Self-weights

Self-weightscalculation
calculation

Eurocode 3-1-1: 2.2.2.2 (3)

The self-weight of the structure may, in most
cases, be calculated on the basis of the nominal
dimensions and mean unit masses.
Eurocode 3-1-1: 2.3.2.4 (6)
The self-weight of any unrelated structural or
non-structural elements made of different
construction materials should be treated as
different permanent actions.
Calculating
Calculatingthe
theself-weight
self-weightof
ofthe
thefollowing
followingfloor
floorconstruction
construction

Floor constructions of commercial building

consists of
50 mm sand/cement screed (tasoituslaasti)
150 mm normal weight reinforcement concrete
slab
12 mm plaster(gypsum mortar) ceiling

Materials

Density
[kN/m3]

concrete (see ENV 206)

Lightweight (varies with density class)

9 - 20

normal weight

*24

heavyweight

>28

reinforced and prestressed concrete;

unhardened concrete

+1

mortar
cement mortar

19 - 23

gypsum mortar; lime mortar

12 - 18

lime-cement mortar

18 - 20

Component

Density
(kN/m3)

Thickness
(m)

Load intensity= density

thickness (kN/m2)

Screed

20
(19 - 23)

0,05

20 0,05 = 1,0

24

0,15

24 0,15 = 3,6

15
(12 - 18)

0,012

15 0,012 = 0,2

Slab
Plaster

24

36

A building in Helsinki with duo pitched roof,

calculating the snow load distributions.

ss==s
skk

[0 15]

[15 30]

[30 60]

60

0.8

0.8

0.8(60 - )/30

0.0

0.8

0.8 + 0.6(-15)/30

1.1(60-)/30

0.0

( 24 15)
2.24 := 0.8 + 0.6
30

2.24

( 60 36)
1.36 := 0.8
30

1.36

0.64

1.24

0.8

2.36

0.88

60 36
2.36 := 1.1
30

0.98

0.98
0.98

0.64
0.64

0.5x0.8=0.4
0.5x0.8=0.4

0.88
0.88

0.8
0.8
0.5x0.64=0.32
0.5x0.64=0.32

The characteristic snow load on the ground sk is

2.0 kN/m2. The possible snow loads on the roof
are:
0.98x2=1.96
0.98x2=1.96

0.4x2=0.8
0.4x2=0.8

0.64x2=1.28
0.64x2=1.28

0.88x2=1.76
0.88x2=1.76

0.8x2=1.6
0.8x2=1.6
0.32x2=0.64
0.32x2=0.64

In most cases it may be conservatively assumed

that maximum snow load intensity is applied
uniformly across the full width

Combination
Combinationof
ofactions
actionsfor
forultimate
ultimatelimit
limitdesign
design

Persistent and transient design situations for

verifications other than those relating to fatigue
(fundamental combination)
G.j Gk.j + Q.1Qk.1 + Q.j 0.iQk.i

(1)

Accidental design situation

G.A Gk.j + Ad + 1.1 Qk.1 + 2..iQk.i

(2)

For building structures, as a simplification, (1)

can be replaced by whichever of the following
combination gives the larger value:
G.j Gk.j + Q.1Qk.1
G.j Gk.j + 0.9Q.j Qk.i

Combination
Combinationof
ofactions
actionsfor
forserviceability
serviceabilitylimit
limitdesign
design

Three combinations of actions are defined:

Rare combination
Gk.j + Qk.1 + 0.iQk.i

(1)

Frequent combination
Gk.j + 1.1 Qk.1 + 2..iQk.i

(2)

Quasi-permanent combinations
Gk.j + 2..iQk.i

(3)

For building structures, as a simplification, (1)

can be replaced by whichever of the following
combination gives the larger value:
Gk.j + Qk.1
Gk.j + 0.9 Qk.i

Load
Loadcombinations
combinations

Eurocode 3-1-1: 2.3.2.3 (5)

For continuous beams and frames, the same
design value of the self-weight of the structure
may be applied to all spans, except of cases
involving the static equilibrium of cantilevers
Write
Writethe
thecritical
criticalload
loadcombination
combinationfor
forcontinuous
continuousbeam
beamwith
with
permanent
permanentload
loadand
andimposed
imposedload
load

Eurocode 3-1-1: 2.3.2.4 (3)

Variable actions should be applied where they
increase the destabilizing effects but omitted
where they would increase the stabilizing
effects

Load
Loadcombination
combination1:
1: maximum
maximumbending
bendingin
inspan
span11

Load
Loadcombination
combination2:
2: maximum
maximumbending
bendingin
inspan
span22

snow
snowload
loadss

Sheeting
Sheetinggg
purlins
purlins

Span
SpanLL

Spacing
Spacing
Spacing
Spacing

purlin
purlin

purlin
purlin

Write load combinations for ultimate limit state

Basic
Basicload
loadcombination
combinationrule
rule

Point
Pointload
loadand
and
distributed
load
distributed load

Two
Twovariable
variableloadings
loadings

Combination

Case
Caseaa

Case
Casebb

Final
Finalcritical
criticalload
loadcombination
combination

Load
Loadcombination
combination
FFisisassumed
assumedto
tobe
bevariable
variableload
loadin
in
this
example
and
can
be
added
to
this example and can be added toqq

aa

1.35 g + 1.5 ( q + F)

bb

1.35 g + 0.9 1.5 ( q + F)

Case
Caseaa

Case
Casebb

Final
Finalcritical
criticalload
loadcombination
combination

M max

max M max_a , M max_b

Determine
Determinethe
themaximum
maximum
bending
bendingmoment
momentin
inMember
Member11

11

the
themoment
momentof
ofinertia
inertiaof
ofmember
member
11and
and22are
arethe
thesame
same

22

aa

LL==hh

1.35 g + 1.5 s

snow
snowload
loaddominates
dominates

bb

1.35 g + 1.5 W

wind
windload
loaddominates
dominates

cc

1.35 g + 1.35 ( s + W)

The
Thefinal
finalcritical
criticalload
loadwill
willbe
bethe
theone
onewith
withthe
themaximum
maximum
bending
moment
from
the
following
figures
bending moment from the following figures

aa

bb

cc

General
Applied to ultimate Limit State
Design
Benefits of classifying crosssections
guide selection of globe analysis
determine the design criteria of
member

Rules that guide the classification

Width-to-thickness ratio
yield strength
loading: bending, compression,
bending+compression

Based on normal stress. Shear

buckling is considered separately in
design rules

normal stress
outstand
outstandflange
flange

loading cases: bending or compression

L
t

(b)

(a)

Simply supported on
all four edges

Buckling coefficient k
5

b
4

Simply supported
edge

Free

Exact

k = 0.425 + (b/L)2
2

(c)
1
0.425

Free
edge

(d)

cr

k 2 E t
=

2
(
)
12 1 b

Plate aspect ratio L / b

width to thickness ratio

Np

u
fy
1

Class 3
Class 2
Class 1

Euler Buckling Stress

0,5 0,6

0,9

1,0

Np = u / fy
k E t
=

2
12(1 ) b
2

cr

fy
p =
cr

0.5

b/t

=
28.4 k

Outstand
Internal

Internal

Outstand

Internal
Web

Web
Web

Flange
(a) Rolled I-section

Flange

Flange
(b) Hollow section

Internal

(c) Welded box section

Internal: webs of open beams, flanges of boxes

Outstand: flanges of open section, legs of angles

a. Webs: (internal elements perpendicular to axis of bending)

tf

tw
Axis of
Bending

tw

tw

tw

d = h-3t (t = tf = t w)

Web subject to
bending

Class
Stress
distribution in
element
(compression
positive)

Web subject to
compression

+ fy

+ fy
d

fy

fy
_ 72
d/t w <

+ fy

Web subject to bending

and compression

d h

fy when > 0,5:

d/t w <_ 396/(13 1)
when < 0,5:
d/t w _< 36/

d/t w <_ 33

when > 0,5:

Stress
distribution in
element
(compression
positive)

d/t w _
< 456/(13 1)

_ 38
d/t w <

d/t w <
_ 83

when < 0,5:

d/t w <_ 41,5/
+fy

+ fy

+ fy
d/2
d/2

fy -

fy -

d/t w <_ 124

_ 42
d/t w <

when > 1:
d/t w _< 42/(0,67 + 0,33)
_ 1:
when <
d/t w _< 62/(1 )

= 235 / f
y

( )

fy

235

275

355

0,92

0,81

b. Internal flange elements:

(internal elements parallel to axis of bending)

b

tf

axis of
bending

Class

tf

tf

Section in bending

Type

Stress distribution
in element and
across section
(compression
positive)

Section in compression

fy

+
-

tf

fy

+
-

- +
1

Rolled hollow section

Other

Rolled hollow section

Other

Stress distribution
in element and
across section
(compression
positive)

- +

_
<33
_<33
_<38
_<38

(b - 3t f )/ t f
b / tf
(b - 3t f )/ t f
b/tf
fy

+
-

_<42 *
_
<42
*
_
<42
_
<42

(b - 3t f)/ t f
b / tf
(b - 3t f )/ tf
b / tf
fy

+
fy

- +
3

Rolled hollow section

Other

= 235/ f y

fy

(b - 3t f )/ t f
b / tf

_<42
_<42

(b - 3t f)/ t f
b / tf

- +
*
_
<42
_<42

235

275

335

0,92

0,81

* For a cross section in compression with no bending the classification 1,2,3 are irrelevant
and hence the limit is the same in each case.

c. Outstand flanges:

c
c

tf tf

tf

Welded sections

Rolled sections
Class

Type of section

Flange subject
to compression

Stress distribution
in element
(compression positive)

= 235/ f y

+
-

Flange subject to
compression and bending
Tip in
Tip in
compression
tension
c
c
+
c
c
_
c/t f <

c/t f _< 9

_ 9e
c/t f <

Rolled

_ 11
c/t f <

_ 11
c/t f <

_
c/t f <

Welded

_ 10
c/t f <

_ 10
c/t f <

< 10
c/t f _

Welded

+
c

Rolled

_ 15
c/t f <

c/t f <_ 23 k

Welded

_ 14
c/t f <

c/t f <
_ 23 k

+
-

10

_ 9
c/t f <

_ 10
c/t f <

Rolled

Stress distribution
in element
(compression positive)

tf

11

c/t f <
_ 10

+
-

+
-

For k see figure 2d

and table 8

fy

235

275

355

0,92

0,81

= 235/355 = 0.8136
Welded profile, flange
9 = 7.3

10 = 8.1

14 = 11.4

Web
33 = 26.8 38 = 30.9 42 = 34.2

Centroidal axis of
gross cross-section
Centroidal axis of
gross cross-section

Centroidal axis of
effective cross-section

eN

Non-effective zones

Gross cross-section
(a) Class 4 cross-sections - axial force

eM
Centroidal axis

Non-effective zone
Centroidal axis of
effective section

Non-effective zone
eM
Centroidal axis

Centroidal axis of
effective section
Gross cross-section

(b) Class 4 cross-sections - bending moment