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Node P
Atria wall
Diagram 1.1
(a) i) Name node P.
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[1 mark]
ii) Based on Diagram 1.1,explain the function of node P.
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[2 marks]
(b) The blood circulates through the arteries, capillaries and veins.
Veins have valves, but arteries do not.
Explain why.
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[2 marks]
(c) State where do the blood in the following blood vessels flow to.
1
i)blood vessels Q:
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ii) blood vessels R:
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[2 marks]
(d) Diagram 1.2 a) shows a healthy coronary artery.
Diagram 1.2 b) shows the coronary artery of a person with cardiovascular
disease. The coronary artery supply blood to the heart muscles
Thrombus
Diagram 1.2 a)
Diagram 1.2b)
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[2 marks]
b) Describe how a blood clot forms when blood vessels are damaged.
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[5 marks]
3
Diagram 3.1 shows the flow of blood and lymph in human body.
Diagram 3.1
(a) Name R and S
R :...............................................................
S : ...............................................................
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the formation of lymph in R.
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[3 marks]
(c) Explain the importance of lymphatic system in human
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[2 marks]
(d) Two individuals P and Q were injected to acquire immunity. The level of
antibody in the body of individual P and Q is shown in Diagram 3.2 and
Diagram 3.3
Diagram 3.2
(i)
Diagram 3.3
(ii)
Table 1 shows a schedule of immunisation given for every new born until 2
years old in Malaysia.
Age
Types of Immunity
New born
Tuberculosis (B.C.G)
Hepatitis B
First dose
1 month
Hepatitis B
Second dose
2 month
Triple Antigen
First dose
Polio
3 month
Triple Antigen
Second dose
Polio
5 month
Triple Antigen
Third dose
Polio
6 month
Hepatitis B
Third dose
9 24 month
Germans measles
Table 1
(e) Based on table 1, describe why every parent must obey that schedule to
ensure that their babies are safe from certain diseases.
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[3 marks]
5
Diagram 4.1
a)
b)
Diagram 4.2
i)The human circulatory system consists of circulation R and S. Describe each
circulation.
[4 marks]
ii)After completing a 10km run, Alis blood pressure increases. Explain the
mechanism involved in the regulation of Alis blood pressure.
[6 marks]
(a)(i)
(ii)
b)
(c)(i)
(ii)
(d)(i)
(ii)
a)i)
b)
a)
b)
c)
Sinoatrial node
Acts as pacemaker.
It generates impulse to both atria and causes atria to
contract. Blood is forced into ventricles
Arteries receive blood directly from the heart and the blood
is under pressure
Hence they do not have valves to impede the flow
For veins, blood pressure is low and flow is slow
Valves in the veins prevent back flow of blood.
To all parts of the body except lungs
To the lungs
Cholesterols
Lumens of arteries are narrowed and
less oxygen supplied to the heart. Heart tissues damaged /
angina
Prevents excessive loss of blood during injury.
It prevent infection by covering the open wound
When the blood vessels are damaged, the damaged tissues
together with platelets release thrombokinase
The enzymes converts a protein called prothrombin into
thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
Thrombin converts the soluble protein fibrinogen into
insoluble threads of fibrin
The fibrin mesh to form a clot and dries to form a scab
R : Lymph capillary
S : Lymph node
-The high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the
capillaries
-forces blood constituents except large molecules diffuse out
(through capillaries) into spaces between the cells / to
form tissues fluid
-At Venous end of capillaries where the hydrostatic pressure
is low
-90% of tissues fluid returned to circulatory system and 10%
diffused into lymph capillaries to form lymph.
- Transport fatty acids and glycerol from lacteal to
circulatory system
- Maintain the fluid balance in the body by returning
excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream
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