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I979
CoPYRIGHT 1979
ISSN oo78-2718
ISBN 0-89722-176-1
PRINTED IN GERMANY
AT J. J. AUGUSTIN GLUCKSTADT
Number I6I
b. 1895 d. 1961
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
COLLECTIONS CITED
I. CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Nero's Titulature
Tribunicia Potestas . . .
Praenomen Imperator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Post-Reform Issues. . . . . . . . .
Plated Denarii . . . . . . . . . .
. AES WITHOUT SC
The Absence of SC . . . .
I5
24
27
27
3I
32
35
37
37
43
47
48
48
55
60
63
Vii
viii Contents
Sestertii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Dupondii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Semisses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Quadrantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
General Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Dupondii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Orichalcum Asses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Sestertii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io3
Dupondii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I04
Asses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io5
Semisses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Io7
8. MINT ORGANIZATION
Contents
ix
IO. IN CONCLUSION . . .
THE CATALOGUE
General Notes . . . . .
Obverse Details . . . . . .
Reverse Types ..
Mint of Rome
Mint of Lugdunum . . . . .
APPENDIX
Issue III - - - - - -
I44
. I46
. I47
. I5I
. . I55
. I56
... I57
... I54
. I88
... 206
. 207
. 209
. . 2I5
. 218
. 22I
. 247
248
PLATES . . .
t Rome in Sestertius
. 255
. 257
PREFACE
legends and reverse types. The principal varieties have indeed been
distinguishing the mints, the basic pattern of the coinage and its
rich coinage the principles of die study and type analysis. A new
possible, examples have been cited from distinct obverse and reverse
of the mints.
Historical Essay Fund for generous help which has greatly facilitated
work for allowing me to examine and study the coins in their charge,
xi
xii Preface
Barril, who has long been interested in the coinages of Nero, for
collection over the years. But above all I should like to record my
both before and after I joined the staff of his department, and to
Berkhamsted
7 April 1978
COLLECTIONS CITED
Public collections are listed under the name of the town in which
are listed under the name of their owner. Where a collection has
been offered for public sale reference is given to the printed sale
catalogue and the date and place of sale. Private collections known
I5 Jul. I929).
Gotha, Schlossmuseum.
3 Dec. 1928).
Cha
Cir
Col
Con
Cuz
De Q
Dr I92I
Eg 43
Eg 45
Fai
Faur
Fi
Fr
Glen 2
Gn
Got
Gr
Hah
Hall
Han
Har
Hel 1926
Hel 1929
Her
Hir II
Hir I2
Collections Cited
XV
1884, 52 f.).
30 Apr. 1917).
27 May 1907).
9 Sep. I925).
6 Jan. 1926).
RIC I p. 168).
21 Nov. 1951).
Hir 26
Hir 34
HOf
Holl
Hor
HOS
Im
Kr
Lau
Law
Lev
Lob
LG
Mac
MRA
Mz
Man
May
Maz
Mer
Mes
Mil
Mon
Mor
2 Apr. 1952). Ry
Collections Cited
xvii
Io Dec. 1941).
Vienne, Muse.
S Her
S Ver
St
Syd
Trau
Tr
VV
Vau
Ve
Vie
Vie 2
Vog
1. CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
NERO's TITULATURE
the coins. Nero held the consulship five times, in 55, 57, 58, 60 and
68, and his first and fourth consulships are recorded on the gold and
number of the later sestertii and dupondii, and the use of imperator
both the reckoning of Nero's tribunicia potestas, and the date when
TRIBUNICIA POTESTAS
counted it from 4 December 54, and added one to each TRP number
Arval Acta. For 3 January 59 Nero's titles are given as TRPV ...,"
but both the general heading for 60 and the specific entry for 3 Janu-
ary of that year have TRPVII IMP VII, whereas on a normal reckoning
one would expect to find TRPVI IMP VII. This gave rise to Mommsen's
view that during 59 Nero changed his TRP renewal day to Io De-
for which the relevant parts of the Acta survive. Any alterations,
numbering of Nero's TRP does not appear until after the entry for 59.
L VELLEIO PATERCVLO COS besides TRIB POT VII IMP VII COS IIII
dedication from Luna 11 ShOWS Nero as TRIB POTEST VIIII IMP VIIII
gave birth to a daughter, Claudia, in 63 and both she and the child
(3rd ed., Leipzig, 1887), pp. 796ff. Mommsen has been followed by B. W. Hen-
derson, Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero (London, 1903), Appendix C.,
E. A. Sydenham, The Coinage of Nero (London, 1920), pp. 2328; and R. Cag-
nat, Cours d'pigraphie latine (4th ed., Paris, 1914), pp. 183ff. Mommsen's
tingly, The Date of the Tribunicia Potestas' of Nero and the Coins, NC 1919,
Chronological Framework 3
the straight calculation which would make TRP XIII December 66/67.
Nero's gold and silver coinage forms a regular series from TRP
year, and its TRP date directly contradicts the entry in the Arval
the Arval Acta, the record of a public college quite closely connected
the COS Illi TRP VI aurei and demarii from the mint of Rome (see
public college. As these coins are struck from several distinct dies,
this date can hardly be regarded as an error. The only evidence for
COS IIII TRPVII for January 60, and a very good case can be made
* Tacitus, Annals xv.23. On the right hand edge of the stone of this dedication
are the remains of the D and N, one above the other, which seem to stand for
was apparently very careful to record the imperial titulature correctly. His
second dedication dated TRP XIII gave Nero the praenomen IMP, whereas
his dedication of A.D. 63 did not. The numismatic evidence shows that Nero
pp. 51028 and more fully in his Discours prononc par Nron a Corinthe en
* Cat. 9, 42.
A.D. 57*
A.D. 58/9
A.D. 59/60
The imperial titles for 3 January 59, moreover, are given as TRIB
POT V IMP VI COS III DESIG IIII; a designation to COS IIII so far
alone of the year has been put in full for 3 January. The entry
error. When the Acta for 60 were formally written up at the end of
the year, the engraver apparently inserted the current year's date
COS IIll TRP VII (December 60/61), for January 60an error which
IMP VII.
PRAENOMEN IMPERATOR
TRP XII (December 65/66) and later have the praenomen IMP,
pp. 152ff.
their accession, but this practice did not go back further than Vespasian.
Cf. D. McFayden, History of the Title Imperator under the Roman Empire
(Chicago, 1920).
Chronological Framework 5
whereas those dated TRPTRP XI never have it. The Acta for
to and including 60 (the last year before 66 where Nero's titles are
TRP VIIll (62/63)* repeatedly gives Nero's titles without the prae-
nomen. The Acraephia inscription dated TRP XIII gives Nero the
IMP XI* has the praenomen IMP. An apparent exception, the stone
POT XIll IMP VIII (sic). But this is an impossible combination which
Sestertii and dupondii with TRP XIII all have the praenominal
IMP and so do the rare coins dated TRP XIV. But the praenomen
was never used on the aurei and denarii dated TRP-TRP X, nor
on the cuirassed bust sestertii. The date on these has been variously
XI PPI, and TR POT XIIII; but all the specimens which the author
has examined are struck from the same obverse die with TR POT XI
PPP.36
* IG VII, 2713.
* CIL X, 8014.
* CIL X, 5171.
* Cat. 13536.
(2nd ed., Paris, 188092) I. Nero 26o quoting the Wigan collection.
* Ingemar Knig's recent study, Der Titel & Proconsul, von Augustus bis
Traian, SM 1971, pp. 4253 republishes and illustrates six of these sestertii.
The dated and undated coinage, moreover, shows clearly that once
adopted, the use of the praenomen remained the regular form. The
and a heavily developed jowl, are always found on coins with the
praenomen.
by the entries in the Arval Acta for 66, with the caveat, perhaps,
that the titulature may have been correct only for the end of the
year when the record was completed. Within these limits it is difficult
the same year are equally possible occasions. But although the
COS III).
Chronological Framework 7
TRP V
TRP VI
TRP VII
TRP VIII
TRP VIIII
TRP X
TRP XI
TRP XII
TRP XIII
TRP XIV
TRP XV
Aurei
Denarii
Inscr.
Aurei
Denarii
Aurei
Denarii
Inscr.
Aurei
Denarii
Inscr.
Aurei
Denarii
Inscr.
Aurei
Inscr.
Inscr.
Denarii
Sestertii
Sestertii
Dupondii
Inscr.
Sestertii
Inscr.
Cat. 8.
Cat. 4I.
Cat. 9.
Cat. 42.
Cat. I6774.
Cat. 2384I.
CIL X 8oI4.
characteristic of the mints at which the coinage was struck, and the
clearly that Rome was the sole mint for the issue of precious metals
in the west, but that there were two principal mints, Rome and
There is little difficulty over the product of city mints which employed
initial letters of the name of the colony." Rather less obvious are
types.
Nero's coinage of aurei and denarii in both the dated and the
out the empire, in Italy, the east and the west. There appears to
truncation that distinguish finds from one part of the empire from
*W. Wruck, Die syrische Provinzialprgung von Augustus bis Traian, (Stutt-
pp. Io9-II2.
: 2-
#..-;S
', s
S S S SE S S J S S
Cat.
22 4 2 2 I 2 4 2 2 7 26 7.5
23 2 - 4 I 3 3 I 3 I I8 5.2
24 8 I 2 I 3 IO 3 28 8.O
2 22 8 7 5 9 26 Io 25 39 I5I 43.2
26 6 I I I 9 2.6
27 3 I 2 2 - 8 2.3
28 9 I 5 I 4 Io 9 Io 6 55 16.o
29 I I 2 2 6 1.7
30 7 5 I I I I 9 2 27 7.7
3I I I I 3 5 II 3.2
32 2 I I 4 I.2
33 2 3 5 I.4
Total 66 18 24 Io 2o 45 31 67 67 348
pp. I ff.
i M. Thirion, Le trsor de Liberchies. A urei des Ier et IIe sicles (Brussels 1972).
c-
-c
- --) e
Q S.
* * s s
S.
Q3 l- - - S- -;
Cat.
54 3 I I - 5 2.5
55 3 - - 2 5 2.5
56 -- - I - I O.5
57 23 7 I8 3 5I 25.5
58 - -- --------
59 2 2 2 3 Q 4.5
6o 39 4 I2 4 59 29.5
6I 6 3 5 I I5 7.5
62 I5 4 - I 2O IO.O
63 - -- - - -- --
64 2 2 - - 4 2.O
65 - I 4 - 5 2.5
66 - -- 3 2 5 2.5
67 - - - - -- -
68 4 2 7 - I3 6.5
69 5 2 - 8 4.O
legends SALVS and ROMA across the field instead of in the exergue,
and denarius reverse types between finds in Italy and the western
or eastern provinces.
and the portrait imagines used by its die engravers are basically the
same as those used for the aes of the mint of Rome. The bust
VVI, 177ff); the truncation of the early undated gold and silver
(PLATE I, 22, 23) is close to that on the Roman aes with SC struck
in 6466 (PLATE VII, 200, 205); and the truncation of the gold and
silver with the praenomen IMP (PLATE II, 31, 65, 66) is very similar
to that of Roman aes with the praenomen IMP (PLATE IX, 238,240).
a mint. The use of common imagines shared with the Roman aes
the senatorial office of the tresviri monetales aere argento auro flando
place for gold and silver under Nero. The chief sources for freshly
* My argument is not open to the sort of objection that M. Grant makes (The
Mints of Roman Gold and Silver in the Early Principate, NC 1955, p. 44)
surely we cannot argue that certain gold and silver is of Rome because of
points to the existence of imagines of two distinct types and identifies the
mined gold and silver were the mines in the Iberian peninsula,"
at this period. The large revenue from these imperial mines would
those for imperial activities at Rome. These were often costly" and
Most of the precious metal coins struck from bullion stocks must
even though the coins may have passed through commercial channels
and silver dies were engraved centrally, and the major part of the
precious coinage was struck in Rome, some aurei and denarii may
pp. 15off.
"Cf. A. H. M. Jones, The Aerarium and the Fiscus, JRS 1950, pp. 2229.
In this discussion I use the generic term treasury to cover the activities
heavily on games, donatives, gifts, etc. Suetonius, Nero, Io. I; II; 3o; Tacitus,
Annals 12.58.
P. 491.
* The capital had a permanently adverse balance of trade. Cf. Frank, Survey V
time of Claudius or Nero, can quite well refer to the aes mint which
finds of dies are known for Nero.18 One in the Museum at Arlon,
metal mould for casting 44 denarii at a time. The other two, both
denarii. One was probably found in France and the other is said
to have been found in France c. 1816, but both may very well have
been used by ancient forgers. Many plated denarii are known for
Nero as for all the other early emperors. Most of them are in good
style and some have argued that they may have been produced by
emperors, it is now clear that Nero's plated silver was the product
defined the issues of denarii and the obverse and reverse types used
in each issue. Had the plated denarii been produced under official
auspices they would undoubtedly have been made in the same mint
that we should regard plated coins as part of the governmental issues, and
St. Swithin's Lane hoard was the product of a forger but that plated denarii
were also produced by the mint. But M. H. Crawford's article Plated Coins
False Coins, NC 1968, pp. 5559, argues convincingly against this, and shows
plated group, combining not only the obverse and reverse types of
different emperors. Whether the dies for these plated denarii were
that the manufacture of plated denarii was the work of forgers. The
places at which finds of early imperial dies have been discovered are
singularly out of the way. None has been found in Rome or Lyons,
the two known mint cities of the early empire. Nor have any been
There is nothing to show that the coins struck from these dies were
made under official auspices in the localities where the dies were
coin was struck from one of these dies, but even this die may well
have fallen into the hands of forgers by appropriation from the mint
after it had been used to strike official coins. And it seems most
likely that the dies recovered from these scattered find spots were
The western aes of Nero falls into two basic types. The first is
denarius in Hannover was struck from dies, mechanically copied from a pure
silver coin.
* RN 1946, Procs Verbaux, pp. ii-viii, though of course others too may
* BMCRE I, p. clxiiif.
to this group even when the globe and form of bust truncation are
termination (see PLATE II, 71, 74). The style of portraiture is again
their issue is the basic evidence for the localization of the mints at
which the two types were struck. It is not however sufficient merely
to list the localities at which examples of each type are said to have
distribution. Single coins may have been lost at any time during the
recovered from a well or river bed. Such coins may have been lost
inference that the commonest types will have been most commonly
lost; and where the finds from a site are sufficiently numerous, they
in the British Isles (London, 1948), pp. 1516; cf. also Greek and Roman Coins
of local finds even though the museum has not kept accurate records,
or before.
CCasual finds.
single finds.
globe type; finds from Spain, Noricum, Pannonia and the area
east of the Rhine and north of the Danube are divided between the
globe and the non-globe type; and finds from Italy are almost
all of the non-globe type. In the following list, coins are attributed
to the globe and non-globe mint on the basis of the criteria set
and reverse type found exclusively at the globe mint, those found
appropriate mint, even when globe, aegis or bust truncation may not
be visible.
BRITANNIA
A Southwark hoard* - 2 9 - -
B Richborough exc. - 5 71 2 -
B Silchester exc.* - 2 9 -
B Wroxeter exc. - 2 8 I I
B Leicester exc. - 2 9
B R. Thames deposit. 2 5 9
B R. Churn deposit - 2 4 -
B R. Walbrook, London* I 3 8 - - -
GERMANIA INFERIOR
B Nijmegen 9 II I3 I - I
B Neu exc.96 15 17 37 2 I
* NC 184142, pp. 147168. The figures are for those coins now in the British
Museum.
1968).
B Bonn exC.38 2 3 3 -
B Vetera exc.* 9 8 IO - - -
GERMANIA SUPERIOR
B Mainz exc.40 - 2 7
BELGICA
B R. Sambre deposit - - 3
C Compigne 13 2
C Besanon* - - I5 4
C Franche Comt47 - - 7 - 2
C Hraple's - - 4 2
C Sarrebourg" - - 4
C Langres - - 4
LUGDUNENSIS
A Sens hoard" - - 3 I I
A Augers en Brie - I 6
* Mainzer Z 1911, pp. 7172; 1912, p. 84; 191314, p. 66; 1918, p. 25; 1929,
pp. 66f.
* Muse de Besanon.
* Muse de Besanon.
C Rouen54 -- 3 - - -
C Fort de la Lande55 -- 6 - - 2
D Lyons* -- 2 - - -
AQUITANIA
C Bard (Auvergne)* - - I - - -
D Saintes59 -- 7 - - 4
D Poitiers60 - - I7 - - 3
NARBONENSIS
B Orange* -- 2 - - I
C Vaison62 --- 3 - - 2
C St. Remyes - - 5 - - -
C Basses Alpes* -- 4 - - -
D Vienne65 2 3 Q 4 - 3
D Nmes66 IO 3 27 7 4 II
Mayenne, 1865, pp. 9ff, 32-36.Through the kindness of M. Bisson I have been
the kindness of the late Mlle Fabre of the Bibliothque Nationale, I have
been permitted to examine this hoard, which has now been published by
60 Le Muse, Poitiers.
65 Vienne Muse.
D TOulon.67 - - 3 - 3
D Valences8 - - 4 I
RAETIA
C Augsburg" I5 5
C Augsburg" I 2 5 3
C Kempten. 2 3 6 I - 4
C Mertingen - - 5
C Aislingen - 2 I - - I
C Burghfe I - 4
C Bregenz - - 2 - - -
NORICUM
C Virunum76 - - I - - -
C Maria Saal"7 - - I - - -
C Wagna - I I - - 4
D Enns30 I I I 3 - I
PANNONIA
B Carnuntum.81 I 3 2 I - 4
B Carnuntum. - 2 I - - I
* La Bibliothque, Valence.
* Mnzkabinett, Munich.
Schwaben 7oo1. -
* H.-J. Kellner, Die rmischen Fundmnzen auf dem nrdlichen Teil von
Rtien.
* Sammlung Ludwigsdorff.
GLOBE TYPE
Sest. Dup. As
C Celje.* - I -
C Zagreb" 4 I 2
C Ptuj's 2 I I
TARRACONENSIS
C Tarragona" - I -
C Lezuza I - -
C Zaragoza. 3 2 2
C Menorca 89 I - -
C Segorbe - - -
C Valencia - - -
C Pollensa - - -
D Tarragona 3 3 6
D Madrid 95 96 47 55
LUSITANIA
B Merida 96 I 2 -
C Merida7 I - -
D Lisbon.98 8 4 4
NON-GLOBETYPE
Sest.
Dup. As
I-
24
-I
-I
II
22
-I
-3
40 9I
I9
-I
pp. 132ff.
p. I37.
pp. 253-54.
D POrtO99 2 I - - - 7
D Porto 100 I - 2 I II
B Hofheim 101 - I 2 - - I
B Saalburg - I 2 - - -
C Rheinbrohl 108 - - I - - I
C Wiesbaden 104 2 5 6 I - -
C Heddernheim 105 - I 4 3
C Huffingen - 2 8
C Waldkirch 107 - - I - - I
B EmS108 - - 2 - - -
C Kastell Zugmantel - - I I
B Kastell Obernburg" - - I - - 2
C Riegel" - 4 I
ITALIA
(1937), p. 22.
32 (Heidelberg, 1909).
* Bissinger, Baden, pp. 1516 and (2nd ed. Karlsruhe, 1906), 98, p. 9.
A Pompeii" - - 3 I4 6 46
A Pompeii" - - 3 178
A Pompeii" 68 2 -
B Tiber117 2 - II 2I 3 218
B Ostia118 - - - - - 6
B Minturnael19 - - - I I I
C ROme120 - - I - - 23
B Aquileia" 7 7 Io 5 4 20
B Liri 122 - I - 43 3 20
originally a natural alloy, but by the middle of the first century A.D.
of calamine. The raw materials needed for the aes coinages were
* Pompeii Antiquarium.
Metallurgy in Antiquity (Leiden, 1950), pp. 272ff. The ancients do not generally
seem to have realized the metallic qualities of zinc, and apparently regarded
the process as one which purified and strengthened the metal; cf. Davies
with the Lex Metalli Vipascensis shows clearly that the copper,
Hadrian shows that the original of this lex must have been of earlier
date. In Cyprus the mines seem to have been nationalized when the
government; and the mines near Soli were still under state
less highly valued once better copper (and orichalcum) had been
Livia's mine in Gaul had enjoyed a high reputation but the supply
time; and although there were also Roman copper mines near
* C. G. Bruns, Fontes iuris romani antiqui (7th rev. ed. Tbingen, 1909),
pp. 28993. See also discussion of these documents in Frank, Survey III, pp.
I67-74.
Dio 38.3o.5.
* Galen 9.214.
* Pliny, NH 34.1.
* Pliny, NH 34.1.
Caernarvon and in the Dee Valley, these forward areas were not
under secure Roman control during Nero's principate and can hardly
have been sources for the copper required by the mint. Workings
the ancient mines at the mouth of the Ems lay beyond Roman
mining and Dacia was outside Roman control at this period. There
tains of Moesia, but Davies has shown that the mines were abandoned
came from overseas, was formerly also found in Campania and now
Davies, Mines, pp. 17778; the inscription CIL XIII, 4238 was found at
Blauberg.
* Pliny, NH 34.2.2.
* Willers dates the discovery between A.D. 57, when Pliny seems to have
coinage was in fact the mint of Rome, for which we have repeated
city was the obvious center for supplying coinage to Italy, and the
statement that it used copper from Cyprus for its asses, and copper
sestertii and dupondii, the alloy itself being made by heating the
Bergamo deposits.
Gaul, Britain, the Rhine and Vindelicia south of the Danube, and
must have been struck in one of these western provinces. The use
same mint with the same globe and characteristic bust truncation
for a fairly large group of aes which circulated primarily in the same
western provinces.
* CIL VI, 42, 43, 44, 239, 791, 1145, 1607 etc.
* Pliny, NH 34.1.2.
coins of the non-globe mint, and suggested that many of the coins at Rome
were struck from secondary alloy derived from remelted old coins.
Claudius' aes, although the detailed evidence of site finds has not
yet been analyzed to settle finally whether or not their criteria are
sound.* This mint seems to have been the successor to the mint
of the Rhine frontier at the time, and again struck semisses of the
place for a western aes mint, in a perfectly safe area yet conveniently
Under Nero freshly mined copper for the globe type sestertii and
and from Spain again, or possibly from Cyprus, would come the
freshly mined copper for the asses and semisses. The calamine needed
Bergamo, but it is far more likely that it came from the newly
important source for the freshly mined copper used for Nero's
western aes, Nero's mint was certainly not situated there. We have
seen above that finds of Nero's aes are not common in Spain and
provided with aes of Nero's globe type. For similar reasons the
pp. 8283.
rante il Quadriennio 4144 d.o Cr.o, RIN 1949, pp. 41-48, though Laffranchi
on the other hand, argues that all three groups of Agrippa asses that she
distinguishes were struck in Rome, but she does not support her argument
with find evidence. The absence of countermarks from her group (a), and the
and (c) suggests to me that these latter two groups may be the product of a
western mint.
notably Raetia, West Gaul and the Rhone valley. Gaul on the other
the center of the river communications of the country and had been
the Rhine-Danube reentrant and all the normal routes from South
Spain to the Rhine, North and West Gaul, Britain and Raetia would
struck quinarii there as governor in 42/4I B.C., and signed them with
the existence there of a mint for gold and silver under Tiberius.
It was the mint which produced the extensive Altar series under
(2nd ed. Cambridge, 1926), pp. 183ff. and 192ff. H. R. W. Smith's objections
1951), pp. 161174, it should be noted, were directed against the view that
Lugdunum was the sole gold and silver mint in the early empire; he did not
inscriptions of the companies of navigators of the Rhone and Arar (in CIL
XIII) greatly undermine the force of this point as do the extensive Roman
quays along the river at Lyons (O. Brogan, Roman Gaul [London, 1953],
p. 103) and the extensive quays of more modern date at places like Avignon.
In any case Agrippa's road system followed the line of the main river routes,
*Strabo 4.3.2.
Lyons; but even after the striking of coinage in the precious metals
formed the garrison in 69* and I Flavia Urbana took its place by
of Claudius because the cohort is XVll nor very much later because
p. 12 above.
finds from Gaul and Italy in the appendix to my article A Group of Early
For the first ten years of Nero's principate the gold and silver
of Nero and Agrippina facing (PLATE I, 2) and the third with jugate
and silver coinage. Its legend was NERO CAESAR AVG IMP, and
Nero's head was shown facing right with the hair drawn down over
his forehead. During the course of these dated issues slightly older
ninth tribunician year Nero's hair was shown for the first time
described by Suetonius." The reverse type of both the aurei and the
Nero's titles from the obverse. In this year there was a rare issue of
gold quinarii with the usual quinarius reverse type of Victoria. The
aurei and denarii dated TRP III, llll and V retained the same obverse
and reverse types and merely altered the tribunician year in the
legend COS llll Nero's fourth consulship which began January 1, 60.
In the issues dated TRP Vll three new reverse types of Virtus,
Ceres and Roma (PLATE I, II, 12, 13) were introduced to replace
that of the Corona Civica. Coins of the new Virtus and Ceres types
seem to be far commoner than either the old Corona Civica or the
3I
new Roma type in the issues of this year. Indeed it is only when
examples of the Corona Civica type and Roma type are taken
the Ceres type dated TRPVII. It is interesting to note that the reverse
that of the new Roma type, whereas the reverse legends of the Virtus
and Ceres types read clockwise. This might possibly suggest that
the new Virtus and Ceres types were introduced at the beginning of
the year and struck alongside the Corona Civica types, and that the
Roma type was introduced to replace the Corona Civica type later
in the year. In the TRP VIII issue the three types of Virtus, Roma
and Ceres were struck in both gold and silver; in the TRPVIIII issue
all three types were again struck in gold, but Virtus and Roma alone
in silver; in the TRP X issue only two types, Virtus and Roma, were
the dated series. The legends NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS and NERO
* The relative proportion of the aureus types in TRPVII can be seen in the
numbers represented in the large hoard from Pudukota (NC 1898, pp. 30420);
in other hoards which contain aurei of Nero TRP VII from Pompeii 1812
of the BM, Oxford, Glasgow, Paris, Milan and Turin; and in the coins from
11 (RIC 26) I3 2 6 I6
12 (RIC 27) I2 4. 5 17
13 (RIC 28) 2 I 6
* For a list of these varieties under Nero see the catalogue below.
pleted the titulature from the obverse. After Nero assumed the
the gold and silver: IMP NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS and IMP NERO
CAESAR AVG PP. The reverse types in the issue with IMP NERO
addition to the types that had been used with NERO CAESAR
and Salus types with the legends in the reverse field. IMP NERO
CAESAR AVG PP must thus have been the latest form of reverse
standard had the obverse legends NERO CAESAR, and NERO CAESAR
Augusta.
The first six of these types were regularly struck in silver too during
this issue; but while the types of Janus temple and of Concordia
Augusta are known in silver, they are extremely rare, are not
other aurei and denarii with this obverse legend, the reverse types
of Jupiter Custos and Salus are by far the commonest. These two
and 3a, and it seems fairly certain that they continued to be struck
Its aurei were struck in two reverse types, Jupiter Custos and Salus,
both of which were taken over directly from the preceding issue.
Besides these two types of Jupiter Custos and Salus, the denarii
also used the seated Roma type from the preceding issue, but it is
Issue 3 had the obverse legend IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PP. The
aurei with this obverse legend continued to use the types of Jupiter
Custos and Salus unchanged from the previous two issues. The
denarii followed the aurei in using these two types, but they also
had three further types which were struck solely in silver: a new
forms of both Salus and Roma types, now with their legends across
the reverse field and not in the exergue. We can therefore distinguish
two stages:
3a. Aurei and denarii with the reverse types of Jupiter Custos and
3b. Denarii alone in two substantive types of Salus with its legend
across the field rather than in the exergue and of the new eagle
and standards.
Throughout Nero's reign the issues of gold and silver ran closely
them clearly suggests that the denarii were in fact struck immediately
after the similar aurei of each issue. It has been noted that in the
dated group the Ceres type, which was abandoned during the issue
dated TRPVIIll, is found on the aurei of that year but not on the
of the first issue, but on the silver the Janus temple type is not
issues with IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PP, the fresh forms of reverse
type were introduced during the issue of the denarii, and have left
PLATED DENARII
These plated forgeries are known in both the dated and the undated
series. The obverse and reverse types were almost always those
used for the regular denarii. Their dies were often in quite good style
from the mint; but the forgers did not hesitate to use obverse and
obverse, was used on plated denarii with several other reverse types
AVGVSTVS was only found on Salus denarii with the reverse legend
a die that had SALVS across the reverse field. Regular denarii dated
MAX TRPV1 COS IIII PP, but plated denarii had PONTIF MAX VI PP
* For a fuller discussion of Nero's plated denarii see Chapter 2 and its
references.
*The varieties of plated denarii bearing Nero's titulature are listed on p. 243.
4. AES WITHOUT SC
THE ABSENCE OF SC
The aes of Nero without SC has long been a puzzle. Recent research
has thrown considerable doubt on the older view that down to the
dyarchy of Senate and Emperor, and that SC and its absence denoted
place on the aes coinage of the Julio-Claudian period and Nero was
lack SC enables us to define more closely the range and scope of the
issues which genuinely omitted it. When worn and tooled examples
are excluded, it is clear that the aes is invariably the product of the
mint of Rome, and falls into two compact chronological groups. The
Apollo and Genius reverse types. All the copper asses of these types
Sydney, 1948), p. 6.
37
Cat. 242
Head bare r.
Cat. 243
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 242.
Cat. 244
Rev.: As 243.
Cat. 245
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 242.
Cat. 246
Head bare r.
Aes without SC
39
Munich
Newdigate
Tiber find?
Tiber find
Prince W I, 193
Vierordt 874
Cat. 247
Rev.: As 246.
A308
A309
A310
A3II
A312
A317
A317
A318
A319
A319
A319
A320
P306
P307
P308
P308
P309
P3I4
P3I4
P315
P316
P317
P318
P332
PLATE IX
Weber 1058
Cat. 248
Rev.: As 246.
Tiber find
Tiber find
A321
P319
Cat. 249
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 246.
Munich
Mainz
Copenhagen
Sydenham.
Levis 386
Cat. 25o
I2.60 gm.
Rev.: As 246.
BM 236
Paris
Cat. 251
II.99 gm.
II.88 gm.
A322
A323
A324
A325
A325
A326
A327
P320
P321
P320
P322
P322
P323
P324
PLATE IX
Head barel.
cornucopiae.
Mazzini'4
Cat. 252
Io.60 gm.
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 25I.
Rome, Terme
Vienna
Mainz
Glasgow 72
Oxford
Rome, Capitol"
I2.02 gm.
II.OO gm.
Io.87 gm.
Io.50 gm.
A328
A328
A329
A330
A331
P325
P326
P327
P328
P329
Aes without SC 4I
Cat. 253
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 25I.
Cat. 254
Head bare r.
Rev.: As 246.
Cat. 255
Obv.: As 254.
Rev.: As 25I.
but they are undoubtedly copper asses. Specimens which are not
analysis has confirmed this for the British Museum example. (Nero's
II.42 to 12.59 gm., which is well below that of the dupondii without
SC but very close to that of the other copper asses without SC.
Apollo asses have been found in the Tiber; and a fifth came from the
* RIC I, p. 171.
is generally far more complete than for Italy, but has not yet yielded
a single example.
The issue of these copper asses was not especially small. I have
the Apollo PONTIF MAX TRP IMP PP type. There are very few die
the copper asses without SC, the hair is always in gradus for-
mata. It is distinctly raised from his forehead and all the curls
fringing the forehead as far back as the ear are shown with this
forward curve. The portrait is close to that on the aurei and denarii
dated TRP VIII and VIIll (A.D. 61/62 to 62/63) and probably not so
late as on those dated TRPX (A.D. 63/64). The treatment of the rest
of the hair has many points of contact with the later dated aurei
the dated gold and silver of A.D. 61/62 to A.D. 63/64 but is less
or the copper asses with SC. The bust truncation often has, in
* Copper asses of the Apollo and Genius' types have frequently been found in
the western provinces, but they are the product of the distinctive Lugdunum
mint. They always have the Lugdunum globe and characteristic bust
truncation; the reverse always has SC; and in the Apollo series they use the
copper asses.
24 PLATE I, 20.
28 PLATE I, 22ff.
Aes without SC 43
and silver.*
the copper asses have many portraits that are quite close to those
of the dated aurei and denarii can be seen on several copper asses,
but where there are traces in the orichalcum series it is only present
time after the mint of Rome, used as its model the reverse of an
following:
Cat. 303
Head laur. r.
Cat. 304
Head laur. r.
* PLATE I, 219.
* PLATE X, 26076.
Cat. 305
Head laur. r.
Rev.: As 304.
Cat. 306
Obv.: As 303.
* The weight of this and of the seven following examples are given by
p. 20.
Aes without SC 45
Cat. 307
Obv.: As 303.
and dies, their comparatively heavy weight, and the reddish copper
unmistakably Roman in style and idiom, and show about the same
first stage and has not been formalized into the distinctive forward
curving arch. The influence of the dated gold and silver" can
head is small and fails to make full use of the obverse field within
the legend.*
by the same pair of dies. In each case the reverse overstriking die
is of the Genius type used for asses without SC, and the obverse
"The weights of this and of the two following examples are given by Elmer,
NZ 1934, p. 20.
* The semisses Ars Classica Sale xv, 1438, and BM 259 cited above.
* PLATE I, 1920.
* PLATE XXII, a.
phase of the new mint. He wrote The obverse die is very small and
the head is in the Roman style: the reverse is of normal size and of
range of the copper asses without SC. Of its original obverse type,
traces of a standing figure which may well have been that of Apollo
belief that the Genius type was normally struck at Rome only in
of the overstrike does not make it clear that the type generally
lacks SC.
date merely gives a terminus post quem for the certamen semisses;
and the use of the type was not restricted to the years in which
Aes without SC 47
the following:
Cat. 336
A laurel branch.
Cat. 337"
of their date and place of minting, finds suggest that the quadrantes
and the use of IMP as a cognomen throughout shows that the whole
series falls before mid-A.D. 66. The pattern of their issues generally
shows the same development as that of the asses at Rome and they
same general period, and to have been struck fairly soon after the
SC have been deliberately tooled out and those where the SC may
the same reverse die from several coins, none of which has any trace
in which all the reverse dies similarly omit SC. There is inevitably
without SC; but dies of all the main reverse types of sestertii omitting
in die-linked groups.
Cat. 7o
Cat. 71
Obv.: As 70.
Aes without SC 49
Cat. 72
Obv.: As 70.
Cat. 73
Obv.: As 70.
citizen.
Cat. 74
Obv.: As 70.
a foot soldier.
Cat. 75
Obv.: As 70.
vexillum.
Cat. 76
Rev.: As 70.
Cat. 77
Obv.: As 76.
Rev.: As 71.
Cat. 78
Obv.: As 76.
Rev.: As 74.
Aes without SC
5I
Stockholm AIII
Hall 58 AII5
Cat. 79
PI28
PI28
P129
P129
P130
P129
PII6
PII6
PII6
PII6
Rev.: As 74.
Cat. 8o
Obv.: As 79.
Rev.: As 75.
Madrid AI17
Cat. 81
Rev.: As 70.
Cat. 82
Obv.: As 8I.
P127
P131
P137
P132
P132
P133
PI34
PI35
PLATE III
IMP PP
Cat. 83
Head laur. r.
Rev.: As 74.
general considerations of their style and idiom that they were products
coins of the Roman mint, and is quite different from the characteristic
exclusively at Rome.
The condition and state of wear of several pieces clearly show that
types were never employed at Rome with the praenomen IMP, even
Although the coin is somewhat corroded it almost certainly never had SC,
as sestertii of this type without SC are not uncommon whereas those with
Aes without SC
53
. . . . . ."
A -s: tor
SP 108
P 117
A lo2 Pro2
A ros s: 103
Pro4
P 11o
A ro4 P 105
: 113
P 114
P 115
A ro5 P ros
S. ro7
A. :=r 116
A 115
A 106 P 109
A. "=: III
P r12
A rog P 118
A tro P 119
S: 12o
P 130
A 111 P 129
P 121
P 122
P 128
A 116 P 127
A 112 P 123
A 113 P 124
A 114 =: 125
P 126
A 117 P 131
A 118 P 132
S. 135
A 119 P 133
S. 134
A 12o P136
Adlocutio
Congiarium l.
Decursio Vex.
Adlocutio
Annona
Annona
Decursio Vex.
Annona
Decursio Vex.
Decursio Vex.
Decursio Vex.
Annona
Congiarium l.
Decursio Vex.
Congiarium r.
Decursio Vex.
Decursio Vex.
Decursior.
Adlocutio
Adlocutio
Decursio Vex.
Decursio Vex.
Adlocutio
Annona
Decursio Vex.
Decursio Vex.
Annona
Annona
Annona
Annona
IMP PP
AVG GER PM TRP IMP PP occurs only once, and the fairly common
for the aes, but seem to be closer to the orichalcum asses without
SC than to that of the copper asses without SC. The obverse portraits
the front curl bending upward back over itself in a less advanced
As without SC.
Sometimes the engraver did not make full use of the field for his
were badly spaced and crowded at the end. This strongly suggests
obverse die used with two reverse dies omitting SC was also used
28.5 gm., below the main Claudian range (28 to 30.5gm.) and above
(24 to 28.5gm.).
Aes without SC
55
following:
Cat. 177
Head bare r.
Cat. 178
Rev.: As 177.
Cat. 179
Rev.: As 177.
Cat. 18o
PLATE V
PLATE VI
Head laur. r.
PLATE VI
PLATE VI
Cat. 181
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As 177.
Cat. 182
Head rad. l.
Rev.: As 177.
Cat. 183
Head rad. l.
on back of throne.
Cat. 184
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As I80.
Aes without SC
57
Cat. 185
Obv.: As 184.
Rev.: As 177.
Cat. 186
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As I80.
Cat. 187
Obv.: As I86.
Rev.: As 183.
Cat. 188
Obv.: As I86.
Rev.: As 177.
P2007
P2007
P2007
PM TRP IMP PP
P2103
style clearly show that they were the product of the mint of Rome.
her right leg well forward and clear of her drapery. This is the
line) with her left leg straight in a line with her body and her drapery
waist, round which her garments are drawn in heavy folds. Both
indicated, but the engravers seem to have lost all clear idea of their
function.
the radiate and Lugdunum the laureate head. The three exceptional
dies on dupondii without SC with the bare and laureate heads have
form.
gradus formata along the whole line of his forehead and must be
* PLATE XV,495.
Aes without SC 59
placed about the period of the aurei and denarii dated TRP VIIll
and X. But the arch of Nero's front hair is not fully developed into
The two laureate heads retain a zonal treatment of the hair similar
to that on the copper asses without SC; the bare head has many
points in common with that issue; and the radiate heads are generally
close to the portraits on the sestertii without SC. On all the obverse
dies there are distinct traces of the lingering influence of the old
analysis has confirmed this for the pieces in the British Museum.
Their weights cover a very large range and are rather erratic. Two
table shows that the general weight range of these dupondii without
and the mark of value TT. There is, however, a considerable overlap,
lower again than that of dupondii with SC and the mark of value T.
and during the issue of orichalcum asses there was a marked lowering
weight range of the dupondii without SC, is that they are slightly
earlier than the main Roman issue with SC and the mark of value T.
any of the five coins which he can have used. The average of the
* PLATE I, 1920.
* BMCRE I, p. iv.
the British Museum's cast collection, the average comes to 16.21 gm.
(250.2 grains).
never have the praenomen imperator themselves, nor are the same
is further evidence that these types are indeed the early dupondius
and weight that the dupondii without SC preceded the main issue.
Cat. 257
Head laur. r.
* The praenomen was assumed during TRP XII (A.D. 66/67) and regularly
Aes without SC
6I
Cat. 258
Obv.: As 257.
Vienna
Cat. 259
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As 257.
Madrid
Cat. 26o
A346
P353
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As 257.
BM 257
Paris
Vierordt 875
Oxford
Vienna
Copenhagen
Cat. 261
9.07 gm.
8.63 gm.
8.73 gm.
8.60 gm.
8.5I gm.
A343
A343
A343
A343
A343
A343
P347
P347
P347
P348
P348
P348
PLATE X
PLATE X
Head rad. r.
Rev.: As 258.
Glasgow 65
Milan
Warsaw
Naples
Morcom 2IO2
Vienna
Vienna
Vatican
BM
8.58 gm.
8.60 gm.
8.55gm.
8.75 gm.
8.75 gm.
7.IO gm.
8.4I gm.
A344
A344
A344
A344
A344
A345
Florence 8.55gm.
BM 8.27 gm.
Gotha
Budapest
York
A 341 P.341
A 342 P 342
P 343
P.344
P 345
P 346
A 343 = P 347
P348
A344 P.349
P 35o
A 345
S S: 351
P 352
A 346 P 353
ROME ISS
linked group. The radiate head asses without SC are not linked
with this group but seem to be associated closely with it. As a group,
and precede the main issue of orichalcum asses with SC and the
obverse dies. A341 still shows Nero's hair in strong rope-like strands
as on some of the copper asses without SC. But A342, while not
much more developed in age, heralds the new approach of the main
A345
A345
A345
A345
A345
A345
A345
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Genius
Apollo
Apollo
Genius
Genius
Genius
Genius
Apollo
UE II
P351
P351
P351
P351
P351
P352
P352
* PLATE X, 25758.
80 PLATE X, 257.
Aes without SC 63
tion, and coins of lower weight are invariably found with the later
quite separate from the main issue with SC and T; and no die links
have yet been noted between the two groups. Quite a number of
coins, however, were struck without SC, and some obverse dies
later stage on the coins in the BM, Paris and Vienna. The flaw
which can be seen on the coins in Milan and Glasgow struck from
A344 had deteriorated further before the coin in Naples was struck
Cat. 338
Laurel branch.
* PLATE X, 26o.
Cat. 339
Cat. 340
Rev.: As 339.
Cat. 34oa
Rev.: As 339.
ANS
Various explanations have been offered for Nero's aes without SC.
that some are patterns for the Lugdunum mint, while some may
Gnecchi started from the assumption that the mint was basically
which issued gold and silver; and his description of the aes without
Aes without SC 65
that this was its purpose under Nero. Coins without SC are found
at Rome for the last four years of Nero, all the coins without SC
by the ancient authors was in A.D. 57, long before Nero began to
from the ordinary series by other features than the mere omission
of SC: 1) they are extremely rare, Such aes issues apart from the
now shown) alloy, with further aes pieces which were clearly issued
AVGVSTI] and SC are very common indeed, and must have been
issued in enormous quantities (at more than one mint), ... whereas
of these restricted issues, for that factor does not, in this denomina-
*Tacitus, Annals xiii. 31; Suetonius, Nero Io; cf. Denis van Berchem Les
pp. 14849.
"M. Grant, Roman Imperial Money (London, 1954), pp. 111 ff., from which
and of style.
in comparison with dupondii of the same type with SC. The dupondii
with that of other issues at Rome of the same types with SC. In
type without SC and 29 dies of the same type with SC. In any
weight standard which he claims for the dupondii without SC. But
portraits of equally fine style can be seen in many coins of the main
dupondius series with SC, and thus style here is not in itself a sufficient
traits, but this is probably due to the slightly earlier and experimental
Aes without SC 67
more than the assertion that the coins are slightly earlier than the
that they are precursors of medallions, but the only reason that can
them were patterns for the Lugdunum mint, some possibly presents
for the Emperor's friends, some are due to the account of modern
leaves little ground for supposing that any of them was used as a
SC were also used in the main series with SC at Rome, but never
CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP IMP PP was used on sestertii and dupondii
the Roman copper asses with SC always have Nero's head laureate;
As with SC and the mark of value, and the first Lugdunum issue
circulated in Rome and Italy and the series is known from more
were all subsequently used in the series with SC at Rome, but some
* BMCRE I, Intro., p. 1.
the issue without SC, it seems rather to have copied its representation
from the later Roman coins with SC, e.g., one representation of the
foot soldier) was issued at Rome both with and without SC (PLATE II,
74; III, 78) but never at Lugdunum, and the Lugdunum form of
the Macellum type (PLATE XIV, 490, 493; XVI, 501) always had
the legend MAC AVG, whereas that of the issue without SC was
known from several dies, the copper asses without SC are known
from more than thirty obverse dies, and some of the obverse dies in
of die flaws. All this distinctly suggests that the two groups of aes
of the Senate and seek to explain how Nero's aes without SC could
that by the 60's B.C. there was a clear and specific relation between
SC and the type of the coins on which SC is found, that there was a
moneyers but not on their gold and silver, unless SC refers specifically
to the type content of the aes. He analyzes the few issues of aes of
Aes without SC 69
types and notes that most of them specifically illustrate and define
origin of the formula on the aes lay in the honors with which it
city coinages in Spain are shown to have had one major and consistent
and administrative practice. She points out that the letters SC under
Augustus and the aes of the reopened mint of Rome with the coin
and sestertii of Claudius, and EXSC with the corona civica on the pre-
reform aurei and denarii of Nero. But otherwise the aes denominations
might be; and the gold and silver never had the senatorial references
SC even when it used the same types as the aes. Under Claudius,
three metals, but only the aes uses the type with SC. Again in
* Aase Bay, The Letters SC on Augustan Aes Coinage, JRS 1972, pp. 111-22.
types are used on all three metals, but only the aes denominations
use the types with SC. In this important respect the aes denomina-
tions are differentiated sharply from the gold and silver. If there
The notable exception is the aes of Nero without SC. The reverse
Apollo and Genius on the asses; Roma and the Table on the semisses
omit SC in Issues I and II at Rome, but use it in Issues III and IV.
should be found equally on all aes issues with the same types.
use and the original reference of the SC may itself have been
civic oak, but a more special concordia concerned with the issue of
token coinage.
This does not however mean a return to the old view that SC
other indications that the senatorial reference on the aes was one
of courtesy alone, and not of specific right. Perhaps the most sig-
nificant is the fact that under Nero at least if not previously, the
aes seems to have been struck in officinae that were at other times
* RIC Claudius, 17 for the aurei and denarii; 68 for the asses. See Cat. 25f.
* See Chapter 8.
Aes without SC 7I
AVG; IMP; IMP AVG, TIB; NCAPR; TAABA; the Caesar and
although the pieces clearly belonged to the same mint as the rest
province of the east, and its reference must still be to the Roman
dunum was always marked SC, and so too were the issues of
Galba in Spain and Gaul. In fact the Senate's role can hardly have
the letters as a distinct type, around which they set their names,
BMCRE II, pp. 281 ff. A common form of legend is IMP T VESPAVG
REST SC.
BMCRE I Caligula, 33 ff. Other than the pattern type Numa head asses
of Augustus (BMCRE I 28), these sestertii of Gaius were the only aes before
Nero that omitted all reference to the Senate. They are not different in style
from the normal sestertii of Caligula with SC and must be the products of
them with the events described by Dio 59.2 when Caligula paid in full the
I,ooo sestertii bequeathed to each praetorian under Tiberius' will and added
the same sum again in his own name, distributing the money at a special
parade. But the coins must commemorate the event and not have been
presented at it. There is no reason to suppose that the issue was of the
enormous size that 1,000 sestertii per praetorian would have required, and
the issue was not confined to the year of the donative, as there are examples
Nero's aes without SC was the first aes to be struck at Rome for
more than a decade, and this in itself would greatly facilitate any
change in type and reference. The omission of SC from his first two
EXSC from the gold and silver and at a time when his relations with
issues of A.D. 54/55 to 59/60 have the type of the corona civica and
continues when the types are changed to Ceres, Roma and Virtus
refers EXSC to the type, the corona civica, and when the type is
refer only to the corona civica because of its persistence when the
civilitasthat the Senate had some part in the dated gold and
silver issues. The distinction is a fine one, but the point is clear.
able from those already in circulation, and in which the only innova-
Issue II, similarly without SC, made a drastic break with previous
Aes without SC 73
struck in orichalcum but now for the first time a general orichalcum
coinage was introduced for all the aes denominations. This was
IMP as a praenomen during A.D. 66 provides the key for the arrange-
ment of the issues of the aes at Rome." Six principal stages can be
innovation.
without SC.
marks of value.
copper with the same reverse types as in Issue IV, but is distin-
guished by the use of the date TRP XIII on the sestertii and dupondii
in each issue) for all denominations will be found in the catalogue below.
75
Within each of these six aes issues and their principal subdivisions
obverse dies were used within each issue but some forms at least
faced with the task of fitting a set legend neatly into a limited space.
dies, even though they may have had earlier forms of obverse legend,
until there was a major change in the form of the emperor's obverse
titulature.
SESTERTII
Issue III had the reverse types of the second issue, now with
SC, and some additional types with SC of the Arch, Ostia harbor
VI. At the point where the dupondii drop the mark of value Ti,
they change their reverse type and introduce Roma and Janus
temple; and there can be little doubt that the introduction of Roma
and Janus temple instead of the earlier sestertius types marks the
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP IMP PP was the most
common form and must have been used throughout Issue III.
TRP IMP PP and NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRP IMP PP
but never occur after Issue III. NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG
which at one time became the predominant form. It was never used
of Issue IV also.
instead of the previous wide range. Nero still had the cognominal
IMP. The normal obverse legend was NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG
GER PM TRP IMP PP, with NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER
right were used throughout this issue but seem to have no special
aspects of the same building. Two forms of the Roma reverse type
also were used throughout Issue IV. One showed Roma seated
left holding a victory in her right hand and a parazonium in her left;
the other showed her with a victory in her right hand but holding
a spear upright in her left. The extremely rare sestertii with the
cuirassed bust of Nero and the legend NERO CAESAR AVG IMP
TR POT XI PPP were all struck from a single obverse die. Nero's
or near the beginning of Issue IV. It is fairly clear that soon after
the sestertius reverse types were changed, a new obverse type was
also contemplated; but only one obverse die was cut and put into
NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP PP. The two ViewS
of the temple of Janus and the two forms of the Roma reverse
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRP XIII PP. Some Coins
from Issue V, but most coins in this issue had modified and
The latest issue of sestertii, never issued in any numbers and with
dated TRP XIV, with the reverse types of Roma shield 1. that had
Minerva and a palm branch, derived from the same image as the
DUPONDII
without SC had bare and laureate heads besides the radiate form
4 Ibid.
79
varieties.
of value TT on the reverse. The legend MAC AVG was added to the
and
were probably early variants, as they were often used in the series
without SC but not after the new representation of Victoria flying right
was introduced, nor with the later types of Roma and Janus temple.
been the predominant form in the middle period of the issue, and
it was still used occasionally in Issue IV with the new Roma and
and a change of reverse types. The two new types of Roma and
Initially the form used on the sestertii for both the Roma and Janus
of the issue belong the rare dupondii with the laureate head (Plate
8o
abandoned.
types are never found with the praenominal IMP, whereas the later
The usual obverse legend was NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER
(Plate XXII, p). A dupondius of this issue with the earlier Janus
temple type that has the longer legend, is overstruck by the later
praenomen IMP. Toward the end of the issue there is a new version
of the Roma type which had been used for some time previously
This variety shares an obverse die with the normal Roma type of
has been noted with the legend IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG
GERM PM TRP XIII PP and this clearly suggests that the type was
of Issue VI.
Issue VI had the tribunician date TRP XIII using the obverse
The reverse types of Roma and Janus temple were still used but
victory and spear, which had appeared on the dupondii at the end
81
Roma holding a spear and resting her arm on a shield. The parallel
Janus temple type followed closely the new representation that had
CLVS1T.
Asses
TRP IMP contained all the major elements of the imperial titulature.
These anepigraphic Apollo asses are extremely rare and the reverse
type was soon modified to place part of Nero's titles PONTIF MAX
suspects that the obverse legend may have been shortened during the
SC) was also used; introduced apparently toward the end of the
issue, since examples are extremely rare. Its normal obverse legend
was NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRP IMP PP with the
rare variant NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP IMP PP.
has the full obverse legend NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM
82
TRP IMP PPa hybrid apparently struck from an obverse die that
diate head, and only found with the Genius type. The issue was
had SC and the mark of value T. During the course of this issue there
the weight standard was being reduced, individual coins are struck
laureate head was used with the Apollo type and the radiate head
with the Genius type. But in Issue III both forms were used
83
tions were continued from the preceding issue, but their original
heads are found equally on heavy and light asses and on slightly
new reverse types of Victory and Janus temple. They had no mark
of value, but always had SC. As on the sestertii and dupondii, there
NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP IMP PP, the Janus
temple asses with the long form of reverse legend PACE PR TERRA
There must have been a parallel issue of victory asses in both phase
temple type.
Issue V had the praenomen IMP and used IMP NERO CAESAR
AVG GERM retaining unchanged the reverse types from the latest
84
Semisses
included all the remaining semisses of Nero from Rome. The two
reverse types of Roma and the gaming table were used throughout,
and more suitable form of obverse legend. Nero's head then was
NERO CAE AVG IMP. In the first stage of this issue the mark
invariably included.
QUADRANTES
s BMC RE I, p. clxxxif.
85
In Italy both copper and orichalcum quadrantes are found, and the
examples of finds:
Italy
Volterra*
Ostia7
Pompeii8
Tiber9
Tiber10
Rome"
Aquileia1*
Luni13
Liri P4
Liri IP5
Spain
Menorca14
Germany
Gegenbach17
Epfach18
Pfunz19
COPPER
Helmet Owl
12 29
II
ORICHALCUM
Helmet Owl
30
37
11
7 Ostia Museum.
Antiquarium, Pompeii.
"B. W. Frier and A. Parker, "Roman Coins from the River Liri. I," NC 1970,
p. 96.
15 \V. E. Metcalf, "Roman Coins from the River Liri. II," NC 1974. P- 46- This
coin cat. no. 362 has the obv. type of an owl and rev. type of a column.
11 Kellner, Die romischen Fundmiinzen aus dcm nordlichen Teil von Ratien.
86
quadrantes must have been issued before mid-a.D. 66, as they never
include the praenomen IMP among Nero's titles; and their issues
value. This closely follows the pattern of the earlier asses, and we
issues.
which Elmer divided the weights of these coins into quadrantes and
quadrantes. The mark of value .*. show that the small coins which
bear them were in fact quadrantes. Yet these coins with the mark
of value are of the same size and weight standard and had the same
BMCRE I, p. clxxxii.
pp. 18-30.
87
quadrantes; and, except for the mark of value which was in any
case tiny and often off flan, there would have been no means of
Of all the coins cited by Elmer, those which I have seen are struck
clear that Elmer failed to realize that there was an issue of orichalcum
same types, size of flan and weight standard as the previous marked
issue of quadrantes.
and seems to have belonged to the same issue as that of the orichalcum
been used on the quadrantes. The reverse field below the olive branch
TRP IMP PP sometimes have it but sometimes clearly omit it. This
quadrantes. It is thus clear that the mint ceased to mark its ori-
chalcum quadrantes with the sign of value during the later stages
88
been struck at the same time as the copper asses with SC of the
Victory and Janus temple types. Initially the quadrantes were struck
which had been used on the orichalcum quadrantes with SC, and
had the same reverse legend PM TRP IMP PP, but at a later stage a
came to an end before mid-66, as they all show Nero's titles without
General Character
for the new mint, but the details of their types were thoroughly
Roman and the issue must be regarded as the earliest aes of Nero
Britain and the Netherlands and the group clearly had a western
Sestertii
Cat. 401
Cat. 402
Obv.: As 401.
89
never used at Rome. The aegis is frequently shown with right facing
portraits of Nero on sestertii from Rome, but except for this issue,
Bridge.
Dupondii
Cat. 490
after being recut. For prior use see Cat. 494 and 495.
Cat. 491
Obv.: As 490.
bucranium.
Cat. 492
Obv.: As 490.
Yorks - -
Cat. 493
Rev.: As 490.
* This coin and the other examples in the Mayenne Muse were found in the
Cat. 494
Obv.: As 493.
Rev.: As 491.
London.
Cat. 495
Obv.: As 493.
Rev.: As 492.
* Found in London in 1956 on the site of Bucklersbury House, cf. AntJ 1962, p.40.
Cat. 496
Obv.: As 493.
Rome but not otherwise found at Lugdunum, with the globe that
Two forms of the Victoria type are used. One shows Victoria flying
left with no ground line, and with her left leg forward clear of her
used at Rome (PLATE VII, 185). The other shows Victoria walking
left on a ground line with drapery billowing back from her left leg
at Cond sur Aisne; one was found in London and another was
several of the dies remained in use after a serious flaw had developed
* There are more dupondii at Mayenne with radiate head of Nero and a globe
at the point of his bust truncation, but the others have been excluded from
94
A 7or P 7or
P718
P 721
P 723
A 702 P 7o2
P 7ot
P 707
P 7o8
A 703 P703
A. ~s: 705
P 7og
P 71o
A 705 P706
A 706 P 711
A 707 P 712
*::=: 713
A 709 P 716
P 717
A 711 P 715
S. 732
A. "s: 719
P 72o
P731
A 713 P 722
A 714 P724
A. "= P725
P 726
A 716 P 727
A 717 P 728
P 729
P 730
Macellum
Securitas
Securitas
Victoria
Macellum
Securitas
Victoria
Victoria
Securitas
Securitas
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Macellum
Securitas
Macellum
Securitas
Macellum
Victoria
Securitas
Securitas
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
FIG. 3. DUPONDII
globe at the tip of the bust, but like the orichalcum asses of Lug-
reverse dies of the second group all have types that subsequently
become the regular Lugdunum forms. The obverse dies have a more
reverse types. Its obverse dies are, however, far closer to those of
ORICHALCUM ASSES
do not seem to have circulated very far outside Italy, one small
Cat. 537
exergue.
Cat. 538
Obv.: As 537.
lighted altar.
Cat. 539
Head laur. l.
Rev.: As 537.
Oxford A803
Cat. 540
Obv.: As 539.
Rev.: As 538.
head was regularly used on the later orichalcum at Rome and was
* Found in London in 1956 on the site of Bucklersbury House, cf. AntJ 1962,
P. 40.
97
copper asses of the Victory and Janus temple types, whereas Lug-
dunum copper asses invariably had the bare head of Nero. In this
group, however, the asses with the right facing portrait have an
have no globe they clearly show a bust truncation that later developed
to the right facing head with the globe. In marked contrast to the
and which was completed into a globe by the engraver for the sake
A further hybrid group, also very rare, which closely follows the
mark of value T:
Cat. 541
exergue.
Brussels15
Cat. 542
Rev.: As 54I.
P8o3 Genius
A 803-Q-P804 Apollo
P805 Apollo
S: Apollo
P 610 Genius
These coins are quite regular in style and fabric and can hardly be
asses, and the metal of the British Museum specimen has been
alone.
the same sort of treatment that can be seen on several of the earlier
copper asses at Rome of the Apollo type never do. The reverse legend
copper asses, and the letters of the obverse legend are executed
in the bolder Lugdunum manner. The heads are rather small; full
use is not made of the obverse field inside the lettering; and the hair
bust, the globe and the other details of style, type and content
These copper asses were of closely similar fabric, the same weight
and size as the earlier copper asses already in circulation in the west.
and, except for the rare issue described above, no orichalcum asses
seem to have circulated in the west. Yet the group does give an
the copper ones in spite of their different size and weight; it confirms
the evidence of the rare western orichalcum asses that the mint
an issue that readily accounts for the transition from the orichalcum
Lugdunum.
ORICHALCUM SEMISSES
Cat. 604
A table seen from front and right. On it, an urn l., a wreath r.
has the laureate head regularly used at Rome, but does not have
the Roman mark of value and it has the Lugdunum globe at the
that of the dupondii and asses discussed above, and there is no doubt
Rome i.e., with Issue III of the aes. The asses and semisses of
this Lugdunum group are in orichalcum not in copper, and the issue
have SC and this is first introduced to the aes at Rome in Issue III.
and these marks of value are found at Rome only in Issue III.
of the issues that have been distinguished for the aes at Rome.
L-IVB, L-V and L-VI with the distinctive prefix L, but using the
the same numbering as the parallel Rome Issues III, IV, V and VI.
Lugdunum.
have a long angular bust truncation and a small globe; the dupondii
retain the mark of value TT from Issue L-III; the asses retain the
obverse legends of asses of Issue L-III; and the semisses follow the
101
Issue L-V has the same range of denominations with the same
For example, NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TRP IMP P and
TR POT PP were both used in Issues L-V and L-VI of the dupondii.
CAESAR AVG P MAX TRP PP was used on asses before IMP NERO
CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TRP PP was used on some sestertii. The
overstrike has:
* This coin was found in the breakwater behind the Kaite opposite Isleworth
Town in the gravel, August 1839, and was given to the British Museum by
C. Roach Smith.
trial striking.
SESTERTII
Issue L-III is distinguished by the use of the aegis that was often
Cat. 40I-402.
by the mark of value TT, and on the copper asses where Issue L-IVA
Issue L-IVB were struck to this standard, but most of them, as the
26 gm.
Issue L-III and the types of Decursio, Roma and the Arch were
added, all copied directly from the types used at Rome, and treated
the obverse portraits was more spirited, and showed much the same
To the reverse types of the second issue were added two new ones
of the Harbor at Ostia, and the Temple of Janus. Both were ultimately
derived from types at Rome, but the prototypes were not copied
reverse legend.
breviated during the course of the issue. Sestertii with the longest form
DUPONDII
dunum. The Securitas and Victoria types had the mark of value Ti
105
and reverse types as the first issue. The Securitas and Victoria types
again had the mark of value TT and, as in the first issue, common
obverse dies show that the Macellum type was struck concurrently
with them.
Issue L-IVA.
Issue L-V had a new range of obverse legends giving Nero IMP
AVG P MAX TR POT PP was used instead, but this seems to have
preceding issue.
but it is clear that the ordinary Victoria type was struck concurrently
with the new form of the Securitas type. Several Victoria dupondii
proves that the Victoria dupondius (Plate XVII, 534) was struck
XVII, 533)-
Asses
Issue L-III consisted of the rare orichalcum asses with the mark
guishable in the rare group of copper asses with the mark of value T.
These coins are struck in copper like the other asses of L-IVA
but have the mark of value T which is otherwise found only on the
rare asses of the Victory, Janus temple, Ara Pacis and Genius types
and
form of obverse legend with copper asses of the Apollo type, but
from Issue L-IVA after the new types of Issue L-IVB had been
Issue L-V had a new range of obverse legends to give Nero IMP
as a praenomen:
The third is by far the most common form. The first is extremely
rare; its lettering is small and neat and the legend occurs with early
portraits very similar to those of the third issue. One suspects that
this long form of legend was tried out immediately after Nero as-
sumed the praenomen, but was soon abandoned because it was too
asses found in the west, it is only among asses with the praenomen
This strongly suggests that the Lugdunum mint may have continued
to issue asses of the Victory type after it had ceased to strike the
other reverse types of Issues L-IV and L-V. We may therefore not
SEMISSES
them from the rare copper semisses struck at Rome, the normal
gave way to
group had far more of the imperial titles on the obverse and
type. PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP and CER QVING ROM con
were carried over from the third issue. This in turn suggests that
the obverse legend IMP NERO CAESAR AVG, the sole form with
which these two reverse legends are found in Issue L-V, must have
been the earliest form of obverse legend in this issue. The chrono-
to the obverse and in the process the titles of the obverse legend
8. MINT ORGANIZATION
officinae or workshops, and most coins of that period bear the mark
of the officina system was clearly to divide the work of each mint
any such organization would be lost if the mint authority was not
able to apportion blame for any lapse from the standards for metal,
First century coinages are not labelled with any explicit officina
numbers, nor apparently with any privy marks. The sole distin-
reverse types.
1 Officina numbers first appear on the millenial issue of Philip in a.d. 248.
Roman Coinage presented to Harold Mattingly (Oxford, 1956), pp. 235 ff. See
also S. K. Eddy, The Minting of Antoniniani a.d. 238-249 and the Smyrna
Hoard, ANSNNM 156 (New York, 1967), pp. H7ff. for a discussion of a
* C. M. Kraay, The Aes Coinage of Galba, ANSNNM 133 (New York, 1956).
Ill
places can only have taken place under the most exceptional
the marked officinae of Basiliscus and Marcus, Zeno and Leo Caesar,
Leo II and Zeno;4 Pearce has noted numerous die links between
has noted an obverse die link between folles of the Ist and 2nd
an obverse die link between the 2nd and 3rd officinae at Lyons under
Probus;7 and Woodward has noted several obverse die links between
the reverse types that seem to mark the six distinct officinae in
While each officina may have had its own establishment of engravers,
the officinae were, after all, part of the same mint and the engraving
of dies may equally well have been carried out centrally for the
whole establishment."
* NC 1957, p. 89.
In the gold and silver issues of Rome dated TRP II to TRP X Nero's
head was always shown bare to right and there was only one form
undated series after A.D. 64 the laureate head alone was employed
and it always faced right; although there were three distinct forms
of reverse types when the volume of coinage became larger and one
Throughout the dated series the volume of each year's issue was
fairly constant, except that the issue dated TRPVIIat the height
any of the preceding years. After the three reverse types of the
* See Chapter 3.
* There is clear evidence for this in the relative numbers from the Pudukota
TRP I5 15 I3.o
TRP II 9 9 7.8
TRPV 8 8 6.9
TRP VI 7 7 6. I
TRP X 6 8 I4 I 2.2
accession year the aurei and denarii used a single reverse type from
TRP II to TRP VI, but in TRPVII, the year when output was consider-
TRP VIII, VIIll and X the volume of aurei and denarii seems to have
dropped back to its original level, and one of the three types for
aurei and denarii was dropped during the course of TRP VIIII. In
large output of gold to replace the earlier aurei of the heavy pre-
reform standard, and during this period the aurei were struck in
The aes coinage was confined to the later years of Nero's principate.
It never displayed the wide fluctuations in volume that the gold and
silver coinage did; but it shows equally clearly, for quite different
its reverse dies, and that its reverse types can thus be regarded as
mark. The two main groups with and without the globe are, as
except for the rare initial issues at both mints, Rome invariably
used the radiate and Lugdunum the laureate head. On copper asses
with SC Rome always used the laureate and Lugdunum the bare
head. At Rome the bare head alone was used on the copper asses
separate date. At both Rome and Lugdunum, in fact, there was one
any one issue and the other forms are comparatively rare variants.
officinae, for in that case the output of different officinae would have
scheme must have been to divide the output of the mint into blocks
aes issues Nero's head sometimes faces right and sometimes left; but
evidence of site finds shows that the total production in each issue
reverse types in each denomination. The asses are by far the most
out each issue. Apollo and Genius were used in the issues of copper
asses with SC and the mark of value. Victory and Janus temple
were the two basic types for Nero's last three issues of copper asses
of later officina systems. There is usually a good reason for the exceptional
"See p. 12o.
two reverse types of seated Roma and the gaming table com-
four distinct reverse types in the first three issues and the sestertii
two basic reverse types of Roma and Janus temple in Issues IV,
V and VI.
OFFICINAE AT ROME
from A.D. 54 to 60, in three officinae from A.D. 60 and in six officinae
at the peak period of its production after A.D. 64. Moreover some of
have been used for the production of the aes coinagean extremely
interesting point which underlines the basic unity of the mint and
Aurei and denarii of the same type were probably produced in the
same officina. In most issues, after striking its quota of aurei, each
pointed out that the gold and silver issues follow each other remark-
ably closely in the details of their obverse and reverse types and
that the minor differences that can be noted are primarily chrono-
logical distinctions which suggest that the denarii in each issue were
struck immediately after the aurei of similar type. There were three
TRP Il to TRPV1 there was merely one reverse type of the corona
course of TRPVll the output of gold (and silver) was greatly increased
two new types of Virtus and Ceres distinguish the two additional
officinae, while the third new reverse type of Roma replaced that
of the corona civica toward the end of the year, thus marking the
undated gold and silver with IMP as a cognomen, three stages may
six substantive types in gold and silver; Ic) with two substantive
at most stages during these issues there were two basic, substantive
ten distinct officinae, two for each denomination, as the output of such
put would have been comparatively well balanced if the sestertii and
dupondii were produced in two officinae and the asses, semisses and
rallelism between the reverse types of the sestertii and dupondii (as
indeed we have already noted between the aurei and denarii) and the
chalcum, and finally (for the asses and quadrantes alone at Rome)
the issues. The copper asses with SC are by far the most common
coins at the mint of Rome. While they were being struck in Issues
at Rome, and the two officinae in question would have been able to
far less common than the copper ones and it was during Issue III,
in which most of the orichalcum asses were struck, that the same two
reverse type (such as Roma with victory and spear in lieu of Roma
used more than one reverse type. It is of course still possible to argue
that sestertii (and dupondii) were struck by four not two officinae;
tions does not provide the positive support that one would expect
realized that the mint must have switched its production capacity
from gold and silver to aes and vice versa. Aes Issue I, consisting
independent grounds to the latter part of A.D. 62, which is just the
point at which the output of officina 3 (striking the Ceres gold type)
Mint Organization
119
seems to have been cut back sharply. Aes Issue II, the remainder
of the aes without SC, has been attributed to a.d. 63 in the course
belongs to a.d. 64 when the output of gold and silver was limited
were six officinae striking gold, we have the two original gold and
supplemented by the four officinae that had coped with the general
different officinae, but it probably did not matter very much which
the central records. It is for example, reasonably clear that the asses
were produced in two officinae at Rome, that the Apollo and Genius
and the Victory and Janus temple types marked the officinae in
l See Chapter 4.
the officinae in which the reverse types were struck. In two cases,
associated with officinae. The Roma types of the later sestertii and
Victoria type on the earlier dupondii. The Apollo asses and Roma
tabular form.
* In the table of officina types, I have excluded rare reverse types which
were not struck in any number (those that do not constitute substantive
varieties); and I have classified the minor varieties of a reverse type together
Issue
Pre Reform
TRP
TRP II
TRP III
TRP IIII
TRP V
TRP VI
TRP VII
TRP VIII
TRP VIIII
TRP X
Post Reform
Ia
Ib
Ic
3a
3b
Officinae
I23456
Agrippina
VVreath
VVreath
Wreath
Wreath
Wreath
Roma
Aes I Aes I
Roma Virtus Aes III Aes III Aes III Aes III
Concordia Janus Aes III Aes III Aes III Aes III
Salus Standards
Apollo
Roma
Column
Apollo
Column
Apollo
Roma
Column
Victory
Column
Victory
Issue Denomination
Cu. Q
Or. As
Or, Q
Or. Dup
Or. As
Or. Sem
Or, Q
Cu. Q
Or. Dup
Cu. As
Victory
Genius
Table
Genius
Genius
Table
Owl
Janus
Owl
Janus
Janus
Officinae
Annona
Victoria 1.
Annona
Ostia
Congiarium
Victoria 1.
Victoria r.
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Decursio
Macellum
Securitas
Decursio
Arch
Macellum
OFFICINAE AT LUGDUNUM
officinae on much the same basis as the mint of Rome, with two officinae
and dupondii and two others sharing responsibility for the copper
semisses, and the sestertius and As reverse types readily fall into
Throughout the issue of copper semisses there were only the two
Issues L-IVB, L-V and L-VI there was a clear recurrent pattern
but the Macellum and Securitas types together are no more numerous
in those issues than the Victoria type alone, and the same officina
with the new Victory and Janus temple types and added the
Victory type heavily outnumbers all the others, but in issues L-IVB
and L-V the output of asses can be divided into two balanced groups
by setting all the other types in one group and the Victory asses
into the other. On the other hand the comparatively rare Janus
associated in the same officina, and about the As and semis types
Issue
IMP as cognomen
Early forms
IMP as cognomen
Later forms
Early forms
Later forms
Denomination
Or.
Or.
Or
Or.
Cu.
Cu.
Or.
Or.
Cu.
Cu.
. Sest
Cu.
Cu.
. Sest
Or.
Cu.
Cu.
SeSt
Dup
. As
Or.
Or.
Or,
Sem
Sest
Dup
As
Sem
Sest
Dup
Sem
Dup
As
Sem
Dup
As
Sem
Apollo
Table
Apollo
Table
Victory
Janus
Table
Victory
Janus
Table
Victory
Officinae
Genius
Roma
Ara
Genius
CONTROL OF OFFICINAE
distinct and compact die-linked group. In many issues all the reverse
of the sort of die linking that occurs among the sestertii in Issue III
to the linking that Kraay has noted among the sestertii of Galba.
In most cases where dies are shared at the mint of Rome, there is
dunum in Issue L-VI, where we can see the progress of a flaw in one
obverse die, it is used with the two reverse types of the issue both
before and after the flaw develops. There are moreover similar
links between the different reverse types of the gold and silver. In
type is struck from the same obverse die as BM Io3 with the Vesta
Jupitor Custos type are struck from the same obverse die as BM 83
with the Roma type. But in other issues, such as the copper asses
it is rare to find an obverse die used with more than one reverse die,
reverse types that seem to mark different officinae, and the minimal
die linkage in other issues, provides important evidence for the way
* BMCRE I, p. 208.
officina would draw obverse dies afresh from the central store a
the obverse dies that had been returned were kept separately
pointed out that in the 5th century obverse dies were still shal
at Roman mints.
obverse dies were difficult to prepare and because they gave the c
for reverse than for obverse dies, and in the coinages of Nero
name, and custody within each officina of its own reverse dies,
key. No single keyholder could open the chest, and business could
by Nero, and it seems to have had its origin in the practice of the
had of course placed their names on the reverse of the coins they
exercised by the Tresviri Monetales; and the fact that there were
three magistrates may well explain why Nero's mint was expanded
* Although the names of tresviri do not appear on the coinage after 4 B.C.
the office attested by inscriptions into the third century. Cf. Lenormant,
DIE ENGRAVING
follows that there must have been one common die engravi
each officina.
exemplars for the obverse dies must have been three dimensio
silver (e.g., PLATE I, 22ff) and on the aes (e.g., PLATE II, 7If.) sh
But left facing portraits (e.g., PLATE II, 76) invariably show Ner
distinct forms are used concurrently at all stages of the aes iss
false and inaccurate and that there must have been two schools
artists at the mint, each following its own type of Nero. But
Viewed from the front Nero's hair is shown combed over a fra
with each curl curving to the left, and slightly covering the first p
curls gives an effect of the hair being arched up from the forehea
the left facing coin portraits. This is the clearest possible indicat
Three dimensional models must also have been used for some of
* Suetonius, Nero 51. For the style cf. Ovid AA 1.507.3, 343 and Quint
(PLATE VII, 205) and walking right (PLATE VII, 200) on the dupondii
at Rome are merely two views of the same figure from different
(PLATE V, 171) and with closed door right (PLATE V, 165) are in
ALIGNMENT OF DIES
clear that fixed dies were used at both mints; but as there is evidence
of heavy die linking among many groups of the coinage, the dies
must have been slotted and not hinged. Otherwise dies could not
lack of care in determining the axis of the design. It is, for example,
types of this period do not usually have a distinct ground line. But
it is highly significant that coins struck from the same pair of dies
MINT INSTRUCTIONS
mints of Nero we can now suggest with some confidence the scope
western mints, the successive issues at each mint, and the features
differs from the practice at the other mint. In these cases, decisi
must have been made by each mint master for his own establishm
with a globe, Rome regularly has its own quite distinct form. So
portrait, but the two mints do not follow the same practice.
peculiar to Rome. Even when the same reverse types are com
to both mints, they are not used in the same way in contempo
but the permissions and instructions must often have been phr.
in quite general terms which left considerable scope for mint mas
dupondii for Issue L-VI. Both these forms are applied uniformly at
the time and must have been the subject of directives from the
lengthening
to have been responsible for the variant of right and left facing
portraits which are found concurrently in all the aes issues. The
right and left facing heads will have facilitated the work of a
tural imagines.
instruction given, but also the scope for discretion allowed to the
* BMCRE I, p. 252,268.
* Ex Nummis Historia II, 542. There are other examples from the same
coinage are well known. He reduced the gold and silver standard
measure which has not hitherto been fully recognized was the
the same extent as the reduction of the gold and silver standard.
The detailed analysis of Nero's gold and silver and aes coinages
and silver standard had a lasting effect on the imperial coinage. All
the subsequent gold and silver issues of Nero followed the reduced
standard of the first undated issue; and the year of the reform
The reduction in the al marco standard of the aes coinages, was never
subsequently restored. All the later aes issues of Nero and subsequent
emperors were struck to the reduced weight range. But as the aes
was a token coinage and the new standard covered a range of weights
the earlier aes issues. The opening of the branch mint at Lugdunum
was more ephemeral, but the issues continued throughout the later
years of Nero, during the civil war and into the Flavian period.
I33
and III of the aes at Rome. This in turn explains why there was no
only commenced right at the end of Issue III at Rome, some time
after SC had been restored to the aes at Rome, and only just before
iSSue TRP X
After the gold and silver issue dated TRP X, the weight of the aureus
There has been considerable dispute about the motive for altering
the weight standards. The reform has often been regarded as the
Empire. It has also been argued that the reform was an attempt
to adjust the coinage to the current market value of gold and silver,
and that it was designed to check the export of silver out of the
West has reminded us that the debasement of the silver may merely
after the issue of aurei and denarii struck on the old standard and
dated TRP X (December A.D. 63/64). TRP X was a full issue in Nero's
dated series, and its coins are as common as those of any other
coins struck on the old standard and the earliest undated ones of the
the new coins (PLATE I, 22ff) is more developed and realistic, their
conception and style are more inspired and vigorous and they have
* Pliny, NH 13.3.13.
* L. C. West, Gold and Silver Coin Standards in the Roman Empire, ANSNNM
(PLATE I, 1320).
During the fifty years between A.D. 14 and the year of the re
both the gold and silver at Rome. The standard of the aureus
7.7 gm. for Gaius and Claudius, and 7.6 gm. for the pre-re
slight o.2 gm. During the same period there had also been
rising to 3.69 gm. under Gaius and 3.75 gm. under Claudius. '
3.54 gm." The same trends can be seen in the frequency tab
the mint to adjust the relative weights of the aureus and den
to the changing relative values of gold and silver on the open marl
Prima facie it would seem that the gradual and slight reductio
the aureus weight standard was designed to serve the same pur]
and West has used these data to calculate that the ratio of go
of Nero. It is, however, far from clear why the mint should
* Pliny, NH 13.13.47.
BMCRE I, p. lii.
137
merely to keep pace with the changing values of gold and silver as
value of silver and conversely, when the relative value of silver rose,
the easiest course would have been to lower the weight of the
both cases. If the relative price of silver rose during the early years
denarius weight.
and long continued one which was pursued again after the reform
of Nero, and it is far more likely that the profit benefited the
from any fraudulent intent, as its policy seems to have been designed
primarily to ensure that the weight of new aurei minted each year
was not materially higher than the average weight of the aurei of
in the weight of the aureus between a.D. 14 and 64 did not amount
to more than 0.2 gm.and this is just about the loss in weight due
to wear that one might expect after an aureus had circulated for
the 1927 Rome hoard and in the Liberchies hoard15 seem to have
centration for well preserved undated aurei of Nero is 7.3 gm. The
was employed again in the period after the reform. West's frequency
15 M. Thirion, Le trisor de Liberchies. Aurei des I*r et II* si&cles (Brussels, 1972).
in kind from the gradual reduction that had taken place in the earlier
and, so far as can be ascertained, o.3 gm. lower than the average
weight of the aurei of Tiberius, Gaius and Claudius that still remained
the 1927 Rome hoard, and this distorts the point of concentration.
The reform thus meant that the vast majority already in circulation
contained about o.3 gm. more than the new aurei to which they
fact have contained about 1/25th or 4% more gold than the new
drive the earlier and heavier aurei out of circulation. Throughout the
because their bullion value did not yet exceed their nominal value;
minted aurei struck on the new and lower standard; and there were
very large issues of aurei in the year of the reform. The maximum
* As Sture Bolin points out in State and Currency in the Roman Empire
139
period for the issue of Nero's undated aurei was less than four years;
but almost 90% of them were issued before mid-a.D. 66 when Nero
assumed the praenomen imperator, and little more than 10% can
analysis of Flavian gold hoards18 I have noted 180 aurei from the
were struck in the year and a half that followed the reform. There
of Vespasian and Titus. Coins from the 1927 Rome hoard plotted
against the years in which they were issued (Table 6) suggest that
the output of aurei immediately after the reform must have been
about nine times greater than in any other single year during the
The reform of the silver took place at the same time as the
alteration in the weight standard of the gold and must have been
part of the same general measure. Issues of denarii are closely parallel
to those of the aurei in both the dated and undated series. The
aureus, and ultimately the year of the reform was a critical date in
hoards of both aurei and denarii. But, at the time the reform of the
suggested19 that Nero may have called in the old silver coinage in
a.d. 65; but unlike the aurei there is no indication of any replacement
Vespasian and Titus. In the Reka Devnia hoard there are 102
denarii of the early empire were replaced not under Nero but
Vespasian.
A.D. 65 was that the eastern silver coinages enjoyed a more favo
A.D. 59/60 there was an abrupt break after the issue dated A.D. 63
just at the time of the gold and silver reform at the mint of F
This break coincides with the close of the war in the east, an
virtually the same as that used before A.D. 64. The single tetradi
pp. 67-74). The denarius of Vespasian dated COSV with this counte
in Oxford gives A.D. 74 as the terminus post quem for its application.
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
4o
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
2O
18
I6
I4
12
lo
Plotted by Issues
NEROIMP
of Galba and Vespasian is only o.2 gm. or 1.3% lower than the
before A.D. 65; the fifth Dura hoard, which had imperial denarii
struck in A.D. 59/60, 62/63 and 63/64, whereas its Roman denarii
was reduced slightly after A.D. 64 and its silver content also was
slightly lowered, but its circulation does not appear to have been
those of Nero before A.D. 65 range from 3.4 to 3.7 gm. This difference
1937), 1142. These coins were sold at Sotheby's on March 26, 1888 (Sale Cat.,
pp. 24-25).
hoard found ca. 1906 at Caesarea which contained local silver from
Tiberius to Hadrian.*
VESPASIAN
Denarius,
Drachm,
Drachm,
Rome, and this was no doubt a decisive factor in securing the free
* The figures for the theoretical drachm at Antioch are quoted to make
comparison easier with the Roman denarius and Caesarean drachm. They
with the aes was the introduction of the general orichalcum coinage
copper, the usual ratio being about 8:5. This had meant that the
II gm., while the orichalcum dupondius, a coin double its value, had
the suggestion that the orichalcum asses, etc. were designed for
Culin.
struck to the weight standard that had been used by Claudius, with
the dupondius weight (1517 gm.) slightly higher than one half that
* The normal equation of the drachm of Caesarea and the Roman denarius
Cappadocia, pp. 45, 3840. Their silver content is, however, approximately
equal to a silver quinarius and denarius respectively; and their signs of value
pp. 659-66.
9.5gm.) were similarly slightly heavier than half the weight of the
dupondii. But, even so, the orichalcum asses were much lighter than
the mint was that for the expenditure of a given quantity of copper
copper.
this was certainly one of the results of the reduction of the silver
Nero's new orichalcum coinage at Rome closely with the various aes
known as As, semis and quadrans, and their weights cover much
have not yet been recovered, but we do know that brass was used for
coins of large, medium and small sizes. So that even though a precise
successfully claimed, there can be little doubt that the basic idea
of providing all the token aes in brass came from the east, and to
A.D. 64. The reduction in the gold and silver standard did not occur
until the end of that year, and was itself paralleled by a comparable
aes Issue III at Rome, toward the end of the general orichalcum
coinage.
Whereas the Roman imperial gold and silver was struck al peso,
introduced by the mint; and as the aes was largely a token coinage
providing the small change for the gold and silver, these adjustments
It will be seen from the frequency table of the sestertii and dupondii
lower; and in Issue III, the general orichalcum coinage with SC,
the weights cover both ranges. This clearly suggests that the reduc-
The order of the reduction for the dupondius is from ca. 16 gm. to
147
10.5 to 12.5 gm. whereas Issues IV and V range from 9.5 to 12.0
in the different ways in which the mint dealt with the gold and
and was not an ancillary part of a gold and silver measure. When
the gold and silver standard was subsequently reduced, the al marco
standard of the aes was reduced pari passu. The experiment of the
and this emergency was the occasion when the branch mint at
The parallel reduction of the gold and silver content of the coinage
clearly rule out the suggested explanation that the chief purpose of
that measure was to adjust the relative gold and silver content of
the open market. Had this been the aim, there would have been no
between the denarius and the eastern silver, this cannot have been
its sole or principal purpose. This aim could have been achieved
Nero's action in a.d. 65. Although the gold and silver standards
were reduced at the same time, and the standard of the aes was
silver until the middle years of Vespasian. The reason for this can
only have been the large profit to be made from recoining the gold.
From the bullion of every 25 old aurei, the mint could produce
26 new ones, and enjoy a profit of 4 to 5%, i.e. about one denarius
for each gold coin processed; and it seems to have been able to
But the mint paid a heavy penalty for its hurried recoinage of the
of the mint was needed for more urgent work. When the coinage of
aes was resumed at Rome, the mint did not return to the general
suggest why this should have been so. The continuation of the
all the existing copper asses, semisses and quadrantes, and after
the changes in the gold and silver denominations, the mint must
mint had already tackled the replacement of the heavier aurei, and
later years of Nero there must have been quite a shortage of small
and earlier aes are commonly found; and the return to the existing
The sudden interruption of the carefully laid plans for the general
The profit from the gold recoinage was reaped at the end of A.D. 64
and during A.D. 65, the period that followed the Great Fire at Rome
of the city, three had been leveled to the ground, and in seven
Even the gods fell victims to plunder, for the temples in Rome were
The interval between the Great Fire in July 64, and the reduction
of the gold and silver standard with its profitable recoinage of the
gold is indeed just the interval that one would expect before the
conclusion that the reduction of the gold and silver standard under
Nero was a direct consequence of the Great Fire at Rome in A.D. 64;
monetary measures.
10. IN CONCLUSION
The western coinages of Nero are extremely rich and varied; but
from the multiplicity of types and varieties we can now trace with
elements.
falls naturally into a clear pattern of one major aes issue for each
year from a.d. 62 to the end of Nero's principate. The issues of gold
and silver also fall naturally into one major issue for each year,
except for the period between a.d. 64 and 66; and even in this highly
151
dates of Nero run from Ioth December in each year; but his coin
largely coincided.
54 Accession -
55 TRP
56 TRP II
57 TRP III
58 TRP IIII
59 TRP V
60 TRP VI
6I TRP VII
62 TRP VIII I
63 TRP VIIII II
65 Ib IV IV L-IV
66 IC V L-V
67 2 VI VI L-VI
68 3 last issue
A.D. 62, 63, 67 and 68. In fact, this may well reflect normal Julio-
of those years.
THE CATALOGUE
GENERAL NOTES
coins in the plate for that catalogue number are shown in the
order in which they are cited in the catalog entry and text
discussion.
semis or quadrans indicates that the variety has been noted from
I54
I55
OBVERSE DETAILS
IMP PP
TRP PP
P(OT) PP
the catalogue for coins with these legends quote the appropriate
laureate or radiate are noted under the heading for each issue. Where
more than one form is employed during an issue, the relevant form
156
Reverse Types
(Foldout Section)
this foldout section. Variable features within each reverse type, such
under the heading for each issue, or against each entry where more
in the foldout, types I to 18 are those of the gold and silver, and
(1) Quadriga
(2) Wreath
(3) Chariot
(Plate I, 3)
(4) Ceres
(5) Virtus
spear. Legends:
(6) Roma
(7) Victory
shield.
(Plate I, 22).
M-4
Q_h
OO
*II.
*I2.
*13.
*14.
I5.
17.
I8.
*19.
*20.
2I.
Rome: Aurei
TRP IITRP X
in BM
PW II
Rome: Aurei
POST-REFORM AUREI
62
BM
}-
CN
Rome: Aurei
No. Obverse
32. | NERO CAESAR AVG PP (II) Jupiter Custos BM, Ox, Mor 47 79
A.D. 55/56
(7) Victory
BM
17
II
No.
Obverse
Reverse
PRE-REFORM DENARII
D-WS CLAVD-VS
PP
a.d. Dec. 54
Agrippina 1.
PP COS
A.D. I
and Agrippina r.
PP ll--P X
M,ead bare r.
(1) Quadriga
(-) Wreath as -
(-) Chariot
(-) Wreath PP P
Coll.
(4) Wreath PP -P
2ome: Denarii
2E\
BM, M, Ox
BM, M, Ox
BM, M, Ox
P, P
BM, P, ANS
18
1T
M-4
CN
N)
Rome: Denarii
POST-REFORM DENARII
Rome: Denarii
K-4
CN
->
Rome: Sestertii
SESTERTII
79. A. CLAVD ... GERM r. (27) Decursio Vex RV, BM I44 I54
Issue I
No sestertii
&
Rome: Sestertii
K-
CN
CN
Rome: Sestertii
3.
Rome: Sestertii
(Hir 12)
(PW II)
CN
OO
Rome Sestertii
*135 | NERO CAESAR AVG IMP TR (31) Roma vict. and paraz. Ox (Maz) 205
137. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER r. (31) Roma vict. and paraz. + | BM, P, RT 2II | 18O
138. (32) Roma vict. and spear BM, RT (RV) 219 |17o
141. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER 1. (31) Roma vict. and paraz. + | P, Ox, RV 2IO
145. A. CLAVD . . . GER r. (31) Roma vict. and paraz. + | BM, P, RT 208 || 173ff.
I46. (32) Roma vict. and spear + | Ox, BM, Tib I68 f.
150. A. CLAVD . . . GER l. (31) Roma vict. and paraz. + | P, RT, Ox 206 || 178f.
M-4
-r
Rome: Sestertii
167. B. CLAVD ... GERM r. (32) Roma vict, and spear | | Her, N, O
*172. B. CLAVD ... GER 1. (32) Roma vict. and spear C (S) (Her)
175. B. CLAVD ... GER ... XIV l. (52) Victory and palm | | Wal 333
Rome: Dupondii
DUPONDII
Issue I
No dupondii
*I8O. A. CLAVD . . . GERM laur. r. (39) Macellum BM, P (Cam) | 281 |196
|MPP rad. r.
*184. A. CLAVD... GERM ... IMPP (36) Macellum BM, C (ANS) 282 |197
rad. r.
Rome: Dupondii
197. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER r. (36) Macellum BM (P) (RV) 279 |195
2OI. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER 1. (37) Securitas +|P, H, Hel 1929, 295
* A dupondius of this type in the Almirall Coll. and another in Madrid with the same obv, but different rev. dies both
Rome: Dupondii
*2IO.1 | A. CLAVD . . . GER laur. r. (28) Janus TERRA door r. BM I74 |I99
213. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER rad. r. (28) Janus TERRA door r. Cam I8I
215. A. CLAVD . . . GER rad. r. (28) Janus TERRA door r. + | BM, P, RV 177 | 198
*218. A. CLAVD . . . GER rad. 1. (28) Janus TERRA door r. + | BM, RT, Bl I77 | 200
*220. (31) Roma vict. and paraz. + BM, Ox, Mil 209 |2Io
* RIC 225 (quoting the BM coin BMC 207) has been reworked. The wreath held by Roma seems to have been
}-
->
Rome: Dupondii
224. A. CLAVD . . . GER r. (41) Janus VBIQ door r BM, M, Mil 2OO
*226. A. CLAVD . . . GER 1. (41) Janus VBIQ door r. BM (RT), Bah 200 |201
*235. B. CLAVD . . . GER rad. 1. (41) Janus VBIQ door r. BM, V 2OI 202
- Rome: Dupondii
*238. B. CLAVD ... GERM XIII r. (42) Janus VBIG door l. + G, V, V I97
K-4
-Y
CN
Rome: Asses
ASSES
*246. D. CLAVDIVS ... GERMANIC r. (44) Apollo TRP P, Ox, BM 35I 235
248. D. CLAVDIVS ... GERMAN r. (44) Apollo TRP Ox, R., Tib
249. D. CLAVDIVS ... GERMA r. (44) Apollo TRP C, Mz, Syd 350
P r.
2ome: Asses
BBM
2E
-56
-5T
-58
G, RC (HirI)
Coll.
C (Cam) V
V(BM) (V)
V (BM), G
V (G) VEi
H. (V)
Ox -I)
Reverse
(44) Apollo P P
(46) Genius
(46) Genius
(46) Genius
(46) Genius
(46) Genius
Obverse
laur. r.
rad. r.
rad. r.
laur. r.
No.
*-5T-
-58.
-5ll
46-.
*R6l.
464.
-6-.
-64.
465.
466.
46T.
1 A further example in the BM from the same obv. and rev. dies is struck on a dupondius flan.
}-
-Y
Oo
Rome: Asses
laur. r.
laur. r.
269. A. CLAVD . . . GER laur. r. (46) Genius + BM, G, Vog 344 |252
*272. D. CLAVDIVS ... GERMANIC (44) Apollo TRPOT H (V) BM 373 256
rad. r.
rad. r.
rad. r.
275. D. CLAVD ... GERMAN rad. r. (44) Apollo TRP BM (P) (RC) 368 |254
277. A. CLAVD . . . GER bare r. (28) Janus TERRA door r. Ox, F I74
*278. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER laur. r. (47) Victory BM, P 322 |240
Rome: Asses
*283. | NERO CAESAR AVG GERM (28) Janus TERRA door r. +|BM, P, Ox 169 |225
IMP r.
286. | NERO CAESAR AVG GERM (28) Janus TERRA door r. Ox, ANS
IMP 1.
* There is no external feature to distinguish Victory asses of Issue IVB from those of issue IVC, but they seem to
have been struck concurrently with the two Janus temple types (see p. 83).
*-
OO
Rome: Asses
*288.
289.
*290.
29I.
292.
293.
293A.
*294.
295.
NERO CAESAR AVG GERM (41) Janus VBIG door r. BM, P, Ox 198 |227
IMP r.
NERO CAESAR AVG GERM (41) Janus VBIQ door r. BM, P, RV | 198 |228f.
IMP 1. |
IMP r.
IMP NERO CAESAR AVG (41) Janus VBIQ door r. BM, P, V 203 |230
GERM2 r.
* Obv. dies of this issue (one with head r., the other with head 1.) have been used to strike a curious two-headed coin
in the ANS.
Rome: Asses
297. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG (41) Janus VBIQ door r. + BM, P, RT 203 || 23 I
GERM 1.
*300. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG (42) Janus VBIG door l. + BM, H, Mun 196 |233
GERMANIC r.
302. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG (41) Janus VBIG door r. Her
GERMANIC 1.
}-
Oo
Rome: Semisses
SEMISSES
*304. | D. CLAVDIVS ... GERMANIC r. (48). PON MAX TRP IMP PP G (Wal) (M2)
305. D. CLAVDIVS ... GERM r. (48) PON MAX TRP IMP PP BM (C)(Vie) 26o
306. A. CLAVDIVS ... GERM r. (49) [CERTAMEN QVINQ P(N) (Ox) 408
ROM CO.
CO.
Issue II
No semisses
308. | NERO CLAV CAE AVG (49) CERTA QVINQ ROMCO. S. BM (P) (ANS) 404 |274
309. NERO CLAV CAE AVG (49) CERTA QVINQ ROM CO. S. RT (N) (Bl)
Rome: Semisses
310. NERO CAESAR AVG IMP (49) CERT QVINQ ROM CO. S. BM (RV)(C) | 400 |270
TR POT PP laur r.
312. NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR (49) CERT QVINQ ROM CO. S. BM (RT) (Ox)|| 399 |269
GER laur. r.
316. | NERO CAESAR AVG IMP (49) CERTA QVINQ ROMCON. S. BM (RV) (Ox)|| 406
laur. r.
3I7. (49) CER QVINQ ROM CO. S. |+| Ox, RT, Rec || 379 |267
319. | NERO CAESAR AVG IMP (49) CER QVINQ ROMCO. S. Her
laur. l.
320. NERO CAES AVG IMP (49) CERTA QVINQ ROMCON. S. +|BM, P, RV 405 |275ff.
laur. r.
322. (49) CERTA QVINQ ROM CO. S. + | BM, P, Mil 403 || 273
k-
OO
->
Rome: Semisses
332. NERO CAE AVG IMP laur. r. (49) CERT QVINQ ROMCON. S BM (RT) 40I
(Cam)
Rome: Quadrantes
BP
486
4-
4-
2E
I4
4RT
R 2V {Ban)
418
CoU.
P {Ox) {2V)
G, 2-, V
V, P, BM
ANS
BM
BM
Reverse
PON M PP -MP PP
-MP PP
PON M PP -MP PP
I PP -MP PP
I PP -MP PP
I PP -MP PP
GER I PP -MP PP v
QUADRANBES
Bypes as Issue II
GERM Col
Obverse
*BM8.
BMT-
-RT.
-RTA.
No.
BM6.
*BMT-
*IR
K-4
Co
CN
Rome: Quadrantes
346. NERO CLAV CAE AVG Owl | PM TRP IMP PP BM, V, (RT) 412 302
353. NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER Col BM, RC, RV 428 |294
356. NERO CL CAE AVG GER Col P (BM) (RD) 424 |291
*An example in the ANS has an additional SC on the obverse under the altar. A coin in Turin, and another in Oxford
&
Rome: Quadrantes
357. NERO CLAVD CAES AVG GER Owl | PM TRP IMP PP Bl 4I5
358. | NERO CLAVD CAE AVG GER Col BM, RV, B 287
*360. | NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER Owl V, BM, B1 4I4 |288f.
*362. NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER Owl | PM TRP IMP PP SC BM, Bi, T 290
Lugdunum: Sestertii -
OO
Lugdunum
SESTERTII
403. A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP P. r. (25) Decursior. AC 13, Hall
*405. A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP PP r. (21) Adlocutio BM (P) (Ry) 303
Obverse - |
4I2.
4I3.
4I4.
4I5.
416.
4I7.
418.
*419.
*42o.
42I.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
A.D. 65
Lugdunum: Sestertii
(25) Decursio r. Ly
* An example in the Hermitage with these types and legends has obv. legend reading outwardly O
* An example in Madrid with these types has the obv. legend reading outwardly O.
K-
\O
Lugdunum: Sestertii
Lugdunum: Sestertii
K-
*C)
No
Lugdunum: Sestertii
Lugdunum: Sestertii
No.
486.
487.
488.
489.
- Obverse
C. PM TR POT PP r.
C. PM TR POT PP 1.
C. PM TR P PP r.
(22) Annona M
(25) Decursior. M
(22) Annona M, H
Lugdunum: Dupondii
K-4
DUPONDII
*490. A. CLAVD ... GER . . . IMP Pr. (36) Macellum P (L) Man
*493. A. CLAVD ... GER . . . IMP PP r. (36) Macellum +|BM, LG, Wui, 276 |335
Al
LG
498. A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP Pr. (36) Macellum + | RT, Mun, Her
Lugdunum: Dupondii
504. A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP PP r. (36) Macellum RV, ANS 277
507. A. CLAVD ... GER . . . IMP PP 1. (36) Macellum + | BM, P, N 277 |336f.
510. A. CLAVDIVS ... GER ... IMP Pr. (37) Securitas May 296
514. A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP P 1. (39) Victorial. wk. BM, P
K-
\O
CN
Lugdunum: Dupondii
* There is no external feature to distinguish Victoria dupondii of Issue VI from those of Issue V, but the study of
dies demonstrates that the Victoria type was struck concurrently with the new Securitas type of Issue VI
Lugdunum: Dupondii
Lugdunum: Asses -
ASSES
GERMAN r.
*539. | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo BM (H) (V) 37o ||255
GERMANIC 1.
*541. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo TRPOT C (May), May
GERMANICVS r.
*542. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo TRPOT BM (P), May 372 |237
GERMANICVS 1.
543. | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo TRPOT + | Cam, BM, P 364 |376
GERMANICVS r.
Lugdunum: Asses
*547. | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo TRPOT BM, P, RT 364 |377
GERMANICVS 1.
May
551. | NERO CSAVD CAESAR AVG (44) Apollo TRPOT SVer 364
GERMANICV r.
GERMANICV 1.
||-
* On this coin the legend on the shield is SCPR. See RIC 232
No
Lugdunum: Asses
570.
57I.
572.
573.
*574.
575.
576.
A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP Pr. (45) Ara +|BM, W, Bl 360
A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP PP r. (44) Apollo TRPOT +|P, Ox, May" | 365
A. CLAVD ... GER ... IMP PP 1. (44) Apollo TRPOT May 365
Lugdunum: Asses
Lugdunum: Asses
Obverse
Reverse
Coll.
2E
BM-
C. P MAX P PP 1.
C. P M P PO- PP r.
C. P M P P PP r.
Issue L-VI
C. P MAX P P PP r.
C. P MAX P P PP 1.
(4T) Victory
(E) Victory
(45) Ara
(E) Victory
(46)
(4T)
Genius
Victory
(47) Victory
(E) Victory
BM, P, BM
Sp
BM, RBM Ox
BM, BM May
B, Br
BM, P, V
BM, P, BM
-4
RT6
18-
-4
-4
1 There is no simple feature to distinguish Victory Asses of Issue VI from those of Issue V, but there are good reasons
for supposing that the Victory Asses were struck parallel with the sestertii and dupondii of Issue VI (see p. 107).
No.
*604.
605.
606.
607.
*608.
*609.
6IO.
Lugdunum: Semisses
Obverse Reverse
SEMISSES
A.D. 65
AVG GERMANICVS r.
AVG GERMANICVS 1.
AVG GERMAN 1. |
P(BM) (ANS)
BM
Mac
Ox (L), ANS
BM (Ox)
BM (RT) (Ox)
Bl
262
397
4OI
396
Lugdunum: Semisses
6II. NERO CLAVD CAESAR (48) PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP Nij, ANS
AVG GERMA r.
614. | NERO CLAVD CAESAR (48). PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP BM (S) (M) 26o 399
AVG GERM r.
617. | NERO CLAVD CAESAR (48). PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP BM 260 |400
AVG GERM 1.
62O. | IMP NERO CAESAR (48) PONTIF MAx TR POT IMP PP BM, Ox (Mun), 263 |402
AVG r.
624. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG 1. (48) PONTIF MAX TR POT PP BM (M) (Ox) || 257 |403
Lugdunum: Semisses
625. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG | (48) PONTIF MAX TR POT PP BM, ANS 259
PONTIF r.
628. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG | (48) MAX TRIB POT PP Webb 242
PONTIF 1.
*630. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG | (48) MAX TRIB POT PP H, (P) (M) 241
PONT r.
*631. (49) CER QVINQ ROMAE CON + RV, BM, Ox 395 |393
632. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG | (49) CER QVINQ ROMAE CON BM, M 395
PONT 1.
633. | IMP NERO CAESAR AVG | (48) TRIB POT PP BM (P) (RT) 272 |404
P MAX r.
* This BM coin (formerly in the Walters Coll.) is in orichalcum and weighs 8.45 gm. It seems to be an orichalcum
* The end of the obverse legend of this ANS coin is not clear.
206
Nero, there are some extremely rare coins in good style, sometimes
the new dies were being prepared may not have been available;
different types.
patterns:
ROME
(uniface)
(uniface)
(overstrike)
(overstrike)
LUGDUNUM
(uniface)
(overstrike)
207
AVGVSTVS AVGVSTA
AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS
CONCORDIA AVGVSTA
EX SC
IVPPITER CUSTOS
NERO CAESAR
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
Aur.
Den.
35
I-2I
Aur.
35-53
26
58
32-33
6569
3031
6264
. 25, 30, 32
57, 62, 65
22
54
4-2I
3853
2329
55-61
ROMA
SALVS
VESTA
VICT AVG
Den. 5051
INDEX OF LEGENDS-AES
Sest. 84, 91, 96, Io2, Io3, 118, 127,401, 403A, 405,
Sest. 71, 77
ADLOCVT COH
ADLOCVT COH SC
ARA PACIS SC
CER QVINQ ROM CON SC C. Sem. 607, 613, 616, 619, 623
454, 461
O. As 258, 261
GENIO AVGVSTI SC
IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONTIF MAX TRIB POT PP Sest. 430-436
C. As 580583
C. As 584589
C. As 590-596, 602603
C. As 598599
Dup. 535-536
C. As 600-601
MAC AVG
MAC AVG SC
Sest. 155159
Sest. I60-166
Dup. 228237
Sest. 167174
Dup. 238241
Sest. 175176
Dup. 189, 192, 197, 202, 203, 207, 490, 493, 498,
C. As 283-293
Sest. 135136
O. Sem. 310311
O. Sem. 316319
O. Sem. 320-331
O. Sem. 332333
C. As 242, 152
Dup. 182
O. As 266
C. As 278
Dup. 510, 5 II
O. As 257259
C. As 246, 247
O. As 262-265, 272
C. Sem. 304
C. As 248
C. As 249, 250
GERMANICVS
GERMANICV
GERMANIC
GERMANI
GERMAN
GERMA
GERM
GER
GE
C. Sem. 305
C. Q. 336
Dup. 185
C. As 253
C. As 245
O. As 269, 276
Sest. 403-404
C. As 253, 561-569
C. As 552-560
C. As 541-55o
. As 273
. Sem. 605609
As 551
. Sem. 61o
. Sem. 611-613
. Sem. 614619
PONTIF MAX TR P PP SC
PONTIF MA TR P IMP PP SC
PON MA TR P IMP PP SC
. Q. 359-362
. Q. 342, 346
. Q. 355
. Q. 339
. Q. 352
. Q. 340A, 356
. Q. 345, 347
est. 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 148, 149, 153, 154,
156, 157, 159, 162, 165, 166, 170, 171, 149, 426,
436, 441,449,463,475,481
302
. As 362
. As 257, 259,260
As 246-250, 254
. As 264, 273-275
Sem. 622
Sem. 606
PON M TR P IMP PP
PON M TR P IMP PP SC
P M TRP IMP PP
P M TRP IMP PP SC
P M TRP PP S SC
PORT AVG SC
ROMA SC
SC
SCPR SC
SECVRITAS AVGVSTI
SECVRITAS AVGVSTI SC
SPQR SC
TRIB POT PP SC
TR PON PP S SC
TR POT PP S SC
VICTORIA AVGVSTI
VICTORIA AVGVSTI SC
Q. 336
Q. 338
Q. 345
Q. 339-34o A
Q. 357-362
483, 486
Dup. 2II, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225, 227, 233,
Sest. 9o, 95, IoI, III, II 7, 126, 134, 175, 4 Io, 414,
C. As 550
C. Sem. 633
O. Sem. 330335
Dup. 191, 194, 196, 199, 200, 205, 206, 208, 209,
492, 495, 496, 5oo, 503, 506, 509, 5 II, 513, 5 I4,
536
Concordance: BMC
2I5
36
35
37
4.
34
39
45
46
47
48
49
50
5I
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
6O
61
52
BMC
89
90
9I
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
IOO
IOI
IO2
Io3
IO4
Io5
Io6
Io7
Io8
Io9
I IO
III
II2
II3
II4
II5
II6
117
II8
II9
216
BMC
I33
I34
I35
136
137
138
I39
I4o
I4I
I42
I43
I44
I45
I46
I47
148
I49
I5o
I51
I52
I53
I54
I55
156
158
I59
I6O
I6I
I62
163
164
165
I66
167
168
169
17o
171
172
I73
I74
I75
176
177
178
179
I57
18O
MAC DowALL
Io5
II3
IO6
IO6
87
Io.7
88
93
I31
Io8
Io8
II4
89
94
Io9
IO9
Io9
Concordance: BMC
217
BMC
Mac Dowall
BMC
Mac Dowall
277
320
320
426
363
576
278
320
321
44i
364
598
279
329
322
436
365
584
280
315
420
366
572
281
33i
324
421
367
572
282
33i
325
421
368
544
283
318
326
477
369
567
284
330
327
442
370
59i
285
335
328
45i
37i
595
286
337
329
422
372
287
358
33o
323
2I8
I I, 35
28 +
9 2, 36
lo 3, 37
II-I6 +
17 34
I8 4, 38
I9 5, 39
2O 6
2I 7, 40
22 8, 41
23 +
24 9, 42
25 IO, 43
26 II, 44
27 I2, 45
28 I3, 46
29 I4, 47
3O I5, 48
3I 16, 49
32 17
33 18, 5o
34 I9, 51
35 2O
36 2I
37-40 +
4I 23, 55
42 22, 54
43 24, 56
44 26
45 25, 57
46 30, 62
47 32, 65
48 +
49 +
50 27, 5o
5I 67
52 28, 6o
53 3I, 64
54 33, 66
55 +
56 68
57 +
58 29, 61
59 +
6o 69
6I II8
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
7o
71
MAC DOWALL
415
415
96
IO2
84
9I
444
416, 423
Concordance: RIC
2I9
RIC
I52
I53
I54
I55
156
I57
158
I59
I6o
I6 I
I62
163
I64
165
I66
167
I68
169
17o
171
172
173
I74
I75
177
178
179
176
I8O
I81
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
I90
I9I
I92
I93
I94
I95
I96
I97
198
I99
2OO
MAC DOWALL
III
117
90
95
466,472
443, 452
284
I44
I4o
2I4
I59
157
171
220
RIC
298
299
3oo
3OI
302
303
3o4
305
307
308
309
3Io
3II
312
313
3I4
315
316
317
318
319
320
32I
322
324
325
326
327
323
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
34o
341
342
343
344
345
MAC DowALL
188
185
177
516, 517
536
524,526
522
500, 503
495
205, 208
194, 196
I99
I9I
206, 209
230
571, 576
598
Categories excluded
such as:
Cappadocia
pp. 89-II6
semisses that can hardly have been part of the regular production
The catalogue also excludes varieties that I have not been able to
are now in the British Museum, and several interesting coins from
Among the varieties excluded are those coins in BMC and RIC
semisses and the product of the Mint of Moesia are summarized after
nature of the unofficial issues, that the regular pattern of the official
BMC
catalogue.
AVG GERM PM TRP XIII PP; and XIII has been reworked
into IMP
BMC
2II
239
309
372
39I
405-27
fit into the pattern of the issues at Rome, and its style is
well be false.
RIC
28
III6
23
37-40
48
Denarius COH 212 (P), but the coin with this legend in
Aureus, Denarius BM
aurei struck from the same obverse and reverse dies. The
224
RIC
49
55
57
59
72
79a
(PLATE XXII, v)
which has SC
Varieties Excluded
225
RIC
(Plate XXIII, z)
MacDowall 119.
(101.29 Sm-)
MacDowall 120.
226
RIC
I2O
I43
I5I
158
BM 309 has this legend, but the reverse is worn and seems
... GERM laur. l., and the entry in Cohen seems to refer
Rome.
C. As Sydenham 12 (Carfrae)
laur. r.
are struck from the same obverse and reverse dies, and
laur. r.
They are all modern forgeries. But the BM coin has been
Varieties Excluded
227
RIC
is MacDowall 171.
toward the end of the legend and probably had TRP XIII
The coin in Naples with this obverse has the reverse type
the preceding entry COH 146 has these types and legends
228
RIC
189
I90
I95
I99
2O2
Ostia have NERO CAESAR AVG GERM IMP laur. r.; this
num mint and have the Lugdunum globe. It seems that the
RIC
2O4
217
223
229
230
has the same legend with Janus VBIG door l. and Cohen's
pl. II, fig. 28) has been reworked, and the present S, R
(of ROMA) and the wreath have been tooled in. The wreath
shield ROMA, SC
230
RIC
23I
232
234A
235
236
legend.
But COH 285 and the coin in Paris which it describes has
the obverse legend B. CLAVD ... GERM ... TRP XIII, i.e.
is MacDowall I68.
SeSt. BM
TRP XIII laur. l., i.e. is MacDowall 174. The variety with
RIC
237
239
240
243
245
246
247
Sest. Berlin
The Berlin coin with this reverse (cast in BM) has obverse
I69.
COH 189 and the coin in Paris which the entry describes
and parazonium
zonium
232
RIC
248
249
250
25I
254
255
Mayenne no. 122, but I have not been able to confirm the
reading.
laur. r.
paraz.)
laur. r.
C. Sem. BM
C. Sem. BM
The only BM coin with this reverse legend and its head
is MacDowall 618.
RIC
256
258
26I
264
265
266
globe
exergue
globe
Mayenne no. 123, but I have not been able to confirm the
reading.
I have not been able to verify this variety, which COH 239
234
RIC
269
273
275
28O
283
284
Both the coins in Paris with this reverse legend have the
in MacDowall 330.
P IMP PP bare r.
field near the PP and N and there seems to have been some
COH 358 has this variety with head rad. r., i.e. MacDowall
I86.
Dup. Belfort
RIC
288
3O2
3I3
326
328
334
de Sarcus)
Mayenne no. 155, but I have not been able to confirm the
reading.
526.
COH 350 and the coin in Paris which it describes has the
globe
? C. As Sydenham 45 (Grau)
236
RIC
339
340
34I
348
349
352
354
269.
COH IoI has head laur. r. and seems to omit T i.e. the
RIC
355
357
358
359
360
361
260.
of value.
259.
257.
238
RIC
362
363
366
367
369
MacDowall 537.
no. 4.)
262.
272.
Varieties Excluded
239
RIC
pp. 90 ff.
laur. r.
384 C. Sem. BM
607.
240
RIC
393
394
398
409
4I7
42O
42I
MacDowall 631.
bare r.
out SC
Varieties Excluded
241
RIC
422 Or. Q. BM
or 355-
429 Or. Q. BM
242
RIC
436
437
438
439-44I
442
443
336.
Cohen stated.
it, have NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER and the coin is a
pp. 9off.
Denarius BM.
Plated Denarii
The following varieties of denarii, which are hybrid coins that combine an obverse type of one issue
with the reverse type of another, are not represented in hoards and prove on close inspection to be
plated. Being known only from fourre examples they must therefore be distinguished from the regular
Head bare r.
Head laur. r.
(4) Vesta BM 57
(12) Vesta C
The following varieties of copper semisses are known only from irregular coins, that can hardly have
been official products of a regular mint (see my article Nero's Altar of Lugdunum Type, SM 59
(1) | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GRM | ROMA [SC] P 239 272
(3) | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER CER QVINQ ROM CON SC | Webb 387
(4) | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GRM | CER QVINQ ROM CON, SC | BM
(PLATE XXI, g)
(5) | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM CER QVINQ ROMAE CON BM 394
(6) | NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM Altar of Lugdunum Nij. P. 438 256
(PLATE XXI, e)
Mint of Moesia
The following copper asses with Latin legends should be distinguished from the western coinages
of Nero. In Two Roman Countermarks of A.D. 68, NC 1960, pp. 10312, I attribute them to a mint in
Moesia.
(PLATE XXI, i, j)
(2) | Head laur. l. PROVIDENT, SC. Square altar ANS, Got,Trau, 440 255
Several coins from this mint are countermarked TAABA as the sestertius (PLATE XXI, d) and the
APPENDIX
(A.D. 64/66)
(A.D. 68)
8. Vespasian Wruck 88 90 Io
9. Tiberius Syd. 42 72 28
to Dr. Hall, Mr. Ainsley and Miss Emeleus for providing these results.
247
p. II.
249
8.o
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.o
Tiberius Gaius
Claudius
==
T=
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 Io 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 3o 32 34
8.o
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.o
Nero (Pre-Reform)
Nero (Post-Reform)
2 4 6 8 1o 12 14 16
2 4 6 8 Io 12 14
250
4.O
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3. I
3.o
2.9
2.8
Nero Nero
(Pre- (Post-
4 6 8 2 4 6 2 4 6 8 Io 12 14 2 4 6 2 4 6
25I
I5.4
I5.2
I5.o
I4.8
I4.6
I4.4
I4.2
I4.O
13.8
13.6
I3.4
24682468246246246
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6 |
3.5
3-4 |
3.3 L]
#| || ||| H. F.
2.9
3.O
246246246246246
Claudius
2468
Nero Issues
II III IV V
SESTERTII
DUPONDII
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1820 22 2 4 6 8 1o 12 14 2 4 6 8
(Based on the weights of coins in BMCRE I [Claudius]; Chapter 4 above [Nero Issue II];
VI
253
Nero Issues
I3.5
I3.o
12.5
I2.O.
II.5
II.O.
Io.5
I.O.O.
9.5
9.o
2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 8 Io 12 14 16 2 4 6 8 2 4 6
the British Museum, Oxford, Cambridge, Glascow, Milan, Vatican and Vienna coll. [Issues IV-VI])
Io.o 3.5o
9.5 3.25
9.o 3.oo
8.5 | 2.75
8.o | 2.5o
7.5 2.25
7.o | 2.O.O.
6.5 1.75
6.o 1.5o
2 4 6 8 Io 12 14 2 4 6 8 I.25
2626246
7. MINT OF ROME: 4 4
Chapter 4 above [Issue II]; other orichalcum (Based on the weights of coins quoted in
asses noted by MacDowall [Issue III]) Chapter 4 above [Issue II]; in the British
254
32
31
3o
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
2I
2O
I9
18
17
16
15
I4
I3.
I2
II
Io
III
IVA
IVB
li
|-
H.
=||
Nero Issues
2 4 6 8 Io 12
2 4 6 8 10
2468
Io
2468
2 4 6 8 Io 12
(Based on the weights of coins quoted in Chapter 6 above [Issue III]; in the British Museum, Ox
Appendix III
255
PP
Variations as noted:
5 Congiarium l. Paris
ANS
A 3 =: Ostia Oxford
P7 Arch Oxford
Stockholm
Ryan, 2285
8 Ostia BM 133
Vienna
P 12 Decursior BM 147
Oxford
Stiavelli, 405
Cambridge
Hall, to88
Oxford photo
3o Decursior. Oxford
Annona
Naples
A 1.1 (f) P 14
P.32
P 16
17
18
19
A 12 (e) P 16
~:
A 13 (f) P 14
P 21
P 19
A 14 (e) P 19
P22
A 15 (e) P23
A 16 (h) P24
A 17 (e) P 21
P 26
P 21
P 27
P28
A 18 (e)
P29
A 19 (e) P29
Decursiol.
Decursiol.
Congiarium l.
Decursio l.
Decursio 1.
Ostia
Ostia
Ostia
Ostia
Ostia
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Ostia
Ostia
Decursior.
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Decursio i.
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Decursio 1.
Arch
Decursio l.
Decursio l.
Janus TERRA
door l.
Decursio l.
Decursiol.
BM 187
PLATES
II
--
|-
ols' sin-
VI
VII
IX
XI
IIIX
AIX
ww.os.
--
\\
XV
4.9412)
494(1)
494
XVI
494(3)
515
03
502
NERO
IIXX
XXIV
XXV
---