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Objectives
2

Explain the concept of mass balance, control volume,

steady state condition and uniformly mixed systems
Construct a Mass Balance Diagram
Apply mass balance principles in environmental
applications

MATERIALS AND ENERGY

BALANCE

CE 131

Lecture 5

In Liquids
4

a)

HOW TO EXPRESS
CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUBSTANCES

mass/weight of substance per unit volume of mixture

e.g. mg/L , g/L , g/m3

b)

mass/weight of substance per unit weight of mixture

e.g.

parts per million (ppm)

parts per billion (ppb)

Note: Since most pollutants are very small, one liter of

mixture weighs essentially 1000 g,
1 mg/L = 1 g/m3
= 1 ppm (by weight)
1 g/L = 1 mg/m3
= 1 ppb (by weight)

Atomic weights most commonly used in

environmental engineering

In Gases
5

In volumetric terms:
1 ppm (by vol) = 1 vol. of contaminant
106 volumes of air mixture

In mixed units of mass per unit volume:

At 0C and 1 atm pressure, 1 mole of an ideal gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 x10-3 m3
C = ppm x mol. weight
(mg/m3)
22.4
For other temperature and pressure: correct the above eqn

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Example 1

Volumetric Flow Rate, Q

The federal air quality standard for carbon

monoxide CO (based on an 8-hr measurement) is
9.0 ppm. Express this standard as a percentage by
volume as well as in mg/m3 at 1 atm and 25C .

Volume of fluid passing an arbitrary plane per unit

of time

Q = V/t = vol/time
Q = v*A
Q volumetric flow rate
v velocity
A cross-sectional area

Note:
C = ppm x mol. weight
22.4
Ans: 10.3 mg/m3

Mass & Energy Balances

9

provide us with a tool for modeling the

production, transport, and fate of
pollutants and energy in the environment.

10

1. Conservation of Matter
11

12

UNIFYING Theories

Matter can neither

be created nor
destroyed.

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2. Conservation of Energy

MATERIALS/ MASS BALANCE

13

14

Energy cannot be created nor

destroyed.

The mass that enters a system must, by

conservation of mass, either leave the
system or accumulate within the system .

3. Conservation of Matter and Energy

15

16

An average-sized adult contains

around 7x1018 joules of potential
energy- enough to explode with
the force of 30 very large
hydrogen bombs!

The total amount of energy and

matter is constant.

MATERIALS BALANCE
17

18

Mass and energy are

two forms of the same
thing. Energy is
liberated matter, and
matter is energy
waiting to happen.
-Bill Bryson
A Short History of Nearly Everything

INPUTS

There is a huge amount- a

really huge amount- of
energy bound up in every
material thing.

CONTROL
Accumulation
VOLUME

OUTPUTS

For an ideal system,

Accumulation = Input Output

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Example 3-1(Davis)
19

20

Mr. and Mrs. Konzzumer have no children. In an

average week they purchase and bring into their house
approximately 50 kg of consumer goods (food,
magazines, newspapers, appliances, furniture, etc.) .
Of this amount, 50% is consumed as food. Half of the
food is used for biological maintenance and ultimately
released as CO2. The remainder is discharged to the sewer
system.
The Konzzumers recycle approximately 25% of the
solid waste that is generated. Approximately 1 kg
accumulates in the house. Estimate the amount of solid
waste they place at the curb each week.

Konzzumers residence

Konzzumers
residence

Solution:

Konzzumers Residence

21

50 kg of consumer
goods

22

50% (food)
50 % for
biological
maintenance

CO2

Other 50 %
Konzzumers residence
Waste
1 kg
accumulates in
the house
Sewer
system

25 % Solid
waste
recycled

Food to
people

The rest is
thrown out

Solid Waste

? Estimate the amount of solid waste they place at the curb each week.

Draw mass balance diagram.

Solution:
23

Konzzumers Residence

24

INPUT = Accumulation
+ Output as Food +
Output as solid waste

Consumer
goods

Accumulation

Consumer
goods

Accumulation

Food to
people

50% (food)
50 % for
biological
maintenance

CO2

Solid Waste

Write mass balance equation for the house.

Other 50 %
Konzzumers residence
Waste
1 kg
accumulates in
the house
Sewer
system

25 % Solid
waste
recycled

The rest is
thrown out

? Estimate the amount of solid waste they place at the curb each week.

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Time as a factor
25

Example 3-2 (Davis)

26

Modified mass balance equation:

Truly Clearwater is filling her bathtub but she

forgot to put the plug in. If the volume of water for a
bath is 0.350 m3 and the tap is flowing at 1.32 L/min
and the drain is running at 0.32 L/min, how long will
it take to fill the tub to bath level? Assuming Truly
shuts off the water when the tub is full and does not
flood the house, how much water will be wasted?

Rate of accumulation = rate of input rate of output

dM d (in) d (out )
=

dt
dt
dt

Assume density of water is 1,000 kg/m3.

Mixing States
27

Mixing States
28

1. Completely mixed
system
The output from the
system is the same
as the contents of
the system.

2. Plug flow system

Each drop of fluid along
direction of flow is unique
and has the same
concentration and
properties as when it had
first entered the system.

Steady state condition

MATERIALS BALANCE
29

30

Materials balances can be simplified with

the assumption of steady state, where the
accumulation term is zero.

Materials balances can be simplified with the

assumption of steady state, where the accumulation
term is zero.
The input rate and output rate are constant and equal.
There is no accumulation of particles/materials.

Steady state does not imply equilibrium.

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Conservative Pollutants
31

32

the pollutant does not change form over

time
no radioactive decay
no bacterial decomposition
no chemical reaction
vs non-conservative pollutants

Mass of contaminant per unit time:

Mass
= (Concentration)(Flow rate)
Time

mg
s

mg
m3

m3
s

MASS FLOW RATE

Recall:
33

34

Mass Balance
Control Volume and Mass Balance Diagram
Mixing States
Steady-State Condition
Conservative vs Non-conservative pollutants

dM
= CinQin Cout Qout
dt

Where:
C = concentration of contaminant
Q= flow rate

dM / dt CinQin Cout Qout

=
CinQin
CinQin

Example: Completely mixed, Steady-state

system with conservative pollutant

Efficiency
35

36

mass in mass out

=
x 100%
mass in

Two streams enter a lake. The main stream has a

flow of 10 m3/s, and a chloride concentration of 20
mg/L. The tributary stream has a flow of 5 m3/s
and a chloride concentration of 40 mg/L. What is
the chloride concentration leaving the lake system?

If flow rate in and flow rate out are the same,

concentration in concentration out

x 100%
concentration in

Ans: 26.67 mg/L

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Example 3-4 (Davis)

Baghouse

37

38

The air pollution control equipment on a municipal waste

incinerator includes a fabric filter particle collector (known as
baghouse). The baghouse contains 424 cloth bags arranged
in parallel, that is, 1/424 of the flow goes through each
bag.
Qin= Qout=47 m3/s
Cin,particles= 15 g/m3
For normal operation, Cout=24 mg/m3 (regulatory limit)
During maintenance, one bag is inadvertently not replaced, so only
423 bags are in place.

Calculate:
1.
Fraction of particulate matter removed
2.
efficiency of the baghouse when all bags are in place and
emissions comply with the regulatory requirements. Draw
the MBD.

Non-conservative pollutants
39

40

dM d (in) d (out )
=

+r
dt
dt
dt

r = kC n =1 =

dC
dt

In first-order reactions, the rate of loss of a substance is proportional to the

amount of substance present at any time t.

Accumulation

dC
= k dt
C
Co
0

OUTPUTS

INPUTS

Transformation

C = Co e kt

Where:
C = pollutant
concentration
t = time
k = reaction rate
coefficient [T-1]
n = reaction order
V = volume

Accumulation = Input Output Transformation rate

Decay Rate for the mass balance equation is kCV.

Example:
41

42

Mass balance equation for non-conservative

pollutant w/ first-order reactions:
dM d (in) d (out )
=

kCV
dt
dt
dt

Raw sewage

Cin= 180 mg/L

Qin= 430 m3/day

Decay

Sewage
Lagoon

Surface Area of
lagoon= 10 hectares
Depth = 1.0 m
k= 0.70 /day
Ceff= ?
Qeff= 430 m3/day

Assuming no other water losses or gains and that the lagoon

is completely mixed, find the steady-state concentration of
the pollutant in the lagoon effluent. Note: The organic matter
in the sewage decays in the lagoon.
Ans: 1100 mg/m3

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Example

Seatwork

43

44

a)

b)

There are 50 smokers in a room and each smoker smokes

2 cigarettes per hour. An individual cigarette emits,
among other things, 1.4 mg of formaldehyde (CH2O).
Formaldehyde converts to CO2 with a reaction rate
coefficient k = 0.4/hr. Fresh air enters the room at 1000
m3/hr and stale air leaves at the same rate. The volume
of the room is 500 m3.
Estimate the steady-state concentration of formaldehyde
in the air, assuming complete mixing.
At 25 C and 1 atm of pressure, how does the result
compare with the threshold for eye irritation of about
0.05 ppm?

A sewage lagoon that has a surface area of 10ha

and a depth of 1m is receiving 8640 m3/day of
sewage containing 100 mg/L of biodegradable
contaminant. At steady state, the effluent from the
lagoon must not exceed 20 mg/L of biodegradable
contaminant. Assuming the lagoon is well-mixed and
that there are no losses or gains of water in the
lagoon other than the sewage input, what
biodegradation reaction rate coefficient (d-1) must
be achieved for a first-order reaction?

References:
46

THANK YOU!

Davis. Principles of Environmental Engineering and

Science.

Masters. Introduction to Environmental

Engineering and Science.

Ma. Brida Lea Diola

Environmental and Energy Engineering Group
Institute of Civil Engineering

CE 131 Reporting
47

Discuss a low-cost,
innovative and local
(if applicable)
applications of the
following topics.
By pair
5-10 min
presentation

Date
28-Jan
30-Jan
4-Feb
6-Feb
11-Feb
13-Feb
18-Feb
20-Feb
25-Feb
27-Feb
4-Mar
6-Mar
11-Mar
13-Mar
18-Mar
20-Mar

Topic
SWM
SWM
SWM 1 & 2
Geo-engg
Exam

Examples

WQM
WQM
WQM
WQM-Eco-san
MASDAR City
Soil & GW
Geo-engg
Noise
AQM
AQM

filtration

Recycling, Zero
Baht Shop
Ocean Fert, SRM

waterless toilet
Sust dev
FPIC
optional topics
Egg trays
EDSA