CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition

Chapter 1

xxi

Codes and Standards

1.1

General / 1.1
American Gas Association (AGA) / 1.2
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / 1.2
American Petroleum Institute (API) / 1.2
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) / 1.2
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) / 1.3
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) / 1.3
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) / 1.3
American Society of Sanitary Engineers (ASSE) / 1.3
American Water Works Association (AWWA) / 1.4
American Welding Society (AWS) / 1.4
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) / 1.4
Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) / 1.4
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) / 1.5
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / 1.5
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) / 1.5
ISO 9000 / 1.5
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) / 1.6
Model Regional Building Codes / 1.6
Manufacturers Standardization of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS) / 1.7
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) / 1.7
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) / 1.7
National Institutes of Health (NIH) / 1.7
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / 1.8
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) / 1.8
National Sanitation Foundation, International (NSF) / 1.8
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) / 1.8
3-A Standards / 1.9

Chapter 2

Piping

2.1

Code Acceptance / 2.2

Pressure and Temperature Ratings / 2.2
Cost / 2.3
Corrosion Resistance / 2.3
Physical Strength / 2.5
Fire Resistance / 2.5
Availability / 2.5
Aluminum (Al) / 2.6

vii

viii

CONTENTS

Brass (BR) / 2.6

Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CI) / 2.7
Acid-Resistant Cast Iron (AR) / 2.7
Carbon Steel (ST) / 2.7
Copper / 2.8
Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) / 2.9
Lead (LD) / 2.9
Stainless Steel (SS) / 2.10
Corrugated Steel Pipe / 2.12
Other Metallic Piping Materials / 2.13
Key Properties of Plastic Pipe / 2.15
Description and Classification / 2.16
Plastic Pipe Standards and Nomenclature / 2.17
Elements for Selection / 2.19
Plastic Pipe Materials / 2.24
Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP) / 2.28
Glass (GL) / 2.28
Vitrified Clay (VC) / 2.28
Concrete Pipe / 2.29
Code Considerations / 2.30
Fitting Types / 2.30
Fitting Materials / 2.30
Metallic Pipe Joints / 2.34
Welding / 2.40
Flanged / 2.43
Hinged Clamp / 2.44
Adapters / 2.47
Joints for Plastic Piping / 2.47
Joints for FRP Piping / 2.49
General / 2.54
Codes and Standards / 2.54
Valve Components / 2.54
Valve Body Materials / 2.55
Valve Actuators / 2.56
Operating and Torque Considerations / 2.60
Firesafe Valves / 2.61
Valve Ratings / 2.62
Pressure Loss through Valves / 2.62
Valve Selection Considerations / 2.63
Gate Valves / 2.64
Globe Valves / 2.67
Plug Valves / 2.69
Ball Valves / 2.72
Butterfly Valves / 2.73
Diaphragm Valves / 2.73
Pinch Valves / 2.74
Check Valves / 2.74
Miscellaneous Valve Types / 2.75
General / 2.81
Codes and Standards / 2.81
System Components / 2.81
References / 2.93

Chapter 3

Solid-Liquid Separation and Interceptors

General / 3.2
Filter Categories and Definitions / 3.3

3.1

CONTENTS

ix

Filter Ratings / 3.3

Membrane Filter Testing / 3.5
General / 3.7
Types of Strainers / 3.8
Materials of Construction / 3.8
Design Considerations and Selection Criteria / 3.11
Filter Classifications / 3.14
Types of Filters / 3.14
Deep Bed Granular (Sand) Filtration / 3.14
Activated Carbon Filters / 3.18
Cartridge Depth Filters / 3.19
General / 3.23
Code Considerations / 3.23
Design Considerations / 3.23
Structural Considerations / 3.23
Location / 3.24
Specific Substances / 3.24
References / 3.34

Chapter 4

Water Treatment and Purification

Codes and Standards / 4.1

Suspended Matter (Particulates) / 4.5
Dissolved Minerals and Organic Substances / 4.6
Dissolved Gases / 4.7
General / 4.9
Deposits / 4.14
Corrosion / 4.15
General / 4.16
pH / 4.16
Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) / 4.16
Ryznar Stability Index (RI) / 4.18
Aggressiveness Index (AI) / 4.18
Aeration / 4.20
Clarification / 4.21
Deaeration / 4.22
Decarbonation / 4.22
Dealkalizing / 4.22
Distillation / 4.23
Filtration / 4.27
Ion Exchange and Removal / 4.27
Membrane Filtration and Separation / 4.36
Microbial Control / 4.40
Utility Water Treatment / 4.44
Boiler Feedwater Conditioning / 4.45
Cooling Water Conditioning / 4.46
Potable Water Treatment / 4.47
Codes and Standards / 4.51
Laboratory Systems / 4.51
Pharmaceutical Water / 4.53
Purified Water Types / 4.53
Pharmaceutical Water Treatment Process / 4.55
Feedwater / 4.57
Purification System Design / 4.57
Central Purification Equipment / 4.59
References / 4.62

4.1

Chapter 5

CONTENTS

Heat Transfer, Insulation, and Freeze Protection

5.1

Codes and Standards / 5.1

Basics / 5.2
Types of Insulation / 5.7
Jackets / 5.9
Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants / 5.13
Insulation Material and Thickness Selection / 5.14
Calculation of Insulation Thickness / 5.19
Freezing of Water / 5.24
The Mechanics of the Freezing Process / 5.24
Pipe Damage Due to Freezing / 5.25
The Freezing of Water in Atmospheric Vessels / 5.27
Sewer and Water Supply Piping Design / 5.30
Frost Closure of Vents / 5.35
Derivation of the Basic Formula for Frost Depth / 5.36
Electric Heat Tracing / 5.50
Steam Tracing / 5.56
Acknowledgments / 5.69
References / 5.69

Chapter 6

Site Utility Systems

Hydrologic Cycle / 6.2

Aquifers / 6.4
Inflow into Excavations / 6.5
Preliminary Investigations / 6.10
Storm Water Inlet Selection / 6.11
System Design Criteria / 6.21
System Design Procedure / 6.29
System Design Considerations / 6.33
Roof Retention / 6.35
Site Retention Methods / 6.35
General / 6.53
Codes and Standards / 6.53
Pipe and Installation Classifications / 6.53
Loads Acting on a Pipe / 6.54
Superimposed Loads / 6.57
Bedding / 6.67
Strength of Pipe Materials / 6.69
Total Load on Buried Pipe / 6.74
Cleaning Methods / 6.78
Repair of Cracks and Joint Separations in Piping / 6.79
Repair of Manholes / 6.80
Preventive Maintenance / 6.80
Sewer Components / 6.81
Manholes / 6.81
Sizing the Sanitary Sewer / 6.84
Sanitary Sewer Design Considerations / 6.96
Codes and Standards / 6.100
System Components / 6.100
Component Design and Selection / 6.102
System Design Considerations / 6.104
Storm Water Disposal / 6.106
Water Supplied from a Public Utility / 6.112

6.1

CONTENTS

xi

Water Supplied from Wells / 6.131

Water Supplied from Surface Water Sources / 6.142
Domestic Water Service / 6.143
Fire Protection Water Service / 6.150
Codes and Standards / 6.153
Drilling Methods / 6.153
Casing / 6.153
Grout / 6.153
Intakes / 6.154
Well Development / 6.154
Finishing the Monitor Well / 6.155
References / 6.155

Chapter 7

Turf Irrigation Systems

7.1

General / 7.1
System Components / 7.1
Codes and Standards / 7.2
General Design Considerations / 7.2
The Soil / 7.2
System Design / 7.5
Acknowledgments / 7.12

Chapter 8

Cryogenic Storage Systems

8.1

System Components / 8.1

Codes and Standards / 8.1
Bulk Storage / 8.2
Sizing the Large Bulk Tank / 8.4
Sizing the Vaporizer / 8.8
Pressure from Liquid Gases / 8.9
Pressure Relief Valves / 8.10
Pipe Materials and Insulation / 8.11
Pipe Sizing Methods / 8.12
System Design Considerations / 8.13
References / 8.13

Chapter 9

Plumbing Systems

General / 9.1
Codes and Standards / 9.2
Fixture Units / 9.3
Plumbing Fixtures / 9.3
Equivalent Length of Piping / 9.3
Velocity of Water / 9.6
System Description / 9.7
Major System Components / 9.7
Sanitary System Design / 9.11
Suds Pressure Areas / 9.14
Sump Pumps and Sewage Ejectors / 9.15
House Sewer Design / 9.20
Introduction / 9.21

9.1

xii

CONTENTS

Codes and Standards / 9.21

Septic System / 9.21
Collection and Treatment Alternatives / 9.33
Solvent Plumbing System / 9.34
System Description / 9.35
Nomenclature / 9.35
System Design / 9.35
Circuit and Loop Vents / 9.38
Wet Vents / 9.39
Suds Relief Vents / 9.39
Sump and Ejector Vents / 9.39
Vent Headers / 9.40
System Description / 9.42
General System Criteria / 9.42
Roof Drainage Systems / 9.42
System Description / 9.55
Water Treatment / 9.55
Water Meters / 9.55
Contamination Prevention / 9.56
Water Velocity / 9.59
Water Distribution Systems / 9.60
Estimating Water Demand / 9.60
Design of the Water Supply Distribution System / 9.62
Adjusting Water Pressure / 9.64
Pipe Size Selection / 9.75
System Description / 9.76
Codes and Standards / 9.76
Water Heating Methods and Equipment / 9.76
Acceptable Hot Water Temperatures / 9.78
Water Heater Sizing / 9.79
Safety and Protective Devices / 9.88
System Design Considerations / 9.89
Hot Water Temperature Maintenance / 9.90
Circulating Water System / 9.94
Electric Heating Cable / 9.102

Chapter 10

Special Waste Drainage Systems

Codes and Standards / 10.1

System Approval Requirements / 10.2
Pipe Material and Joint Selection Considerations / 10.3
Pipe Sizing Considerations / 10.3
pH Definition / 10.4
General System Design Considerations / 10.4
General / 10.7
Selection of Laboratory Waste Piping and Joint Material / 10.10
System Design Considerations / 10.10
Acid Waste Treatment / 10.10
General / 10.12
The Nature of Radiation / 10.12
Radiation Measurement / 10.13
Units of Radiation Dose / 10.14
Allowable Radiation Levels / 10.14
Shielding / 10.15
Radioactive Materials / 10.16
System Design Criteria / 10.16

10.1

CONTENTS

xiii

General Design Criteria / 10.17

Pipe Material Selection / 10.17
General Design Considerations / 10.18
Decontamination / 10.19
Codes and Standards / 10.21
Biological Safety Levels / 10.22
Liquid Waste Decontamination System / 10.23
System Design Considerations / 10.24
General / 10.25
Codes and Standards / 10.25
Pipe Material and Joint Selection / 10.25
System Design Considerations / 10.25
System Description / 10.27
References / 10.27
Oil in Water / 10.28
Methods of Separation and Treatment / 10.28
Gravity Separators / 10.29
Flotation Devices / 10.29
Centrifugal Separators / 10.29
Filtration / 10.29
Smaller Systems / 10.30
Additional References / 10.30

Chapter 11

Facility Steam and Condensate Systems

11.1

Systems Description / 11.1

Codes and Standards / 11.1
Steam / 11.2
Boiler Feedwater / 11.2
Steam Temperature / 11.2
Steam Quality / 11.2
Heat / 11.3
Specific Volume / 11.7
System Classifications / 11.7
Steam System Venting / 11.8
Steam Supply Systems / 11.9
Condensate Return Systems / 11.11
General / 11.13
Component Description / 11.13
Steam System Component Sizing / 11.28
Boiler Feed Pumps / 11.31
Condensate Recovery System Description / 11.33
Component Description / 11.34
Component Selection and Sizing Criteria / 11.36
Steam Trap Selection and Sizing / 11.39
Project Design Examples / 11.44
System Design Considerations / 11.49
Acknowledgments / 11.53
References / 11.53

Chapter 12

Liquid Fuel Storage and Dispensing Systems

Definitions and Liquid Fuel Classifications / 12.1

Codes and Standards / 12.2
System Description / 12.5

12.1

xiv

CONTENTS

System Components / 12.6

Storage Tanks / 12.7
Leak Detection and System Monitoring / 12.17
Vapor Recovery Systems / 12.23
Product Dispensing Systems / 12.25
Storage Tanks / 12.29
Atmospheric Tank Venting / 12.32
Leak Detection and System Monitoring / 12.32
System Monitoring / 12.33
Vapor Recovery / 12.33
Product Dispensing Systems / 12.33
Tank Protection / 12.34
Fire Pump Fuel Storage / 12.37
Emergency Generator Fuel Storage / 12.38
Piping Materials / 12.41
Pipe Sizing / 12.42
Submersible Pump Sizing / 12.44
General Design Considerations / 12.46
Tests / 12.46
Evaluation of AST or UST Installation / 12.47
AST / 12.48
UST / 12.48
System Design Considerations / 12.49
References / 12.51

Chapter 13

Fuel Gas Systems

Fuel Gas Description / 13.1

Codes and Standards / 13.1
System Operating Pressures / 13.3
General / 13.5
Major Natural Gas System Components / 13.6
Site Distribution / 13.9
Site Service Sizing Procedure / 13.11
NG Site Service Pipe Sizing Methods / 13.14
Pipe and System Materials for Site Installation / 13.14
Interior Pipe Sizing Procedure / 13.18
Storage Tanks / 13.28
Maximum Content of Liquid in Tanks / 13.31
Location of Equipment on the Site / 13.31
Tank Foundations and Support / 13.31
Regulators / 13.33
Pressure Relief Devices / 13.33
Excess Flow Valve / 13.35
Service Line Valves / 13.35
Filler Valves / 13.36
Vapor Equalizing Valves / 13.36
Liquid Level Gauges / 13.36
Miscellaneous Equipment / 13.36
Vaporizer / 13.37
Propane Mixers / 13.37
LPG System Design / 13.39
Piping Materials / 13.47
System Description / 13.48
Codes and Standards / 13.48
System Components / 13.48

13.1

CONTENTS

xv

System Design Considerations / 13.50

References / 13.51

Chapter 14

Compressed Gas Systems

14.1

General / 14.2
Definitions and Pressure Measurements / 14.2
Physical Properties of Air / 14.4
Water Vapor in Air / 14.5
Impurities and Contamination / 14.8
System Components / 14.12
System Design / 14.33
Project Design Example / 14.56
General / 14.62
Codes and Standards / 14.62
Air Quality Standards / 14.62
Air Pressure Requirements / 14.63
Generation of Instrument Air / 14.63
Pipe and Fittings / 14.63
General / 14.64
Codes and Standards / 14.64
Classification of Specialty Gases / 14.65
Grades of Specialty Gases / 14.65
Storage and Generation of Gases / 14.68
Distribution System Components / 14.71
Distribution Network / 14.80
General / 14.98
Codes and Standards / 14.98
Description and General Uses for the Common Gases / 14.99
Storage and Generation of Gases / 14.100
The Surgical-Medical Air Compressor Assembly / 14.106
Dental Air Compressor Assembly / 14.109
The Distribution Network / 14.110
Pipe Materials, Joints, and Installation / 14.110
Valves / 14.111
System and Equipment Sizing / 14.116
General / 14.133
Codes and Standards / 14.133
System Components / 14.133
Required Pressure and Flow Rate / 14.133
System Design Considerations / 14.134
General / 14.135
Acknowledgments / 14.137
References / 14.137

Chapter 15

Vacuum Air Systems

Definitions and Pressure Measurement / 15.2

System Components / 15.11
General / 15.19
Codes and Standards / 15.19
Medical-Surgical Vacuum Air Systems Description / 15.20
System Components / 15.20
Vacuum Source / 15.20
Distribution Network Sizing and Arrangement / 15.24

15.1

xvi

CONTENTS

System Sizing / 15.26

Purge and Tests / 15.31
General / 15.32
Methods of Anesthesia Gas Removal / 15.33
System Sizing / 15.34
System Operating Characteristics / 15.35
General / 15.36
Codes and Standards / 15.36
System Components / 15.36
Design Criteria / 15.37
Vacuum Generation / 15.38
Vacuum Source Design Considerations / 15.42
Distribution Network / 15.42
General Design Considerations / 15.43
Codes and Standards / 15.44
Vacuum Source / 15.44
Redundancy / 15.45
Distribution Network / 15.45
Sizing Criteria / 15.47
Types of Systems and Equipment / 15.49
Codes and Standards / 15.49
System Components / 15.49
Detailed System Design / 15.54
Acknowledgments / 15.63
References / 15.63

Chapter 16

Animal Facility Piping Systems

16.1

General / 16.1
Codes and Standards / 16.1
Animal Drinking Water System / 16.2
Drinking Water Treatment / 16.3
Drinking Water System Components and Selection / 16.5
Animal Rack Manifold Configurations / 16.6
System Sizing Methods / 16.8
Cleaning and Drainage Practices / 16.12
Equipment Washing / 16.18
Equipment Sanitizing / 16.18
Monitoring Systems / 16.18
General Systems Design Considerations / 16.19
Swine Cooling Systems / 16.19
Acknowledgment / 16.21
References / 16.21

Chapter 17

Life Safety Systems

General / 17.1
General / 17.2
System Components / 17.2
System Classifications / 17.2
Codes and Standards / 17.2
Types of Drench Equipment / 17.3
Installation Requirements for Drench Equipment / 17.8
Drench Equipment Components / 17.12

17.1

CONTENTS

xvii

Flushing Water Disposal / 17.16

Visibility of Devices / 17.17
System Design / 17.17
General / 17.20
Codes and Standards / 17.20
System Components / 17.20
Types of Systems / 17.20
Types of Personal Respirators / 17.21
Breathing Air Purity / 17.24
System Components / 17.26
Component Selection and Sizing / 17.30
References / 17.34

Chapter 18

Water Display Fountains and Pools

18.1

General / 18.1
Types of Installations / 18.1
System Components / 18.2
Equipment / 18.2
System Configurations / 18.7

Chapter 19

Nonpotable Water Systems

19.1

Definitions / 19.2
General / 19.2
Common Uses / 19.2
Codes and Standards / 19.3
System Description / 19.3
System Components / 19.3
Design Flow / 19.4
Treatment Systems / 19.4
Precautions / 19.4
Public Acceptance / 19.6
Typical Installations and Details / 19.7
General / 19.12
Codes and Standards / 19.12
Methods of Preventing Attachment of Organisms / 19.12
Pipeline Cleaning / 19.13
Filters / 19.13
Seawater Intake / 19.14
Piping Materials / 19.15
Equipment Selection and Mechanical Room Design Considerations / 19.16
References / 19.16

Chapter 20

Drinking Water Systems

Codes and Standards / 20.1

System Components / 20.2
Drinking Fountain Installation / 20.3
System Design / 20.4
Pipe and Insulation Sizing and Selection / 20.5
System and Component Sizing / 20.5

20.1

xviii

CONTENTS

References / 20.10
Acknowledgments / 20.10

Chapter 21

Heat Exchangers

21.1

Introduction / 21.1
Codes and Standards / 21.1
ASTM B-31.9, Code for Pressure Piping, ASHRAE B-90.1, Conservation of Energy
Definitions / 21.2
General Heat Exchanger Types / 21.3
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Shell and Tube Exchangers / 21.9
Plate Type Heat Exchangers / 21.10
Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers / 21.10
Immersion Heat Exchangers / 21.14
Air-Cooled Exchangers / 21.14
Heat Exchanger Selection / 21.15
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers / 21.17
Sizing Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve / 21.19
References / 21.20

Chapter 22

Measurement Instrumentation and Methods

Introduction / 22.1
General / 22.1
Codes and Standards / 22.2
Definitions / 22.2
Newtonian Fluids / 22.3
Sensors / 22.3
Hydraulic Radius / 22.3
Flowmeter Classification / 22.4
Principles of Flowmeter Operation / 22.5
Electronic (Electromagnetic) Flowmeters / 22.18
Flowmeter Selection / 22.21
General / 22.23
Level Technologies / 22.23
Level Measurement Selection / 22.33
Liquid Expansion Thermometers / 22.35
Bimetallic Devices / 22.25
Change of State Sensors / 22.35
Silicon Diode / 22.36
Infrared Sensors / 22.36
Thermocouples / 22.36
Resistive Temperature Devices / 22.37
Manometer / 22.38
Bourdon Gauge / 22.38
Diaphragm Gauges / 22.39
Capacitance Meters / 22.39
Strain Gauges / 22.39
Introduction / 22.43
Metering Pump Description / 22.43
Metering Pump Considerations / 22.47
Calculating the Hydraulic Radius of an Open Channel / 22.50
Calculating the Flow of an Open Channel / 22.50
Meters for Measuring Flowrate in Open Channels / 22.51
Miscellaneous Devices and Measurement Methods / 22.58
References / 22.60

22.1

CONTENTS

xix

Appendix A

Pipe Distribution Systems

A.1

Appendix B

Trade Associations

B.1

Appendix C

Glossary and Abbreviations

C.1

Appendix D

Metric Unit Conventions and Conversions

D.1

Index

I.1