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SECOND EXAMINATION
7:30 PM, NOVEMBER 14th, 2011
Duration: 2.0 hr
Name_______________________KEY_____________________________________
(Print neatly and use your official PU name, the one on your ID.
This is an "open book" examination; you may use anything that is not alive or connected to the Internet.
Note: if you do not know the complete or specific answer, give a partial or general answer-WRITE SOMETHING
If you are using a resonance argument in your answer, draw the relevant resonance structures.
p2______/18
p3_______/12
p4_______/14
p5____ _/12
p6_______/12
p7_______/16
p8_______/16
Lab:________/14
Lecture total: _________/100
There are 11 pages in this exam; the last page includes (a) tables of nuclear spin values and for common isotopes, (b) isotope
distributions, and (c) typical coupling constants for 19F, with 13C and 1H.
PLEDGE:_________________________________________________________________
a
S
CH3
M (100%); M+1 (10%); M+2 (4.4%) 1 pt for M+1, 1 pt. for M+2
B. (02 pts). What would be the approximate position (in cm-1) of the single most diagnostic peak in the IR spectrum?
1650 cm-1
1720 cm-1
C-H
1780 cm-1
1840 cm-1
CH3-S
C=O
D. (02 pts). How many peaks would you expect in the broad band decoupled 13C NMR spectrum? ___7______
E. (02 pts). What would be the predicted chemical shift in the 1H NMR spectrum for the CH2 group labeled (a) in structure M?
Show your work.
= 1.20 (base for CH2) + 0.5 (alpha S) + 1.10 (beta C=O ketone) = 2.80 ppm
No partial credit for B-E
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. (20 pts). Graded by J. Conway and J. Mighion Use the spectral techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) to
distinguish the pairs of molecules shown. You may use each technique only once. For each pair, specify one method and clearly
describe the single most important difference that could be used to distinguish the members of each pair. With mass spec, you may
not use the high resolution technique to give the exact molecular formula, and you may not rely on differences in fragmentation
pattern. With IR, you may refer only to the region from 1500-4000 cm-1.
2 pts. For correct choice
2 pts. For explanation of choice
X 5 parts graded from the top, you can only use a technique one time
No predictable difference in the H NMR, C NMR, or IR spectra. (b) might be expected to show
longer wavelength UV absorption than (a). [But there is a better UV case later]
Br
Mass spec would easily distinguish them, either by the mass of the molecular ions or the pattern
of peaks in the molecular ion region. The molecule with Br (b) would show an M+2 equal in
intensity to the M ion. (a) would have an insignificant M+2.
a
b
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
O
CF3
CCl3
b
The C NMR spectrum for (a) would show a quartet for the CF3 group, while (b) would be
just three singlets. The mass spec would have different molecular ions, and isotope
pattern in the molecular ion region.
The IR is particularly useful, because the electron-withdrawing effect of the CF3 group would move the C=O stretch to high
-1
energy, higher cm . This is because it destabilizes the dipolar resonance structure:
O
CF3
CCl3
CF3
destabilized
CCl3
less destabilized,
bigger contributor
Continued next page--
OMe
OMe
OMe
H NMR for (a) would show two 2H triplets for the aryl H; (b) would show 3 distinct
peaks, one singlet, one doublet (2H), and one triplet (1H).
OMe
b
C NMR for (a) would show 4 peaks while for (b) there would be 5 peaks
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
HO
HO
OH
CO2H
O
O
a
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ph
Me
Me
H NMR would show difference in the coupling constants for the alkene H.
The Z isomer (a) would have smaller coupling compared to the E isomer
(b).
III. (14 pts). Graded by Dennis and J. Bratz When dissolved in CDCl3, a compound (Y) with the molecular formula
C4H8O2 yields the 1H NMR spectrum below [Hint: CDCl3 can be slightly acidic]. The IR spectrum of Y shows a strong absorption
peak at 1720 and a broad peak centered at 3350 cm-1. Note that the peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum are labeled A,B,C,D.
3H
D
3H
C
A
1H
1H
PPM
B
H O
AH
H3C
D
CH3
C
-1
D O
+ D-O-D
H
H3C
CH3
O
+ H-O-D
CH3
2 pts for drawing the deuterated alcohol, 2 pts for explaining the peak disappears
IV. (04 pts). Graded by M. VanderWal, E. Welin, M. Wu Consider o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (A) and omethoxybenzaldehyde (B). Note that A shows a C=O stretch at 1670 cm-1 and B has the C=O stretch at 1695 cm-1. Explain why there
is the difference in C=O stretching frequency between the two molecules.
In molecule A there is an opportunity for internal H-bonding between the OH and the carbonyl oxygen. This will
particularly stabilize the dipolar resonance form for the carbonyl, introducing more single bond character and resulting in a
lower energy C=O stretch. This is not possible for B.
H
H
O
CH3
CH3
B'
A'
H
H
H
N
H3C
CH3
Cl
N
H3C
CH3
O
H
N
CH3
H3C
V. (12 pts). Graded by J. Alleva and I. Ojini The following question engages your knowledge of analyzing resonance
structures to explain 1H NMR chemical shifts. Note the related structures A-D. In each case one of the alkene hydrogens is indicated
(HA-HD) along with the 1H NMR chemical shift for that H, just above it. There is a wide range of chemical shift values.
5.70
HA
Me
7.00
HB
O
Me
Me
4.10
HC
Me
Me
Me
Me
C OMe
Me
6.20
HD
Me
A. (04 pts). Using resonance arguments, explain the difference in chemical shift for HA vs HB.
Cpn A does not have significant dipolar resonance structures (e.g., A'). Cpn B has two reasonable dipolar resonance
structures, with the (-) on oxygen. In B', there is a (+) on the carbon bearing HB. Like other examples of the effect of
electronegative atoms in deshielding nearby H, HB appears further downfield (higher ) compared to HA.
5.70
HA
Me
7.00
HB
Me
Me
Me
B
electron-deficient, deshielding
O
HA
Me
Me
A'
HB
Me
Me
HB
Me
B'
Me
B"
O
Me
Me
Me
Me
Me
6.20
HD
HB
Me
Me
Me
B'
Me N
HB
Me
HD
Me
B"
Me
D'
Me N
HD
Me
Me
D"
Me
A
4.10
HC
Me
Me
C OMe
electron-rich, shielding
O
HA
Me
A'
Me
HC
Me
Me
C' OMe
VI. (16 pts). Graded by Capacci and Garber Summarized below is the 1H NMR spectrum of procaine (P).
(a) 1.06 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H)
(d) 4.16 (br s, 1H)
(g) 7.84 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H)
0.5 pts per correct label
(b) (a)
CH2CH3
N
(c)
A. (3.5 pts). Assign the H in P with the signals listed above. Label each H on the
structure P with the letter (a, b, c) corresponding to the appropriate chemical shift from
the list here. It may be necessary to calculate selected chemical shifts, when possible, to
avoid ambiguous chemical shift assignments. You need not show this work.
B. (3.5 pts). Fill in the third column of this table by indicating which nearby H are
responsible for the coupling patterns. E.g., for the first entry, you will consider the proton
you have assigned as a, and write the letter(s) corresponding to the H(s) it is coupled to.
H2C
CH2CH3
(b) (a)
CH2
(e)
(g)
H (g)
(f)
(f)
H
Label
Chemical shift position
Which proton(s) coupled to?
a
1.06
b
b
2.61
a
H
c
2.82
e
H
d
4.16
-H2N
e
4.33
c
f
6.61
g
g
7.84
f
0.5 pts for each correct coupling assignment
C. (05 pts). Explain carefully with pictures how you made the chemical shift assignments for the H's on the benzene ring.
(d)
O
H
H
Hf
Hf
Hf
Hf
H2N
H2N
Hg
Hg
Hg
Hf
Hf
Hf
H2N
O
Hg
Hf
H 2N
H
H 2C
O
H
CH2CH3
N
CH2CH3
CH2
O
H
2. (02 pts). The 1H NMR spectrum of Novocain shows two distinct resonances for the NH protons:
a 2H peak at 4.20 ppm and a 1H peak at 11.2 ppm. Is this spectrum consistent with your predicted
H
H
structure? Explain.
H 2N
1 pt for saying the NMR confirms this structure, 1 pt for explanation
The proton NMR confirms the site of protonation as show in the picture. There is now one H
on the ammonium ion, with a (+) charge and a strong downfield shift (like an acid). The other NH2 is relatively
unchanged.
VII. (16 pts). J. Shields and P. Deifik The following are spectral data for compound Z.
Mass spectrum: m/z = 142 (M+, 100%), 143 (4.7%)
IR: 1792 (s) cm-1 (no other significant peaks in the region 1500-4000 cm-1 other than a set of sp3 C-H stretches)
1
H NMR (CDCl3): 1.40 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.41 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H)
proton-decoupled 13C NMR (CDCl3): 13.8, 64.6, 115.1 (q, J = 285 Hz), 157.9 (q, J = 42 Hz)
A. (02 pts). What general type of functional group is suggested by the IR spectrum of compound Z?
C=O
2 pts for chosing carbonyl, no partial credit, full credit if they chose something with a carbonyl
B. (03 pts). What structural fragment is suggested by the 1H NMR spectrum of compound Z?
Explain.
An ethyl group, CH3-CH2-X. triplet for the CH3 and quartet for the CH2
2 pts for chosing ethyl group, 1 pt for explaining why
[the chemical shift for the CH2 suggests that X is strongly electronegativenot required for full credit]
C. (06 pts). How many different carbons are contained in compound Z? Please explain the splitting patterns and the
importance of the observed coupling in the proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectrum of compound Z.
Four sets of signals, four carbons. Two singlets due to carbons bonded to H (or O) 2 pts for for 4 carbons
One quartet with large coupling: some NMR-active nucleus other than H. Possibly CF3 group. Coupling of 285 Hz
falls in the range for F directly attached to C (geminal) 1 pt for saying there is a CF3, 1 pt for saying the CF3 is
attached to another carbon
One quartet with smaller coupling: Coupling of 42 Hz falls in the the range of F attached to C which is attached to the
carbon being observed: vicinal coupling.
1 pt for explaining splitting, 1 pt for vicinal coupling
D. (05 pts). Propose a structure for compound Z and indicate how the spectral data (mass spectrum, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C
NMR) are compatible with your proposed structure.
O
H2
F
C
C
C
O
CH3
F
F
O
F (c) C
F C (d) O
F
Z
(b)
H2
C
CH3
(a)
a. mass spectrum molecular wt: M = 142 consistent with C4H5F3O2 ; M+1 = 4.7% consistent with 4 carbons
b. IR: C=O stretch consistent with ester, perturbed by electron-withdrawing group. Dipolar resonance structure
destabilized, less single bond character.
c. H(a) is at 1.40 due to beta -O-, a triplet due to coupling to H(b).
H(b) is at 4.41 due to alpha -O-, a quartet due to coupling to H(a)
;
d. C(a) appears at 13.8; C(b) appears at 64.6; C(d) appears at 157.9 as a quartet with beta coupling to CF3;
C(c) appears at 115.1 as a quartet with alpha coupling to CF3.
2. (02 pts). The observed melting range of compound B is 103-104 C and the observed melting point range for pure benzoic
acid is 123-124 C. What is the corrected melting point range for compound B?
The observed mp midpoint for benzoic acid is 123.5 C, which is 1.1 C higher than the accepted mp of benzoic acid
(122.4 C). Thus, the mp apparatus is reading 1.1 C too high, & this correction factor must be subtracted from the
observed mp range for B.
corr. mp range for B = 103-104 C 1.1 C = 101.9-102.9 C (102-103 C)
B. (08 pts). Steam distillation of ground cloves affords clove oil, which contains two constituents. The major constituent X,
which is soluble in 5% aqueous NaOH solution, is characterized by the following spectral data:
mass spectrum: m/z = 164 (M, 100%), 165 (11.1%)
IR (liquid film):
3518 (br, s), 3061-2843 (multitude of weak peaks), 1638 (m), 1613 (m), 1607 (m), and 1514 (s) cm-1
[br = broad, m = medium, s = strong]
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OCH3
CH3
HO
OH
OCH3
Structure 4: correct molecular weight & M+1 intensity, IR compatibility (O-H stretch), should be soluble in 5% aqueous
13
NaOH solution; but is too symmetrical (i.e., would show only 8 peaks in its proton-decoupled C NMR spectrum)
Structure 3: this is the best structure for X. It has the correct molecular weight, M+1 intensity, IR compatibility (O-H
13
stretch), C NMR symmetry (10 peaks) &, as a phenol, should be soluble in 5% aqueous NaOH solution.
End exam
10
Table 1. Nuclear spin for common nuclei which are "NMR active".
Nucleus
1
H
2
H
13
C
31
P
19
F
11
B
Spin
Natural abundance
99.98
0.015
1.11
100
100
80
abundance
99.98
0.015
98.9
1.10
99.6
0.37
99.8
0.038
0.200
75.8
24.23
50.7
49.3
100
JC-F
250-350 Hz
JH-F
80-100 Hz
C
H
JH-F = 15-30 Hz
JC-F = 30-50 Hz
11