Ex. No.

PSEUDONOISE SEQUENCE GENERATOR Date:

AIM:
To generate maximal and non-maximal length PN sequence and verify its properties.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. MATLAB
2. PERSONAL COMPUTER
ALGORITHM:
1. Start.
2. First get the register length.
3. Find the length of PN sequence using the formula 2m-1 where m is the number of
registers.
4. Initialize the PN sequence, with first bit as 1 and others as zero.
5. The XOR operation is performed for first and last bit and other, bits are shifted.
6. Then the balance property is, checked by checking the number of 1s and 0`s.
7. The run length property is checked by finding the number of consecutive changes
between zeros and ones.
8. The autocorrelation property is verified by using checking for agreement and non
agreement between bits.
9. Stop.
THEORY:
In electrical systems voltage and current waveforms are used as signals for collecting,
transmitting and processing information as well as for controlling and providing power to a
variety of devices. Signals are classified as deterministic and random. Deterministic signals can
be described by functions in the usual mathematical sense with time t as the independent
variable. In contrast to a deterministic signal, a random signal always has same elements of
uncertainty associated with it and hence it is not possible to determine its value with uncertainty
at any given point of time.

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Models in which there are uncertainties and randomness play an important role in the
analysis and design of communication systems. These models are used in a variety of
applications in which the signals, as well as the system parameters may randomly change. As an
example, consider the waveforms that occur in typical communication in which number of
terminals are sending information in binary format over using transmission links to a centralcomputer. A transmitter in each link converts the binary data to an electrical waveform.
A Pseudo-Noise (PN) code sequence acts as a noise like (but deterministic) carrier used
for bandwidth spreading of the signal energy. The PN code sequence is a Pseudo-Noise or
Pseudo-Random sequence of l's and O's, but not a real random sequence (because periodic).
Random signals cannot be predicted. The autocorrelation of a PN code has properties similar to
those of white noise.
Properties of PN Sequences
1. Balance Property
In each period of sequence the number of binary ones differs from the number of binary
zeros by at most one digit.
2. Run-Length Distribution
A run is a sequence of a single type of binary digits. Among the runs of ones and zeros in
each period it is desirable that about one-half the runs of each type are of length 1, about onefourth are of length 2, one-eighth are of length 3, and so on.
3. Autocorrelation
The origin of the name' pseudo-noise is that the digital signal has an autocorrelation function
which is very similar to that of a white noise signal. The autocorrelation function for the
periodic sequence is defined as the number of agreements less the number of disagreements in a
term by term comparison of one full period of the sequence with a cyclic shift of the sequence
itself.

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PROGRAM:clc;
clear all;
len=input('Enter the length of the sequence:');
disp('Generator poly example[1 0 0 1......1]:');
poly=input('Enter the generate poly:');
disp('Generator poly example[1 0 0 0......0]:');
ini=input('Enter the initial state:');
ff=log2(len+1);
%PN SEQUENCE GENERATOR
a=zeros(len,ff);
a(1,1:ff)=ini;
for i=1:(len-1)
x=0;
for j=2:(ff+1)
if (poly(1,j)==1)
x=xor(x,a(i,(j-1)));
end
end
a((i+1),1:ff)=circshift(a(i,1:ff),[0 1]);
a((i+1),1)=x;
end
for i=1:len
h(1,i)=a(i,ff);
end
fprintf('The Generated Sequence is \n');
disp(h);
%PROPERTIES
%BALANCE PROPERTY
check=0;
one=0;
zero=0;
for i=1:len
if((h(1,i))==0)
zero=zero+1;
else
one=one+1;
end
end
disp('Balance property');
disp('Number of ones');
disp(one);
disp('Number of zeros');
disp(zero);
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if ((one-zero)==1)
fprintf('Balance Property is satisfied \n');
else
fprintf('Balance Property is not satisfied \n');
check=1;
end
%AUTO CORRELATION PROPERTY
for i=1:len
y(i,:)=xor(h,circshift(h,[0,i]));
end
%disp(y);
for i=1:len
one=0;
zero=0;
for j=1:len
if((y(i,j))==0)
zero=zero+1;
else
one=one+1;
end
end
z(i,1)=(zero-one);
end
for i=1:(len-1)
g(i,1)=-1;
end
g(len,1)=len;
disp('Auto Correlation Property ');
disp(z);
if (z==g)
fprintf('Auto Correlation Property is satisfied \n\n');
check=3;
else
fprintf('Auto Correlation Property is not satisfied \n\n');
check=2;
end

%RUN PROPERTY
runs=((len+1)/2);
u=ff;
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r=zeros(1,u);
count=1;
for i=1:len-1
if (h(1,i)==h(1,i+1));
count=count+1;
else
r(1,count)=r(1,count)+1;
count=1;
end
end
r(1,count)=r(1,count)+1;
s=zeros(1,u);
for i=1:(u-1)
s(1,i)=runs/(2.^i);
end
s(1,u)=1;
disp('Run Run Length ');
for i=1:u
fprintf('%d t\t\t\t\t %d \n',r(1,i),i);
end
if(r==s)
fprintf('Run Property is satisfied \n\n');
check=4;
else
fprintf('Run Property is not satisfied \n\n');
check=2;
end
if (check==2)
disp('The given is not a PN sequence');
else
disp('The given is a PN sequence');
end

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SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

CASE 1:
Enter the length of the sequence:7
Generator poly example: [1 0 0 1......1]:
Enter the generate poly: [1 0 1 1 ]
Generator poly example: [1 0 0 0......0]:
Enter the initial state: [1 0 0]
The Generated Sequence is
0

Balance property
Number of ones
4
Number of zeros
3
Balance Property is satisfied
Auto Correlation Property
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
7
Auto Correlation Property is satisfied
Run

Run Length

Run Property is satisfied

The given is a PN sequence

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CASE 2:
Enter the lenth of the sequence:15
Generator poly example[1 0 0 1......1]:
Enter the generate poly:[1 0 1 1 1]
Generator poly example[1 0 0 0......0]:
Enter the inital state:[1 0 1 1]
The Generated Sequence is
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
Balance property
Number of ones
9
Number of zeros
6
Balance Property is not satisfied
Auto Correlation Property
-1
-1
-1
-5
-1
-1
7
7
-1
-1
-5
-1
-1
-1
15\
Auto Correlation Property is not satisfied
Run
Run Length
4
1
4
2
1
3
0
4
Run Property is not satisfied

The given sequence is not a PN sequence

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EXERCISE:
1. Vary the input sequence
2. Vary the Generator polynomial.

RESULT:

Thus the length of PN sequence and its properties were tested.

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