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Topic List
This course covers the following topics:
1. Introduction to Link Budget
2. Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Contributions
3. ETSI Specifications and Transmitter Power Classes
4. Calculating a Link Budget
5. Receivers Field Strength
A more detailed list of topics and pages can be found by selecting one of the topics at the left and
clicking on the icon that appears in the toolbar at the top of the page.
Objectives
This course was designed to enable you to:
Prerequisites
The following courses are recommended before taking the GSM Link Budget course. If you have
not already taken these courses, please return to the course list and review them.
Lets Begin!
We hope you enjoy this learning experience, and that you use the information in this module to its
fullest extent.
If you are taking a Wireless University web module for the first time then click on Learninc~ on
WirelessU. This topic teaches you to navigate through a web module. If you feel like you
already know how to navigate this course, lets begin with Introduction to Link Budciet
Note: The information in this module is proprietary to Lucent Technologies. Please do not share it
with friends or customers.
Coverage types,
For duplex (2-way) systems, the mobile-base path is called the reverse link (or uplink) path and
base-mobile is called the forward link (or downlink) path.
The link budget is the maximum loss allowed in the respective path. For example, the reverse link
budget represents the maximum loss allowed in the mobile to base path. More often than not, the
reverse link is the limiting case.
The figure shows the typical link budget elements of a GSM network. Values for each are defined
separately. Note the arrows represent the RF signal path from either the base station to the
mobile (forward link) or the mobile to the base station (reverse link).
T
I
D ownlink
Uplink
8TS
Mobile
Definitions
Term
ACE Loss
Definition
In general, Antenna Coupling Equipment (ACE) includes all
diplexers, combiners and connectors. The value of ACE
loss is dependent on the ACE configuration. There are
various ACE configurations depending on the number of
TRXs and combiners used. For more information on this
topic, locate the GSM Antenna CounhinQ E~ui~ment module
)
.
Fade Margin
Fading
Feeder Loss
Gain
Maximum Transmitter
Power Per Traffic
Channel
Path Loss
Penetration Loss
- - -
(SIN) ~
4
kTB
(SIN)
0~
1=k~T~B
N1=1.38~10 23 (17 + 273)~200~10 3
16
N=8.10 Watt = -151 dBW = -121 dBm
the total output signal-to-noise ratio generated by the thermal noise and the amplifier
noise
Si
Na
F= N.
GKTB
Inaformula:
N
a
(SIN) ~
kTB
(SIN)0~
or
(EbINO) ~
In Digital
S~ lOIog(K*PB)
F + (EbINO)O~
EdNO threshold
The mobile radio channel is characterized by wideband multipath propagation effects such as
delay spread and Doppler shift as defined in GSM 05.05 annex C. The reference signal-to-noise
ratio in the modulating bit rate bandwidth (271 kHz) is EdNO. The typical value used is 8 dB which
includes a 2 dB implementation margin for the GSM system at the minimum service quality
without interference.
23
16
-150.5dBW
Exercise Answer
Check the following to see if you answered the exercise question on the previous page correctly:
Si
1Olog(k~T~B)+ F+ Eb/NO
Si =-120+ 8 +8=-lO4dBm
This is the end of Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Contributions. Select the next topic on the leftto
continue.
ETSI produces voluntary standards, but some of these may go on to be the technical base for
European directives or regulations. You will use the ETSI specifications to identify the minimum
transceiver performance (i.e. receiver sensitivity and transmit power) for mobile stations and base
stations.
Use the tables in the next sections to identify and compare the ETSI specifications and Lucent
implementation for both GSM-900 and GSM-1800/GSM1900.
Specification Tables
There are varieties of mobiles with varying performance in the network. The link budget design must
cover the worst case sensitivity as defined by the GSM (ETSI) specifications.
ETSI MS receiver sensitivity
the minimum receiver sensitivity of Mobile Stations as
by the ETSI:
3
-104 dBm
4
-102 dBm
5
-102 dBm
ETSI BTS receiver sensitivity
This table
-102 dBm
I:
Ml
-97 dBm
-102 dBm
M2
-92 dBm
-97 dBm
M3
-87 dBm
-92 dBm
Lucent Tecnnologies SRFU receiver sensitivity
Lucents SRFU has a guaranteed static receiver sensitivity defined in this table. Under different
even better:
-108 dBm
-110 dBm
-108 aiim
-104
dBm
3
Ml
GSM1800-lO7dBm
GSM 900
-104 dBm
-104 dBm
-104 dBm
M2
GSM 1800
GSM900
-104 dBm
-lO4dBm
-104 dBm
-lO4dBm
M3
OSM 1800
GSM 900
-lO4dBm
-104 dBm
-lO4dBm
-104 dBm
GSM 1800
-104 dBm
-104 dBm
tlA,c
th~
t~f mnhiI~Q
I I
in
vvnere:
TU5O typical case for a typical urban area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 50 Km/h
HT1 00 typical case for a hilly terrain with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 100 Km/h
RAl 30 typical case for a rural area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 130 Km/h (Only for
DOSi 800)
RA250 typical case for a rural area with an MS speed (vehicle speed) of 250 Km/h (Only for
GSM900)
The most common model used in cell planning is the TU modeL which is used in approximately 95% of
HT
conditions.
~ iuii~t ~
~
w~ IIIU~L LdN~ the given receiver
sensitivity value and subtract 4 db to account for the more severe shadow fading environment that occurs
with a stationary mobile. Value = -108 + 4 = -104 dBm. If you did not reach this answer, did you subtract 4
db to account for the greater influence of fading on the stationary mobile?
-
20 (43)-40 (46)
10 (40)-20 (43)
5 (37)-b (40)
2.5 (34)-S (37)
j
j
Wattd~~
GSM-1800/1900
0.5 (27)-i .6 (32
0.16 (22)-0.5 (27)
0.05 (17)-0.16 (22
/2C
40 (45)
40 (4S)
I
I
3
5(37)
5(37)
Ml
0.2(23)
1.25 (31)
M2
0.08 (19)
0.5 (27)
M3
M3
0.02 (13)
0.125 (21)
BTS type 6/12 includes 6id, l2id, 60dB, and l2od.
The TX power of BTS 6/12 is measured at the SFRU output.
The TX power of the /2C is measured at the antenna
connector.
MS Transmitted power
The mobile stations maximum output power is specified in GSM Rec.05.05. The power levels are
given in the table below:
8 (39)
0.~, ~24)
0.~o ~4)
5 (37)
4(36)
4(36)
2 (33)
0.8 (29)
)lerances are 2 dB under normal condition or 2.S dB under
eme conditions.
Minimum MS power level
The lowest power control levels for GSM-900 and GSM-1 800/1 900 MSs are respectively 5 dBm
and
This0isdBm.
the end of ETSI Specifications and Transmitter Power Classes. Select the next topic on
the left to continue.
Review the following example of an uplink power budget, which results in the maximum path loss.
Signal Leuel
UPLINK
MS transmit
~dBmi
33
dBm
Cable loss
0 dOm
Antenna gain MS
2 dBi
Body Loss
2 d8
140
+35
dO
12 dB
+33
+33
Pr
+33
+33
-107
-119
16 dBi
1 dB
Feeder loss
3 dB
Diversity Gain
3 dO
-103
-104
-107
OTS
receiver sensitivity
0
0
-104
dOm
-104
iding can be a result of several things, for example shadowing, diffraction, and
iulti-pathing. These factors help you identify the fade margin and shadow
needed to complete your RF design plan and calculate the maximum
j
)ath loss. To review the fade margin topic, go to the RF Propagation Concepts
nodule in the RF Design Engineering curriculum available on the course list
)age.
DOWNLINK
Signal
Leuel
(dBm)
__________
38
dOm
Feeder loss
2 dB
2 dB
16 dBi
12 dO
Body loss
2 dO
Antenna gain MS
2 dBi
Cable loss
0 db
Diversity Gain
0 dO
MS
+36
+34
140 db
_________
+38
-102 dOm
-90
-102
-104
-102
-102
-102
Now print the attached tables in Arrendix A and use them to calculate the maximum cell
range. Continue to the next page to check the correct answer for this example. If you need
additional information, try the Help links below and use your browsers Back button to return to
this page.
HeI~ 1
HeIr 2
Help 1: The maximum path loss (MAPL) is calculated by knowing the values of each element in link
budget. These will depend on the equipment used and the signal strength required. The MAPL is
normally calculated automatically using the RF planning tool, but for this example, use 140 dB as the
MAPL.
Please use your browsers Back button to return to the previous page.
Help 2: The adjustment for an S3 clutter class is defined as an L~(dB) of 8. For more information on how
to calibrate clutter classes, see the Surface Clutter Effects section in the RF Propagation Concepts
module on the Wireless University website.
Please use your browsers Back button to return to the previous page.
Range
D(km)
~. .~
.13 2.6013.6012.96
. *4*
.~
...28 2.7713.841316
4
~
~
4.38
2.77
569
3.37
4.68
384
468
533
10.25 114.21
1094115.17
11 68 116.19
1247 17.28
1331 18.45
Exercise
Use the resources, information, and coverage requirements noted to determine the answers-to
questions 1 through 3.
A~~endix A tables
UDlink worksheet
Down link worksheet
Note: Use the Back icon on your browser to return to this page.
uestions
8.
9.
Uplink Worksheet
UPLINK
Signal Level
(dBm)
Downlink Worksheet
DOWNLINK
8TS
transmit power
Feeder loss
ACE loss (combiner, duplexor)
Antenna gain BTS
Maximum path lass
Fade margin (75% cell edge)
Oody loss
Antenna gain MS
Cable loss
Diversity Gain
MS receiver sensitivity(GSM1900 class 1)
Signal Level
~dBm)
ExerCise Answers
Review these answers to see if your responses to questions 1 through 3 are correct.
Answer 1: Power budgets for
Signal Leuel
UPLINK
(dDm)
+rn
30 dOm
Cable loss
0 dOm
Antenna gain MS
2 dOi
Oody Loss
2dO
+30
+32
+30
130 dB
-108
5 dO
11 dOi
-113
-102
1 dO
Feeder loss
2 dO
Diversity Gain
3 dO
-103
-105
-102 dOm
Signal Leuel
(dBm)
DOWN LINK
BIS transmit power
35 dOm
Feeder loss
2 dO
1 dO
-102
11 dOi
+35
+33
+32
+43
138 dO
-95
S dO
-100
Oody loss
2 dO
Antenna gain MS
2 dOi
Cable loss
0 dO
Diversity Gain
0 dO
-98
-100
-100
-100 dOm
-100
In reference to the Path Loss Table for 1900MHz w/ iSm Antenna heights. We find with a Maximum
Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) of 138 dO in S3 clutter, the cell range is 1 .35 kms.
This is the end of Calculating a Link Budget. Select the next topic on the left to continue
Continue
~
This is the end of the GSM Link Budget material. Select Quiz Me! from the topics on the left to answer the
quiz questions and see how well you understand the concepts presented in this course.
RACE
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
900
15
1.5
clutter class:
U2
Ul
53
52
Si
F2
Fl
02
01
Corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(km)
120
0.52
0.63
0.85
0.71
1.03
0.91
1.69
1.69
2.30
3.13
121
0.55
0.67
0.91
0.75
1.09
0.97
1.79
1.79
2.44
3.33
122
0.59
0.71
0.97
0.80
1.16
1.03
1.91
1.91
2.60
3.54
123
0.63
0.75
1.03
0.85
1.24
1.09
2.03
2.03
2.77
3.77
124
0.67
0.80
1.09
0.91
1.32
1.16
2.16
2.16
2.94
4.01
125
0.71
0.85
1.16
0.97
1.40
1.24
2.30
2.30
3.13
4.27
126
0.75
0.91
1.24
1.03
1.49
1.32
2.44
2.44
3.33
4.54
127
0.80
0.97
1.32
1.09
1.58
1.40
2.60
2.60
3.54
4.83
128
0.85
1.03
1.40
1.16
1.69
1.49
2.77
2.77
3.77
5.14
129
0.91
1.09
1.49
1.24
1.79
1.58
2.94
2.94
4.01
5.47
130
0.97
1.16
1.58
1.32
1.91
1.69
3.13
3.13
4.27
5.81
131
1.03
1.24
1.69
1.40
2.03
1.79
3.33
3.33
4.54
6.19
132
1.09
1.32
1.79
1.49
2.16
1.91
3.54
3.54
4.83
6.58
133
1.16
1.40
1.91
1.58
2.30
2.03
3.77
3.77
5.14
7.00
134
1.24
1.49
2.03
1.69
2.44
2.16
4.01
4.01
5.47
7.45
135
1.32
1.58
2.16
1.79
2.60
2.30
4.27
4.27
5.81
7.92
136
1.40
1.69
2.30
1.91
2.77
2.44
4.54
4.54
6.19
8.43
137
1.49
1.79
2.44
2.03
2.94
2.60
4.83
4.83
6.58
8.97
138
1.58
1.91
2.60
2.16
3.13
2.77
5.14
5.14
7.00
9.54
139
1.69
2.03
2.77
2.30
3.33
2.94
5.47
5.47
7.45
10.15
140
1.79
2.16
2.94
2.44
3.54
3.13
5.81
5.81
7.92
10.80
141
1.91
2.30
3.13
2.60
3.77
3.33
6.19
6.19
8.43
11.49
142
2.03
2.44
3.33
2.77
4.01
3.54
6.58
6.58
8.97
12.22
143
2.16
2.60
3.54
2.94
4.27
3.77
7.00
7.00
9.54
13.00
144
2.30
2.77
3.77
3.13
4.54
4.01
7.45
7.45
10.15
13.83
145
2.44
2.94
4.01
3.33
4.83
4.27
7.92
7.92
10.80
14.71
146
2.60
3.13
4.27
3.54
5.14
4.54
8.43
8.43
11.49
15.65
147
2.77
3.33
4.54
3.77
5.47
4.83
8.97
8.97
12.22
16.65
148
2.94
3.54
4.83
4.01
5.81
5.14
9.54
9.54
13.00
17.72
149
3.13
3.77
5.14
4.27
6.19
5.47
10.15
10.15
13.83
18.85
150
3.33
4.01
5.47
4.54
6.58
5.81
10.80
10.80
14.71
20.05
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
clutter class:
U2
900
30
1.5
Ul
S3
S2
Si
F2
1119
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
Fl
02
01
19
19
24
29
120
0.66
0.80
1.11
0.91
1.35
1.18
2.28
2.28
3.16
4.38
121
0.70
0.85
1.18
0.97
1.44
1.27
2.43
2.43
3.37
4.68
122
0.75
0.91
1.27
1.04
1.54
1.35
2.60
2.60
3.60
4.99
123
0.80
0.97
1.35
1.11
1.64
1.44
2.77
2.77
3.84
5.33
124
0.85
1.04
1.44
1.18
1.75
1.54
2.96
2.96
4.10
5.69
125
0.91
1.11
1.54
1.27
1.87
1.64
3.16
3.16
4.38
6.07
126
0.97
1.18
1.64
1.35
2.00
1.75
3.37
3.37
4.68
6.48
127
1.04
1.27
1.75
1.44
2.13
1.87
3.60
3.60
4.99
6.92
128
1.11
1.35
1.87
1.54
2.28
2.00
3.84
3.84
5.33
7.39
129
1.18
1.44
2.00
1.64
2.43
2.13
4.10
4.10
5.69
7.89
130
1.27
1.54
2.13
1.75
2.60
2.28
4.38
4.38
6.07
8.42
131
1.35
1.64
2.28
1.87
2.77
2.43
4.68
4.68
6.48
8.99
132
1.44
1.75
2.43
2.00
2.96
2.60
4.99
4.99
6.92
9.60
133
1.54
1.87
2.60
2.13
3.16
2.77
5.33
5.33
7.39
10.25
134
1.64
2.00
2.77
2.28
3.37
2.96
5.69
5.69
7.89
10.94
135
1.75
2.13
2.96
2.43
3.60
3.16
6.07
6.07
8.42
11.68
136
1.87
2.28
3.16
2.60
3.84
3.37
6.48
6.48
8.99
12.47
137
2.00
2.43
3.37
2.77
4.10
3.60
6.92
6.92
9.60
13.31
138
2.13
2.60
3.60
2.96
4.38
3.84
7.39
7.39
10.25
14.21
139
2.28
2.77
3.84
3.16
4.68
4.10
7.89
7.89
10.94
15.17
140
2.43
2.96
4.10
3.37
4.99
4.38
8.42
8.42
11.68
16.19
141
2.60
3.16
4.38
3.60
5.33
4.68
8.99
8.99
12.47
17.28
142
2.77
3.37
4.68
3.84
5.69
4.99
9.60
9.60
13.31
18.45
143
2.96
3.60
4.99
4.10
6.07
5.33
10.25
10.25
14.21
19.70
144
3.16
3.84
5.33
4.38
6.48
5.69
10.94
10.94
15.17
21.03
145
3.37
4.10
5.69
4.68
6.92
6.07
11.68
11.68
16.19
22.45
146
3.60
4.38
6.07
4.99
7.39
6.48
12.47
12.47
17.28
23.97
147
3.84
4.68
6.48
5.33
7.89
6.92
13.31
13.31
18.45
25.59
148
4.10
4.99
6.92
5.69
8.42
7.39
14.21
14.21
19.70
27.31
149
4.38
5.33
7,39
6.07
8.99
7.89
15.17
15.17
21.03
29.16
150
4.68
5.69
7.89
6.48
9.60
5.81
16.19
16.19
22.45
31.13
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb
900
45
(in):
1.5
U2
Ul
S3
S2
51
F2
Fl
02
01
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.76
0.94
1.31
1.07
1.61
1.40
2.76
2.76
3.87
5.43
121
0.82
1.00
1.40
1.15
1.72
1.50
2.95
2.95
4.14
5.81
122
0.88
1.07
1.50
1.23
1.84
1.61
3.16
3.16
4.43
6.21
123
0.94
1.15
1.61
1.31
1.97
1.72
3.38
3.38
4.74
6.65
124
1.00
1.23
1.72
1.40
2.11
1.84
3.62
3.62
5.07
7.11
125
1.07
1.31
1.84
1.50
2.25
1.97
3.87
3.87
5.43
7.61
126
1.15
1.40
1.97
1.61
2.41
2.11
4.14
4.14
5.81
8.14
127
1.23
1.50
2.11
1.72
2.58
2.25
4.43
4.43
6.21
8.71
128
1.31
1.61
2.25
1.84
2.76
2.41
4.74
4.74
6.65
9.32
129
1.40
1.72
2.41
1.97
2.95
2.58
5.07
5.07
7.11
9.97
130
1.50
1.84
2.58
2.11
3.16
2.76
5.43
5.43
7.61
10.67
131
1.61
1.97
2.76
2.25
3.38
2.95
5.81
5.81
8.14
11.42
132
1.72
2.11
2.95
2.41
3.62
3.16
6.21
6.21
8.71
12.21
133
1.84
2.25
3.16
2.58
3.87
3.38
6.65
6.65
9.32
13.07
134
1.97
2.41
3.38
2.76
4.14
3.62
7.11
7.11
9.97
13.98
135
2.11
2.58
3.62
2.95
4.43
3.87
7.61
7.61
10.67
14.96
136
2.25
2.76
3.87
3.16
4.74
4.14
8.14
8.14
11.42
16.00
137
2.41
2.95
4.14
3.38
5.07
4.43
8.71
8.71
12.21
17.12
138
2.58
3.16
4.43
3.62
5.43
4.74
9.32
9.32
13.07
18.32
139
2.76
3.38
4.74
3.87
5.81
5.07
9.97
9.97
13.98
19.60
140
2.95
3.62
5.07
4.14
6.21
5.43
10.67
10.67
14.96
20.97
141
3.16
3.87
5.43
4.43
6.65
5.81
11.42
11.42
16.00
22.44
142
3.38
4.14
5.81
4.74
7.11
6.21
12.21
12.21
17.12
24.01
143
3.62
4.43
6.21
5.07
7.61
6.65
13.07
13.07
18.32
25.69
144
3.87
4.74
6.65
5.43
8.14
7.11
13.98
13.98
19.60
27.48
145
4.14
5.07
7.11
5.81
8.71
7.61
14.96
14.96
20.97
29.40
146
4.43
5.43
7.61
6.21
9.32
8.14
16,00
16.00
22.44
31.46
147
4.74
5.81
8.14
6.65
9.97
8.71
17.12
17.12
24.01
33.66
148
5.07
6.21
8.71
7.11
10.67
9.32
18.32
18.32
25.69
36.01
149
5.43
6.65
9.32
7.61
11.42
9.97
19.60
19.60
27.48
38.53
150
5.81
7.11
9.97
8.14
12.21
10.67
20.97
20.97
29.40
41.22
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1800
15
1.5
clutter class:
U2
Ul
S3
S2
51
F2
Fl
02
01
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.28
0.34
0.47
0.39
0.56
0.50
0.92
0.92
1.25
1.71
121
0.30
0.36
0.50
0.41
0.60
0.53
0.98
0.98
1.33
1.82
122
0.32
0.39
0.53
0.44
0.63
0.56
1.04
1.04
1.42
1.93
123
0.34
0.41
0.56
0.47
0.67
0.60
1.11
1.11
1.51
2.06
124
0.36
0.44
0.60
0.50
0.72
0.63
1.18
1.18
1.60
2.19
125
0.39
0.47
0.63
0.53
0.76
0.67
1.25
1.25
1.71
2.33
126
0.41
0.50
0.67
0.56
0.81
0.72
1.33
1.33
1.82
2.48
127
0.44
0.53
0.72
0.60
0.86
0.76
1.42
1.42
1.93
2.63
128
0.47
0.56
0.76
0.63
0.92
0.81
1.51
1.51
2.06
2.80
129
0.50
0.60
0.81
0.67
0.98
0.86
1.60
1.60
2.19
2.98
130
0.53
0.63
0.86
0.72
1.04
0.92
1.71
1.71
2.33
3.17
131
0.56
0.67
0.92
0.76
1.11
0.98
1.82
1.82
2.48
3.37
132
0.60
0.72
0.98
0.81
1.18
1.04
1.93
1.93
2.63
3.59
133
0.63
0.76
1.04
0.86
1.25
1.11
2.06
2.06
2.80
3.82
134
0.67
0.81
1.11
0.92
1.33
1.18
2.19
2.19
2.98
4.06
135
0.72
0.86
1.18
0.98
1.42
1.25
2.33
2.33
3.17
4.32
136
0.76
0.92
1.25
1.04
1.51
1.33
2.48
2.48
3.37
4.60
137
0.81
0.98
1.33
1.11
1.60
1.42
2.63
2.63
3.59
4.89
138
0.86
1.04
1.42
1.18
1.71
1.51
2.80
2.80
3.82
5.20
139
0.92
1.11
1.51
1.25
1.82
1.60
2,98
2.98
4.06
5.54
140
0.98
1.18
1.60
1.33
1.93
1.71
3.17
3.17
4.32
5.89
141
1.04
1.25
1.71
1.42
2.06
1.82
3.37
3.37
4.60
6.27
142
1.11
1.33
1.82
1.51
2.19
1.93
3.59
3.59
4.89
6.67
143
1.18
1.42
1.93
1.60
2.33
2.06
3.82
3.82
5.20
7.09
144
1.25
1.51
2.06
1.71
2.48
2.19
4.06
4.06
5.54
7.54
145
1.33
1.60
2.19
1.82
2.63
2.33
4.32
4.32
5.89
8.03
146
1.42
1.71
2.33
1.93
2.80
2.48
4.60
4.60
6.27
8.54
147
1.51
1.82
2.48
2.06
2.98
2.63
4.89
4.89
6.67
9.08
148
1.60
1.93
2.63
2.19
3.17
2.80
5.20
5.20
7.09
9.66
149
1.71
2.06
2.80
2.33
3.37
2.98
5.54
5.54
7.54
10.28
150
1.82
2.19
2.98
2.48
3.59
3.17
5.89
5.89
8.03
10.94
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1800
30
1.5
clutter class:
U2
Ul
S3
S2
51
F2
Fl
02
01
Corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.28
0.34
0.47
0.39
0.56
0.50
0.92
0.92
1.25
1.71
121
0.30
0.36
0.50
0.41
0.60
0.53
0.98
0.98
1.33
1.82
122
0.32
0.39
0.53
0.44
0.63
0.56
1.04
1.04
1.42
1.93
123
0.34
0.41
0.56
0.47
0.67
0.60
1.11
1.11
1.51
2.06
124
0.36
0.44
0.60
0.50
0.72
0.63
1.18
1.18
1.60
2.19
125
0.39
0.47
0.63
0.53
0.76
0.67
1.25
1.25
1.71
2.33
126
0.41
0.50
0.67
0.56
0.81
0.72
1.33
1.33
1.82
2.48
127
0.44
0.53
0.72
0.60
0.86
0.76
1.42
1.42
1.93
2.63
128
0.47
0.56
0.76
0.63
0.92
0.81
1.51
1.51
2.06
2.80
129
0.50
0.60
0.81
0.67
0.98
0.86
1.60
1.60
2.19
2.98
130
0.53
0.63
0.86
0.72
1.04
0.92
1.71
1.71
2.33
3.17
131
0.56
0.67
0.92
0.76
1.11
0.98
1.82
1.82
2.48
3.37
132
0.60
0.72
0.98
0.81
1.18
1.04
1.93
1.93
2.63
3.59
133
0.63
0.76
1.04
0.86
1.25
1.11
2.06
2.06
2.80
3.82
134
0.67
0.81
1.11
0.92
1.33
1.18
2.19
2.19
2.98
4.06
135
0.72
0.86
1.18
0.98
1.42
1.25
2.33
2.33
3.17
4.32
136
0.76
0.92
1.25
1.04
1.51
1.33
2.48
2.48
3.37
4.60
137
0.81
0.98
1.33
1.11
1.60
1.42
2.63
2.63
3.59
4.89
138
0.86
1.04
1.42
1.18
1.71
1.51
2.80
2.80
3.82
5.20
139
0.92
1.11
1.51
1.25
1.82
1.60
2.98
2.98
4.06
5.54
140
0.98
1.18
1.60
1.33
1.93
1.71
3.17
3.17
4.32
5.89
141
1.04
1.25
1.71
1.42
2.06
1.82
3.37
3.37
4.60
6.27
142
1.11
1.33
1.82
1.51
2.19
1.93
3.59
3.59
4.89
6.67
143
1.18
1.42
1.93
1.60
2.33
2.06
3.82
3.82
5.20
7.09
144
1.25
1.51
2.06
1.71
2.48
2.19
4.06
4.06
5.54
7.54
145
1.33
1.60
2.19
1.82
2.63
2.33
4.32
4.32
5.89
8.03
146
1.42
1.71
2.33
1.93
2.80
2.48
4.60
4.60
6.27
8.54
147
1.51
1.82
2.48
2.06
2.98
2.63
4.89
4.89
6.67
9.08
148
1.60
1.93
2.63
2.19
3.17
2.80
5.20
5.20
7.09
9.66
149
1.71
2.06
2.80
2.33
3.37
2.98
5.54
5.54
7.54
10.28
150
1.82
2.19
2.98
2.48
3.59
3.17
5.89
5.89
8.03
10.94
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1800
45
1.5
clutter class:
U2
Ul
S3
52
Si
F2
Fl
02
01
corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.39
0.48
0.68
0.55
0.83
0.72
1.42
1.42
2.00
2.80
121
0.42
0.52
0.72
0.59
0.89
0.53
1.52
1.52
2.14
3.00
122
0.45
0.55
0.78
0.63
0.95
0.56
1.63
1.63
2.29
3.21
123
0.48
0.59
0.83
0.68
1.02
0.60
1.74
1.74
2.45
3.43
124
0.52
0.63
0.89
0.72
1.09
0.63
1.87
1.87
2.62
3.67
125
0.55
0.68
0.95
0.78
1.16
0.67
2.00
2.00
2.80
3.93
126
0.59
0.72
1.02
0.83
1.24
0.72
2.14
2.14
3.00
4.20
127
0.63
0.78
1.09
0.89
1.33
0.76
2.29
2.29
3.21
4.49
128
0.68
0.83
1.16
0.95
1.42
0.81
2.45
2.45
3.43
4.81
129
0.72
0.89
1.24
1.02
1.52
0.86
2.62
2.62
3.67
5.14
130
0.78
0.95
1.33
1.09
1.63
0.92
2.80
2.80
3.93
5.50
131
0.83
1.02
1.42
1.16
1.74
0.98
3.00
3.00
4.20
5.89
132
0.89
1.09
1.52
1.24
1.87
1.04
3.21
3.21
4.49
6.30
133
0.95
1.16
1.63
1.33
2.00
1.11
3.43
3.43
4.81
6.74
134
1.02
1.24
1.74
1.42
2.14
1.18
3.67
3.67
5.14
7.21
135
1.09
1.33
1.87
1.52
2.29
1.25
3.93
3.93
5.50
7.72
136
1.16
1.42
2.00
1.63
2.45
1.33
4.20
4.20
5.89
8.26
137
1.24
1.52
2.14
1.74
2.62
1.42
4.49
4.49
6.30
8.83
138
1.33
1.63
2.29
1.87
2.80
1.51
4.81
4.81
6.74
9.45
139
1.42
1.74
2.45
2.00
3.00
1.60
5.14
5.14
7.21
10.11
140
1.52
1.87
2.62
2.14
3.21
1.71
5.50
5.50
7.72
10.82
141
1.63
2.00
2.80
2.29
3.43
1.82
5.89
5.89
8.26
11.58
142
1.74
2.14
3.00
2.45
3.67
1.93
6.30
6.30
8.83
12.39
143
1.87
2.29
3.21
2.62
3.93
2.06
6.74
6.74
9.45
13.25
144
2.00
2.45
3.43
2.80
4.20
2.19
7.21
7.21
10.11
14.18
145
2.14
2.62
3.67
3.00
4.49
2.33
7.72
7.72
10.82
15.17
146
2~29
2.80
3.93
3.21
4.81
2.48
8.26
8.26
6.27
16.23
147
2.45
3.00
4.20
343
5.14
2.63
8.83
8.83
6.67
17.36
148
2.62
3.21
4.49
3.67
550
2.80
9~45
945
7.09
1858
149
2.80
3.43
4.81
3.93
589
2.98
10.11
10.11
7.54
19.88
150
3.00
3.67
514
420
6.30
5.50
10.82
1O~82
803
21.27
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1900
15
1.5
Clutter class:
U2
Ul
S3
S2
Si
F2
Fl
02
01
Corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.27
0.33
0.44
0.37
0.53
0.47
0.88
0.88
1.19
1.63
121
0.29
0.35
0.47
0.39
0.57
0.50
0.93
0.93
1.27
1.73
122
0.31
0.37
0.50
0.42
0.60
0.53
0.99
0.99
1.35
1.84
123
0.33
0.39
0.53
0.44
0.64
0.57
1.05
1.05
1.44
1.96
124
0.35
0.42
0.57
0.47
0.68
0.60
1.12
1.12
1.53
2.08
125
0.37
0.44
0.60
0.50
0.73
0.64
1.19
1.19
1.63
2.22
126
0.39
0.47
0.64
0.53
0.77
0.68
1.27
1.27
1.73
2.36
127
0.42
0.50
0.68
0.57
0.82
0.73
1.35
1.35
1.84
2.51
128
0.44
0.53
0.73
0.60
0.88
0.77
1.44
1.44
1.96
2.67
129
0.47
0.57
0.77
0.64
0.93
0.82
1.53
1.53
2.08
2.84
130
0.50
0.60
0.82
0.68
0.99
0.88
1.63
1.63
2.22
3.02
131
0.53
0.64
0.88
0.73
1.05
0.93
1.73
1.73
2.36
3.21
132
0.57
0.68
0.93
0.77
1.12
0.99
1.84
1.84
2.51
3.42
133
0.60
0.73
0.99
0.82
1.19
1.05
1.96
1.96
2.67
3.64
134
0.64
0.77
1.05
0.88
1.27
1.12
2.08
2.08
2.84
3.87
135
0.68
0.82
1.12
0.93
1.35
1.19
2.22
2.22
3.02
4.11
136
0.73
0.88
1.19
0.99
1.44
1.27
2.36
2.36
3.21
4.38
137
0.77
0.93
1.27
1.05
1.53
1.35
2.51
2.51
3.42
4.66
138
0.82
0.99
1.35
1.12
1.63
1.44
2.67
2.67
3.64
4.95
139
0.88
1.05
1.44
1.19
1.73
1.53
2.84
2.84
3.87
5.27
140
0.93
1.12
1.53
1.27
1.84
1.63
3.02
3.02
4.11
5.61
141
0.99
1.19
1.63
1.35
1.96
1.73
3.21
3.21
4.38
5.96
142
1.05
1.27
1.73
1.44
2.08
1.84
3.42
3.42
4.66
6.35
143
1.12
1.35
1.84
1.53
2.22
1.96
3.64
3.64
4.95
6.75
144
1.19
1.44
1.96
1.63
2.36
2.08
3.87
3.87
5.27
7.18
145
1.27
1.53
2.08
1.73
2.51
2.22
4.11
4.11
5.61
7.64
146
1.35
1.63
2.22
1.84
2.67
2.36
4.38
4.38
5.96
8.13
147
1.44
1.73
2.36
1.96
2.84
2.51
4.66
4.66
6.35
8.65
148
1.53
1.84
2.51
2.08
3.02
2.67
4.95
4.95
6.75
9.20
149
1.63
1.96
2.67
2.22
3.21
2.84
5.27
5.27
7.18
9.79
150
1.73
2.08
2.84
2.36
3.42
3.02
5.61
5.61
7.64
10.41
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1900
30
1.5
Clutter class:
U2
Ul
S3
52
51
F2
Fl
02
01
Corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.33
0.40
0.56
0.46
0.68
0.59
1.14
1.14
1.58
2.19
121
0.35
0.43
0.59
0.49
0.72
0.63
1.22
1.22
1.69
2.34
122
0.38
0.46
0.63
0.52
0.77
0.68
1.30
1.30
1.80
2.50
123
0.40
0.49
0.68
0.56
0.82
0.72
1.39
1.39
1.92
2.67
124
0.43
0.52
0.72
0.59
0.88
0.77
1.48
1.48
2.05
2.85
125
0.46
0.56
0.77
0.63
0.94
0.82
1.58
1.58
2.19
3.04
126
0.49
0.59
0.82
0.68
1.00
0.88
1.69
1.69
2.34
3.25
127
0.52
0.63
0.88
0.72
1.07
0.94
1.80
1.80
2.50
3.46
128
0.56
0.68
0.94
0.77
1.14
1.00
1.92
1.92
2.67
3.70
129
0.59
0.72
1.00
0.82
1.22
1.07
2.05
2.05
2.85
3.95
130
0.63
0.77
1.07
0.88
1.30
1.14
2.19
2.19
3.04
4.22
131
0.68
0.82
1.14
0.94
1.39
1.22
2.34
2.34
3.25
4.50
132
0.72
0.88
1.22
1.00
1.48
1.30
2.50
2.50
3.46
4.80
133
0.77
0.94
1.30
1.07
1.58
1.39
2.67
2.67
3.70
5.13
134
0.82
1.00
1.39
1.14
1.69
1.48
2.85
2.85
3.95
5.47
135
0.88
1.07
1.48
1.22
1.80
1.58
3.04
3.04
4.22
5.84
136
0.94
1.14
1.58
1.30
1.92
1.69
3.25
3.25
4.50
6.24
137
1.00
1.22
1.69
1.39
2.05
1.80
3.46
3.46
4.80
6.66
138
1.07
1.30
1.80
1.48
2.19
1.92
3.70
3.70
5.13
7.11
139
1.14
1.39
1.92
1.58
2.34
2.05
3.95
3.95
5.47
7.59
140
1.22
1.48
2.05
1.69
2.50
2.19
4.22
4.22
5.84
8.10
141
1.30
1.58
2.19
1.80
2.67
2.34
4.50
4.50
6.24
8.65
142
1.39
1.69
2.34
1.92
2.85
2.50
4.80
4.80
6.66
9.24
143
1.48
1.80
2.50
2.05
3.04
2.67
5.13
5.13
7.11
9.86
144
1.58
1.92
2.67
2.19
3.25
2.85
5.47
5.47
7.59
10.53
145
1.69
2.05
2.85
2.34
3.46
3.04
5.84
5.84
8.10
11.24
146
1.80
2.19
3.04
2.50
3.70
3.25
6.24
6.24
8.65
12.00
147
1.92
2.34
3.25
2.67
3.95
3.46
6.66
6.66
9.24
12.81
148
2.05
2.50
3.46
2.85
4.22
3.70
7.11
7.11
9.86
13.67
149
2.19
2.67
3.70
3.04
4.50
3.95
7.59
7.59
10.53
14.60
150
2.34
2.85
3.95
3.25
4.80
4.22
8.10
8.10
11.24
15.58
Frequency f (MHz):
BTS antenna height hb (in):
MS antenna height hm (in):
1900
45
1.5
clutter class:
U2
Ul
53
S2
51
F2
Fl
02
01
Corr.factorLc(dB)
11
19
19
24
29
Path loss
Range
L(db)
d(kin)
120
0.37
0.46
0.64
0.52
0.79
0.69
1.35
1.35
1.89
2.65
121
0.40
0.49
0.69
0.56
0.84
0.73
1.44
1.44
2.03
2.84
122
0.43
0.52
0.73
0.60
0.90
0.79
1.55
1.55
2.17
3.04
123
0.46
0.56
0.79
0.64
0.96
0.84
1.65
1.65
2.32
3.25
124
0.49
0.60
0.84
0.69
1.03
0.90
1.77
1.77
2.48
3.48
125
0.52
0.64
0.90
0.73
1.10
0.96
1.89
1.89
2.65
3.72
126
0.56
0.69
0.96
0.79
1.18
1.03
2.03
2.03
2.84
3.98
127
0.60
0.73
1.03
0.84
1.26
1.10
2.17
2.17
3.04
4.26
128
0.64
0.79
1.10
0.90
1.35
1.18
2.32
2.32
3.25
4.56
129
0.69
0.84
1.18
0.96
1.44
1.26
2.48
2.48
3.48
4.88
130
0.73
0.90
1.26
1.03
1.55
1.35
2.65
2.65
3.72
5.22
131
0.79
0.96
1.35
1.10
1.65
1.44
2.84
2.84
3.98
5.58
132
0.84
1.03
1.44
1.18
1.77
1.55
3.04
3.04
4.26
5.97
133
0.90
1.10
1.55
1.26
1.89
1.65
3.25
3.25
4.56
6.39
134
0.96
1.18
1.65
1.35
2.03
1.77
3.48
3.48
4.88
6.84
135
1.03
1.26
1.77
1.44
2.17
1.89
3.72
3.72
5.22
7.31
136
1.10
1.35
1.89
1.55
2.32
2.03
3.98
3.98
5.58
7.83
137
1.18
1.44
2.03
1.65
2.48
2.17
4.26
4.26
5.97
8.37
138
1.26
1.55
2.17
1.77
2.65
2.32
4.56
4.56
6.39
8.96
139
1.35
1.65
2.32
1.89
2.84
2.48
4.88
4.88
6.84
9.58
140
1.44
1.77
2.48
2.03
3.04
2.65
5.22
5.22
7.31
10.25
141
1.55
1.89
2.65
2.17
3.25
2.84
5.58
5.58
7.83
10.97
142
1.65
2.03
2.84
2.32
3.48
3.04
5.97
5.97
8.37
11.74
143
1.77
2.17
3.04
2.48
3.72
3.25
6.39
6.39
8.96
12.56
144
1.89
2.32
3.25
2.65
3.98
3.48
6.84
6.84
9.58
13.44
145
2.03
2.48
3.48
2.84
4.26
3.72
7.31
7.31
10.25
14.38
146
2.17
2.65
3.72
3.04
4.56
3.98
7.83
7.83
10.97
15.38
147
2.32
2.84
3.98
3.25
4.88
4.26
8.37
8.37
11.74
16.46
148
2.48
3.04
4.26
3.48
5.22
4.56
8.96
8.96
12.56
17.61
149
2.65
3.25
4.56
3.72
5.58
4.88
9.58
9.58
13.44
18.84
150
2.84
3.48
4.88
3.98
5.97
5.22
10.25
10.25
14.38
20.16