NursingTheorists

1.

FlorenceNightingaleEnvironmenttheory

2.

HildegardPeplauInterpersonaltheory

3.

VirginiaHendersonNeedTheory

4.

FayAbdellaTwentyOneNursingProblems

5.

IdaJeanOrlandoNursingProcesstheory

6.

DorothyJohnsonSystemmodel

7.

MarthaRogersUnitaryHumanbeings

8.

DorotheaOremSelfcaretheory

9.

ImogeneKingGoalAttainmenttheory

10. BettyNeumanSystemmodel
11. SisterCalistaRoyAdaptationtheory
12. JeanWatsonPhilosophyandCaringModel
13. MadeleineLeiningerTransculturalnursing
14. PatriciaBennerFromNovicetoExpert
15. LydiaE.HallTheCore,CareandCure
16. JoyceTravelbeeHumanToHumanRelationshipModel
17. MargaretNewmanHealthAsExpandingConsciousness
18. KatharineKolcabaComfortTheory
19. RosemarieRizzoParseHumanBecomingTheory
20. ErnestineWiedenbachTheHelpingArtofClinicalNursing
1.FlorenceNightingaleEnvironmentalTheory

Firstnursingtheorist

Unsanitaryconditionsposedhealthhazard(NotesonNursing,1859)

5componentsofenvironment
o

ventilation,light,warmth,effluvia,noise

Externalinfluencescanprevent,suppressorcontributetodiseaseordeath.

NightingalesConcepts
1.Person

Patientwhoisactedonbynurse

Affectedbyenvironment

Hasreparativepowers

2.Environment

Foundationoftheory.Includedeverything,physical,psychological,andsocial

3.Health

Maintainingwellbeingbyusingapersonspowers

Maintainedbycontrolofenvironment

4.Nursing

Providedfreshair,warmth,cleanliness,gooddiet,quiettofacilitatepersonsreparative
process

2.HildegardPeplauInterpersonalRelationsModel

Basedonpsychodynamicnursing

usinganunderstandingofonesownbehaviortohelpothersidentifytheirdifficulties

Appliesprinciplesofhumanrelations

Patienthasafeltneed

PeplausConcepts
1.Person

Anindividual;adevelopingorganismwhotriestoreduceanxietycausedbyneeds

Livesininstableequilibrium

2.Environment

Notdefined

3.Health

Impliesforwardmovementofthepersonalityandhumanprocessestowardcreative,
constructive,productive,personal,andcommunityliving

4.Nursing

Asignificant,therapeutic,interpersonalprocessthatfunctionscooperativelywithothersto
makehealthpossible

Involvesproblemsolving

3.VirginiaHendersonTheNatureofNursing
"Theuniquefunctionofthenurseistoassisttheindividual,sickorwell,intheperformanceofthose
activitiescontributingtohealthoritsrecovery(ortopeacefuldeath)thathewouldperformunaidedif
hehadthenecessarystrength,will,orknowledge.Andtodothisinsuchawayastohelphimgain
independenceasrapidlyaspossible.Shemustinasense,getinsidetheskinofeachofherpatientsin
ordertoknowwhatheneeds".
4.FayAbdellaTopologyof21NursingProblems

Alistof21nursingproblems

Conditionpresentedorfacedbythepatientorfamily.

Problemsarein3categories
o

physical,socialandemotional

Thenursemustbeagoodproblemsolver

AbdellasConcepts
1.Nursing

Ahelpingprofession

Acomprehensiveservicetomeetpatientsneeds

Increasesorrestoresselfhelpability

Uses21problemstoguidenursingcare

2.Health

Excludesillness

Nounmetneedsandnoactualoranticipatedimpairments

3.Person

Onewhohasphysical,emotional,orsocialneeds

Therecipientofnursingcare.

4.Environment

Didnotdiscussmuch

Includesroom,home,andcommunity

5.IdaJeanOrlandoDeliberativeNursingProcess

Thedeliberativenursingprocessissetinmotionbythepatientsbehavior

Allbehaviormayrepresentacryforhelp.Patientsbehaviorcanbeverbalornonverbal.

Thenursereactstopatientsbehaviorandformsbasisfordeterminingnursesacts.

Perception,thought,feeling

Nursesactionsshouldbedeliberative,ratherthanautomatic

Deliberativeactionsexplorethemeaningandrelevanceofanaction.

6.DorothyJohnsonBehavioralSystemsModel

Thepersonisabehavioralsystemcomprisedofasetoforganized,interactive,interdependent,
andintegratedsubsystems

Constancyismaintainedthroughbiological,psychological,andsociologicalfactors.

Asteadystateismaintainedthroughadjustingandadaptingtointernalandexternalforces.

Johnsons7Subsystems

Affiliativesubsystemsocialbonds

Dependencyhelpingornuturing

Ingestivefoodintake

Eliminativeexcretion

Sexualprocreationandgratification

Aggressiveselfprotectionandpreservation

Achievementeffortstogainmasteryandcontrol

JohnsonsConcepts
1.Person

Abehavioralsystemcomprisedofsubsystemsconstantlytryingtomaintainasteadystate

2.Environment

Notspecificallydefinedbutdoessaythereisaninternalandexternalenvironment

3.Health

Balanceandstability.

4.Nursing

Externalregulatoryforcethatisindicatedonlywhenthereisinstability.

7.MarthaRogersUnitaryHumanBeings
Energyfields

Fundamentalunityofthingsthatareunique,dynamic,open,andinfinite

Unitarymanandenvironmentalfield

Universeofopensystems

Energyfieldsareopen,infinite,andinteractive

Pattern

Characteristicofenergyfield

Awavethatchanges,becomescomplexanddiverse

Pandimensionality

Anonlineardomainwithouttimeorspace

RogersDefinitions
Integrality

Continuousandmutualinteractionbetweenmanandenvironment

Resonancy

Continuouschangelongertoshorterwavepatternsinhumanandenvironmentalfields

Helicy

Continuous,probabilistic,increasingdiversityofthehumanandenvrionmentalfields.

Characterizedbynonrepeatingrhymicities

Change

8.DorotheaOremSelfCareModel

Selfcarecomprisesthoseactivitiesperformedindependentlybyanindividualtopromoteand
maintainpersonwellbeing

Selfcareagencyistheindividualsabilitytoperformselfcareactivities

Selfcaredeficitoccurswhenthepersoncannotcarryoutselfcare

Thenursethenmeetstheselfcareneedsbyactingordoingfor;guiding,teaching,supporting
orprovidingtheenvironmenttopromotepatientsability

WhollycompensatorynursingsystemPatientdependent

PartiallycompensatoryPatientcanmeetsomeneedsbutneedsnursingassistance

SupportiveeducativePatientcanmeetselfcarerequisites,butneedsassistancewithdecision
makingorknowledge

9.ImogeneKingGoalAttainmentTheory

Opensystemsframework

Humanbeingsareopensystemsinconstantinteractionwiththeenvironment

PersonalSystem

individual;perception,self,growth,development,timespace,bodyimage

Interpersonal

Society

PersonalSystem
o

Interpersonal
o

Individual;perception,self,growth,development,timespace,bodyimage

Socialization;interaction,communicationandtransaction

Society
o

Family,religiousgroups,schools,work,peers

Thenurseandpatientmutuallycommunicate,establishgoalsandtakeactiontoattaingoals

Eachindividualbringsadifferentsetofvalues,ideas,attitudes,perceptionstoexchange

10.BettyNeumanHealthCareSystemsModel

Thepersonisacompletesystem,withinterrelatedparts

maintainsbalanceandharmonybetweeninternalandexternalenvironmentbyadjustingto
stressanddefendingagainsttensionproducingstimuli

Focusesonstressandstressreduction

Primarilyconcernedwitheffectsofstressonhealth

Stressorsareanyforcesthatalterthesystemsstability

FlexiblelinesofresistanceSurroundbasiccore

Internalfactorsthathelpdefendagainststressors

NormallineofresistanceNormaladaptationstate

FlexiblelineofdefenseProtectivebarrier,changing,affectedbyvariables

Wellnessisequilibrium

Nursinginterventionsareactivatesto:

strengthenflexiblelinesofdefense

strengthenresistancetostressors

maintainadaptation

11.SisterCalistaRoyAdaptationModel
FiveInterrelatedEssentialElements
1.

PatiencyThepersonreceivingcare

2.

GoalofnursingAdaptingtochange

3.

HealthBeingandbecomingawholeperson

4.

Environment

5.

DirectionofnursingactivitiesFacilitatingadaptation

Thepersonisanopenadaptivesystemwithinput(stimuli),whoadaptsbyprocessesor
controlmechanisms(throughput)

Theoutputcanbeeitheradaptiveresponsesorineffectiveresponses

12.JeanWatsonPhilosophyandScienceofCaring

Caringcanbedemonstratedandpracticed

Caringconsistsofcarativefactors

Caringpromotesgrowth

Acaringenvironmentacceptsapersonasheisandlookstowhatthepersonmaybecome

Acaringenvironmentoffersdevelopmentofpotential

Caringpromoteshealthbetterthancuring

Caringiscentraltonursing

Watsons10CarativeFactors

Forminghumanisticaltruisticvaluesystem

Instillingfaithhope

Cultivatingsensitivitytoselfandothers

Developinghelpingtrustrelationship

Promotingexpressionoffeelings

Usingproblemsolvingfordecisionmaking

Promotingteachinglearning

Promotingsupportiveenvironment

Assistingwithgratificationofhumanneeds

Allowingforexistentialphenomenologicalforces

WatsonsConcepts

Person
o

Environment
o

Society

Health
o

Humanbeingtobevalued,caredfor,respected,nurtured,understoodandassisted

Completephysical,mentalandsocialwellbeingandfunctioning

Nursing
o

Concernedwithpromotingandrestoringhealth,preventingillness

13.RosemaryParseHumanBecomingTheory

HumanBecomingTheoryincludesTotalityParadigm
o

SimultaneityParadigm
o

Manisacombinationofbiological,psychological,sociologicalandspiritualfactors

Manisaunitarybeingincontinuous,mutualinteractionwithenvironment

OriginallyManLivingHealthTheory

ParsesThreePrinciples

Meaning
o

Mansrealityisgivenmeaningthroughlivedexperiences

Manandenvironmentcocreate

Rhythmicity
o

Cotranscendence
o

Referstoreachingoutandbeyondthelimitsthatapersonsets

Oneconstantlytransforms

Person
o

Openbeingwhoismorethananddifferentfromthesumoftheparts

Environment
o

Everythinginthepersonandhisexperiences

Inseparable,complimentarytoandevolvingwith

Health
o

Manandenvironmentcocreate(imaging,valuing,languaging)inrhythmical
patterns

Openprocessofbeingandbecoming.Involvessynthesisofvalues

Nursing
o

Ahumanscienceandartthatusesanabstractbodyofknowledgetoservepeople

14.MadeleineLeiningerCultureCareDiversityandUniversality

Accordingtotransculturalnursing,thegoalofnursingcareistoprovidecarecongruentwith
culturalvalues,beliefs,andpractices

Sunrisemodelconsistsof4levelsthatprovideabaseofknowledgefordeliveringcultural
congruentcare.

Culturalcarepreservation
o

Culturalcareaccommodation
o

helpmaintainorpreservehealth,recoverfromillness,orfacedeath

helpadapttoornegotiateforabeneficialhealthstatus,orfacedeath

Culturalcarerepatterning
o

helprestructureorchangelifestylesthatareculturallymeaningful

15.PatriciaBennerFromNovicetoExpert

Described5levelsofnursingexperienceanddevelopedexemplarsandparadigmcasesto
illustrateeachlevel

1.

Novice

2.

Advancedbeginner

3.

Competent

4.

Proficient

5.

Expert

Levelsreflect:
o

movementfromrelianceonpastabstractprinciplestotheuseofpastconcrete
experienceasparadigms

changeinperceptionofsituationasacompletewholeinwhichcertainpartsare
relevant

16.LydiaE.HallTheCore,CareandCure

Thetheorycontainsofthreeindependentbutinterconnectedcircles:
1.

thecore,

2.

thecareand

3.

thecure

Thecoreisthepersonorpatienttowhomnursingcareisdirectedandneeded.Thecorehas
goalssetbyhimselfandnotbyanyotherperson.Thecorebehavedaccordingtohisfeelings,
andvaluesystem.

Thecarecircleexplainstheroleofnurse

Thecureistheattentiongiventopatientsbythemedicalprofessionals.