It is required that information must be encoded into signals before it can be transported across

communication media. In more precise words we may say that the waveform pattern of voltage
or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital signal on a transmission link is called
digital to digital line encoding. There are different encoding schemes available:

Digltal-to-Digltal Encoding
It is the representation of digital information by a digital signal.

There are basically following types of digital to-digital encoding available like:

Unipolar

Polar

Bipolar.

Unipolar
Unipolar encoding uses only one level of value 1 as a positive value and 0 remains Idle.
Since unipolar line encoding has one of its states at 0 Volts, its also called Return to
Zero (RTZ) as shown in Figure. A common example of unipolar line encoding is the 11'L
logic levels used in computers and digital logic.

Unipolar encoding represents DC (Direct Current) component and therefore,

ca.'1nottravel through media such as microwaves or transformers. It has low noise
margin and needs extra hardware for synchronization purposes. It is well suited where

the signal path is short. For long distances, it produces stray capacitance in the
transmission medium and therefore, it never returns to zero as shown in Figure.

Polar
Polar encoding uses two levels of voltages say positive and negative. For example, the
RS:232D interface uses Polar line encoding. The signal does not return to zero; it is
either a positive voltage or a negative voltage. Polar encoding may be classified as
nonreturn to zero (NRZ), return to zero (RZ) and biphase. NRZ may be further divided
into NRZL and NRZI. Biphase has also two different categories as Manchester and
Differential Manchester encoding. Polar line encoding is the simplest pattern that
eliminates most of the residua! DC problem. Figure shows the Polar line encoding. It has
the same problem of synchronization as that of unipolar encoding. The added benefit of
polar encoding is that it reduces the power required to transmit the signal by one-half.

Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

In NRZL, the level of the signal is 1 if the amplitude is positive and 0 in case of negative
amplitude. In NRZI, whenever a positive amplitude or bit I appears in the signal, the
signal gets inverted, Figure explains the concepts of NRZ-L and NRZI more precisely.

Return to Zero (RZ)

RZ uses three values to represent the signal. These are positive, negative, and zero. Bit
1is represented when signal changes from positive to zero. Bit 0 is represented when
signal changes from negative to zero. Figure explains the RZ concept.

Biphase
Biphase is implemented in two different ways as Manchester and Differential
Manchester encoding.
In Manchester encoding, transition happens at the middle of each bit period. A low to
high transition represents a 1 and a high to low transition represents a 0.In case of
Differential Manchester encoding, transition occurs at the beginning of a bit time, which
represents a zero.

These encoding can detect errors during transmission because of the transition during
every bit period. Therefore, the absence of a transition would indicate an error
condition. They have no DC component and there is always a transition available for
synchronizing receives and transmits clocks.
Bipolar
Bipolar uses three voltage levels. These are positive, negative, and zero. Bit 0 occurs at
zero level of amplitude. Bit 1 occurs alternatively when the voltage level is either positive
or negative and therefore, also called as Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). There is no DC
component because of the alternate polarity of the pulses for Is. Figure describes bipolar
encoding.

Analog to Digital
Analog to digital encoding is the representation of analog information by a digital signal.
These include PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation), and PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).
Digital to Analog
These include ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), PSK (Phase
Shift Keying), QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), are QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation).
Analog to Analog
These are Amplitude modulation, Frequency modulation and Phase modulation
techniques,

Codecs (Coders and Decoders)

Codec stands for coders/decompression in data communication. The reverse conversion
of analog to digital is necessary in situations where it is advantageous to send analog
information across a digital circuit. Certainly, this is often the case in carrier networks,
where huge volumes of analog voice are digitized and sent across high capacity, digital
circuits. The device that accomplishes the analog to digital conversion is known as a
codec. Codecs code an analog input into a digital format on the transmitting side of the
connection, reversing the process, or decoding the information on the receiving side, in
order to reconstitute the analog signal. Codecs are widely used to convert analog voice
and video to digital format, and to reverse the process on the receiving end.

Rizal Technological University

Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

Data Encoding
Techniques

BOBADILLA, RENZ BENHAR O.

CEIT-05-801P
MH 6:00-9:00 pm

Engr. R. Dela Vega

Instructor