feminine and masculine roles and
characteristics
- The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such
stereotypes as :
Men
Women
They are physically
They are physically
stronger; then, they
weak, then, they are
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
They may be
whimsical and fickle
minded as the weather
2. Reproductive work
- This refers to the work that relates to child-rearing and
caring, food preparation, housekeeping, family health
care or any work that pertains to the well-being of the
family;
- This kind of work is mostly unpaid
3. Community Work
- Extension of their reproductive role
- Mostly unpaid
5. GENDER BIAS
- Partiality and prejudice against men or women that was
brought by stereotyping based on their gender roles and
expectations
- Affect individuals status, position, level of participation in,
and enjoyment of benefits from society.
- Gender bias is determined by societys treatment of its
members. Women are generally subordinated in society
because of long-standing beliefs, practices, traditions,
rituals, religion and language.
- Gender biases are nurtured by societys patriarchal
structures.
Biases
1. Language and symbols
It is a very powerful instrument of socialization; it
embodies concepts or ideas representing the totality
of culture
It can also serve as a strong propaganda material
Examples of how language perpetuates biases
o History
o Cursing
o Language-biased reference: Chairman
o Religious language
o Sexual inuendoes of language
2. Religion and the Church
Has been used to maintain inequality between the
sexes overused and taken out of contextBabae,
magpasakop ka.
God conceived as a male person gives mortal man the
license to be superior over woman as if it is his
nature. This is contrary to the fact as stated in the
Scripture that God created man in his own image,
man and woman He created them.
Church hierarchy is dominated by males
Church rituals/ sacraments discriminate against
women.
3. Social Practices
Male eldest child given the priority over property and
inheritance rights.
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
School
Admission policies;
Policies in granting of benefits;
Absence of mechanisms to address sexual
harassment and campus-based prostitution;
Texbooks and IECs loaded with gender biased
language and concepts.
6. Government
Mostly dominated by men, its outputs are necessarily
not without biases
practices are still patriarchal. Leadership and
administration is overwhelmingly dominated by men.
Representation of women is dismally low.
7. Business
Gender discriminatory policies such as women being
last priority in hiring
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
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11
12
Board member
Mayor
Vice-mayor
Councilor
13
16.6
14.6
11
17.1
14
15
16
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
201
1
Rape
997
927
659
837
811
770
1,042
832
Incestuous
Rape
38
46
26
22
28
27
19
23
Attempted
Rape
194
148
185
147
204
167
268
201
536
382
358
445
485
745
625
Physical
Injuries
1,58
8
Sexual
Harassment
53
37
38
63
RA 9262
218
924
9,02
1
Threats
319
223
199
182
220
208
374
213
Seduction
62
19
29
30
19
19
25
15
Concubinage
121
102
93
109
109
99
158
128
RA 9208
17
11
16
24
34
152
190
62
Abduction /
Kidnapping
29
16
34
23
28
18
25
22
Unjust
Vexation
90
50
59
59
83
703
183
155
Total
46
18
54
83
17
12,9
48
18
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Chapter 2
PHILIPPINE GAD LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Philippine laws on gender and development were
essentially a product of the application of the Human Rights
principles in addressing various social concerns that involve
gender
1. What are HUMAN RIGHTS?
The supreme inalienable rights to life, dignity, and selfdevelopment that are inherent in all human beings
Womens Human Rights
Womens rights are human rights
The state through the Constitution as well as its
commitments to international agreements such as the
CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, affirms that
womens rights are human rights as well.
9.What are the characteristics of human rights?
Universal
Equal
Non-discriminatory
Inalienable
Interrelated
Interdependent
Accountability
10. Who are the two parties that influence the enjoyment
of human rights?
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
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21
12. The state recognizes the role of women in nationbuilding and shall ensure that the fundamental equality
before the law of women and men.
3.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
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Chapter 3
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM: GENDER
MAINSTREAMING
Gender mainstreaming as a strategy to implement the
Magna Carta of Women, GAD planning, budgeting, monitoring
and evaluation
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32
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Cover Page
Ramon Magsaysay Technological University GAD Office (2015)
Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduction (Rationale of Gender Mainstreaming)
Key Concepts
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Introduction (Rationale of Gender Mainstreaming)
Key Concepts
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