Hydrology Report ORDI MHPP Rev 00

Hydrology report
Pekerjaan Desain Rinci dan Studi Kelayakan

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mini Hidro (PLTM) ORDI 2 x 5.0 MW
Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat, Propinsi Sumatera Utara
PREFACE
The Hydrology Reports for Ordi Mini Hidro Power Plant (MHPP) is prepared by
considering the existing natural resources of renewable energy utilization. This is in line
with government policy in the strategy of utilization of renewable energy sources to
reduce fossil fuel power plants.
The Development plan of Ordi MHPP is situated at the Village Namoseng, District Sitellu
Rope Urang Julu, District Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatra Province. Lae Ordi watershed is
an area that has potential of renewable energy is wide enough to be supported by a
topography and water resources is still probably to be developed.
This study is intended to describes an overview preparatory study for Ordi Mini-Hydro
Power Plant project. With this study is expected to provide information aspects about
feasibility aspect of Ordi MHPP.
Similarly, this study reports prepared, in order to meet the goals and objectives of minihydro power plant development in the District of Phakpak Bharat - North Sumatra
Province.
Bandung,
October 2014
PT. Bangun Nusantara Engineering
Hydrology report
CONTENT
PREFACE......................................................................................
PREFACE
CONTENT.....................................................................................
CONTENT
ii
LIST OF FIGURE..............................................................................
FIGURE
iv
LIST OF TABLE................................................................................
TABLE
PRELIMINARY...................................................................
1-1
1.1
General.........................................................................
1-1
1.2
Location........................................................................
1-1
1.3
River Drainage Area...........................................................
1-2
1.4
Report Order...................................................................
1-3
HYDROLOGICAL DATA................................................................
2-1
2.1
General.........................................................................
2-1
2.2
Rainfall.........................................................................
2-1
2.3
Hidro-climatology.............................................................
2-2
FLOOD DISCHARGE...................................................................
3-1
3.1
General.........................................................................
3-1
3.2
Design Rainfall.................................................................
3-1
3.2.1 Abnormality Test of Rainfall Data.................................
3-2
3.2.2 Frequency Analysis of Rainfall.....................................
3-3
3.2.3 Compliance Test Frequency Distribution.........................
3-5
3.2.4 Return Period of Maximum Daily Rainfall........................
3-8
Distribution of Hourly Rainfall..............................................
3-8
3.3.1 Distribution of Hourly Rainfall with Mononobe Methods.......
3-9
3.3.2 Ratio of Hourly Rainfall.............................................
3-9
3.3.3 Drainage Coefficient.................................................
3-11
Flood Hydrograph.............................................................
3-12
WATER AVAILABILITY ANALYSES.....................................................
4-1
4.1
General.........................................................................
4-1
4.2
Discharge Analysis.............................................................
4-1
4.2.1 FJ. Mock Methods....................................................
4-1
4.2.2 NRECA Methods.......................................................
4-3
3.3
3.4
4
ii
Hydrology report
4.3
Evapotranspiration............................................................
4-6
4.4
Water Availability Calculation..............................................
4-6
4.5
Selection of the generation of discharge.................................
4-9
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION..............................................
5-1
5.1
Conclution......................................................................
5-1
5.2
Recomendation................................................................
5-3
iii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1-1
Location of Ordi MHPP....................................................
1-2
Figure 1-2
Catchment Area of ORDI MHPP..........................................
1-3
Figure 3-1
Hydrograph of Design Flood Ordi MHPP with Snyder Methods. . . .
3-16
Figure 3-2
Unit Hydrograph of Nakayasu Methods................................
3-18
Figure 3-3
Hydrograph of Design Flood in Ordi MHPP with Nakayasu Methods
3-21
Figure 4-1
Lae Ordi Flow Duration Curve at ORDI MHPP.........................
4-8
Figure 4-2
Rainfall Time Series and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP.....
4-9
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2-1
Monthly Rainfall Data of Parlilitan Station...........................
2-2
Table 2-2
Rainy Day Data of Parlilitan Station....................................
2-2
Table 2-3
Climatological Data of Sitinjo Station.................................
2-3
Table 3-1
Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Ordi MHPP..........................
3-2
Table 3-2
Maximum Daily Rainfall at Ordi MHPP.................................
3-2
Table 3-3
Abnormalities Test of Maximum Daily Rainfall........................
3-3
Table 3-4
Frequency Analyses the Maximum Daily Rainfall.....................
3-4
Table 3-5
Chi-Kuadrat Test of Rainfall with Gumbel Tipe I Method..........
3-6
Table 3-6
Smirnov-Kolmogorov Test of Rainfall...................................
3-7
Table 3-7
Return Period Recapitulation on Maximum Daily Rainfall..........
3-8
Table 3-8
Rainfall Design with Gumbel Tipe I Methods..........................
3-8
Table 3-9
Distribution of hourly rainfall with Mononobe Methods.............
3-10
Table 3-10
Drainage Coefficient in Catchment Area..............................
3-11
Table 3-11
Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Snyder Methods. .
3-14
Table 3-12
Recapitulation of flood Discharge with Snyder Methods............
3-14
Table 3-13
Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Nakayasu Methods
3-19
Table 3-14
Recapitulation of Design Flood with Nakayasu Methods............
3-19
Table 3-15
Summary of Flood Design Calculation.................................
3-21
Table 4-1
Recapitulation of Evapotranspiration Calculation with Penman Method 4-6
Table 4-2
Recapitulation of Water Availability Analysis.........................
4-7
Table 4-3
Comparison of Methods Design Debit FJ. Mock and Methods NRECA:
4-7
Table 4-4
Correlation between Rainfall and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP
4-9
1
PRELIMINARY
1.1 General
In general, hydrological analysis is a part of the initial analysis in the design of
Hydro Power Plant Project. This has the sense that the information and
magnitudes obtained in hydrological analysis is a critical input in the
subsequent analysis. Basically the development of Hydro Power Plant Project
should be designed based on a standard design right, which will produce a
satisfactory design.
Therefore in this matter is necessary to make a separate hydrological report.
1.2
Location
Location of study area is at Lae River, Namoseng Village - District of Sitellu
Rope Urang Julu and District of Phakpak Bharat - North Sumatra Province.
Geographically located at coordinates 02 30'44.13 "N and 98 25'26.67" E.
Pictures of sites are as follows:
Figure 1-1
1.3
Location of Ordi MHPP
River Drainage Area

The ORDI MHPPs, the main stream length is 16.77 km with has extensive river
drainage area sum of 117.17 km2. Figure watershed and rainfall station can be
seen in figure 1.2 as follows:
Figure 1-2
1.4
Catchment Area of ORDI MHPP
Report Order
Preparation of Hydrology report consists of:
1. Chapter I Preliminary
The background of hydrological analysis and a general description of work
location, and systematic presentation of the report.
2. Chapter II Hydrological Data
Contains the data that is needed to perform hydrologic analysis. The type
of data presented in this report is the rainfall data and climatological
data.
3. Chapter III Design Flood

Contains of such as hydrograph flood discharge with return period 2, 5,
10, 25, 50, 100, by first determining the design of high rainfall and
rainfall distribution unused. The method of analysis used is Nakayasu
Snyder and Methods.
4. Chapter IV Water Availability Analysis
Contains of such as rainfall data into the data processing flow, which will
be very useful if the location of the study area is not obtained discharge
data for further planning. Mainstream of discharge calculation is applied
is by using Mock Methods and NRECA Methods.
5. Chapter V Conclusions and Recomendation
Contains the conclusion of the feasibility study in terms of hydrology and
also advice needed for the next planning phase.
2H
YDROLOGICAL DATA
2.1 General
Climatological data used in this project is the data taken from the nearest
observation station with the study area, namely Climatological Station Sitinjo,
located at Sitinjo District of Dairi. Climate data includes data recorded
temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation old, and surface wind speed.
Based on the results of the analysis of local rainfall, it rains a graduated station
closest to the area of study is Parlilitan Station.
Rainfall observation data from the station in the form of daily data, recorded
from 2002 to 2011. Furthermore, the description of the circumstances and
characteristics of the climate in the study area can be explained in detail in the
following paragraph.
2.2 Rainfall
Rainfall data taken from the rain in a graduated station Parlilitan representing
Regional District Watershed hydrology Lae Ordi.
Because rainfall stations used in the analysis of rainfall is singular that Parlilitan
Rainfall Station, the station is having an affect on the location of the study,
therefore the weight factor is one.
Stasiun Hujan
Letak Geografis
Periode Data
Parlilitan
020 30 30 LU dan 980 33 10 BT
2002 20111
Table 2-1
Monthly Rainfall Data of Parlilitan Station

1
Table 2-2
Rainy Day Data of Parlilitan Station
2.3 Hidro-climatology
Climatological data used in the planning of Ordi Mini Hydro Power Plant taken
from climatological station closest to the project site is Climatological Station
Sitinjo, located at Sitinjo District of Dairi in the duration of 2002 until 2009.
From the climatological data can be known climatic conditions in the vicinity of
the location, where based on recorded data that have been analyzed are as
follows:
Table 2-3
Climatological Data of Sitinjo Station
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3F
LOOD DISCHARGE
3.1 General
Determination of flood discharge planning and design flood for supporting Mini
Hydro Power is to use observational data the annual maximum flood discharge
long-term in each river, because through the observation of long-term flood
discharge can be calculated in addition to the magnitude of the flood discharge
plan can also be known characteristics of the flood.
Due to the location of Ordi Mini Hydro Power Plant no complete discharge of
observational data, the calculation of design of flood discharge in this study used
the analysis of rainfall analyses transformed into synthetic flood hydrograph.
3.2 Design Rainfall

The design raifall is the largest amount of rainfall that occurred at a certain
return period with a certain chance anyway. The plan rainfall analysis methods
election analysis of the suitability of the data depends on the basic parameters
of the relevant statistics or can be selected based on technical considerations.
Maximum precipitation are presented in Table 3.1 as follows:
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Table 3-4
Table 3-5
Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Ordi MHPP
Maximum Daily Rainfall at Ordi MHPP
After obtaining the maximum daily rainfall data, the next step is to test
abnormalities the data rainfall.
3.2.1 Abnormality Test of Rainfall Data

This test is used to determine whether the data is the largest and the
smallest of the existing data sets fit for use or not
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Table 3-6
Abnormalities Test of Maximum Daily Rainfall
Abnormalities of the above test results of all the data obtained during the
10-year rainfall observations can be used for further calculations
3.2.2 Frequency Analysis of Rainfall

Calculation of frequency analysis in this work is aimed to calculate design
rainfall, which will be used to calculate the design of flood water level.
Flood water level is influential in determining the design of weir high.
There are six frequency analysis method used in this study are: Normal
Distribution,
Log
Normal
Distribution
parameters,
Log
Normal
Distribution 3 parameters, Gumbel Distribution Type 1, Type III

Distribution Pearson and Log Pearson Type III distribution. Methods are
selected based on absolute deviation (| Dmaks | smallest). The results of
the calculations are shown in Table 3.4.
The smallest value of the maximum deviation = 0.733 is the Gumbel
distribution Type 1. Then the value of the results of this distribution is
done Distribution Compliance Test.
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Table 3-7
Frequency Analyses the Maximum Daily Rainfall
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Distribution Change of Gumbel Tipe I

Estimating equations flood / rain Q-year plan period:
T(X )

6
1
0,5772 ln
T(X )

where :
K
Frequency Factor
The calculation of the basic parameters of the maximum daily rainfall

statistics with Ordi mini hydro power Gumbel Type I method can be seen
in Table 3.7 and Table 3.8.
3.2.3 Compliance Test Frequency Distribution

To determine whether the maximum daily rainfall data is correct
according to the theoretical distribution of the selected type, it is
necessary to further testing. For the purposes of conformance test
analysis used two statistical methods, namely the method of Chi-square
and Kolmogorov-Smirnov method.
-
Uji Chi-Square Test (X2)

This method is similar to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method, ie to test
the correctness of the distribution that is used in the calculation of
the frequency of analysis. Distributions declared true if the value X2
from the calculation is smaller than the critical X2 are still allowed.
Chi-square method is obtained by the formula:
Where :
=
critical value calculation results
Ef
value of expected frequency
Of
Value of observed frequency
Number of data
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X2 critical limits depending on the degree of freedom and the value

of . For this case the degree of freedom has a value obtained from
the following calculation:
DK
JK ( P + 1 )
DK
Degrees of freedom
JK
Number of classes
parameter attachment (P = 2)
Where
Smirnov-Kolmogorov Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is done with the equation Weilbull and
Gumbel (Sri Harto, 1983: 179):
Where :
P
Probability ( % )
serial number of the data
Number of data
The results of the Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as shown

in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 below:
Table 3-8
Chi-Kuadrat Test of Rainfall with Gumbel Tipe I Method
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Table 3-9
Smirnov-Kolmogorov Test of Rainfall
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3.2.4 Return Period of Maximum Daily Rainfall

One goal in the frequency of hydrological data analysis is to determine
the return period of a hydrological events. In this case, the goal is to
determine the amount of rainfall or flood discharge with a certain scale
and with a certain return period. The results of the analysis of the
magnitude of the maximum daily rainfall events for different return
period can be seen in Table 3.7.
Table 3-10
Return Period Recapitulation on Maximum Daily Rainfall
Table 3-11
Rainfall Design with Gumbel Tipe I Methods
3.3 Distribution of Hourly Rainfall

The observations in Indonesia, centralized rain no more than 7 (seven) hours,
then in this calculation assumed a centralized rainfall maximum is six (6) hours a
Hydrology report

day. Hourly rainfall distribution is calculated by using the formula Mononobe

namely:
Where :
Rt
average rainfall intensity (T jam)
R24
Effective precipitation within 1 (one) day
Time started to rain
Time of concentration of rain = 6 (six) hour
3.3.1 Distribution of Hourly Rainfall with Mononobe Methods

The formula used in the models Mononobe is
Where :
Rt
average rainfall intensity in T hour
R24
Effective rainfall within 1 (one) day
Time started to rain
Time concentration of rain = 6 (six) hours
For Indonesia, rata-rata t = 6 jam, maka :

T
1 hour, then R1 = 0,55 R24
2 hour, then R2 = 0,35 R24
3 hour, then R3 = 0,27 R24
4 hour, then R4 = 0,22 R24
5 hour, then R5 = 0,19 R24
6 hour, then R6 = 0,17 R24
3.3.2 Ratio of Hourly Rainfall

Based on the percentage of rainfall events centered above, then do the
distribution of rain at any hour of the rain event of the effective rainfall
of 1 (one) day (R24). The approach of the equation is:
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Where :
Rt
percentage of the average rainfall intensity in t hour
Rt-1
percentage of the average rainfall intensity in the (t - 1) hour
Of annual maximum daily rainfall data that has been processed to obtain
the magnitude of the design rainfall, then to get the net rainfall should
be multiplied by the coefficient of flow (C). Based on the results of the
calculation of the ratio of hourly rainfall above, then from the design
rainfall obtained net hourly rainfall.
Where :
Rn
Rain net (mm/day)
coefficient of drainage
design of maximum daily rainfall (mm/day)
Calculation of hourly rainfall distribution is as follows:

T = 1 hour,
T = 2 hour,
T = 3 hour,
T = 4 hour,
T = 5 hour,
T = 6 hour,
Complete calculation hourly rainfall distribution can be seen in Table 3.9
as follows:
Table 3-12
Distribution of hourly rainfall with Mononobe Methods
10
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3.3.3 Drainage Coefficient

The coefficient of runoff / drainage is variable to determine the amount
of surface runoff, where it is determined based on the condition of the
drainage area and the characteristics of the rain that falls in the area.
Drainage coefficient as shown in Table 3.10 below, based on a judgment
that the drainage coefficient depends on physical factors.
Drainage coefficient are as follow :
Table 3-13
Drainage Coefficient in Catchment Area
Kondisi DAS
Koefisien Pengaliran/ C
Pegunungan Curam
Pegunungan Tersier
Tanah bergelombang dan hutan
Dataran Pertanian
Persawahan yang diairi
Sungai di pegunungan
Sungai di dataran
Sungai besar yang sebagian alirannya
berada di dataran rendah
0,75 0,90
0,70 0,80
0,50 0,75
0,45 0,60
0,70 0,80
0,75 0,85
0,45 0,75
0,50 0,75
Sumber : Suyono Sosrodarsono, (1980)
3.4 Flood Hydrograph

Due to the unavailability of data flooding in locations ordi micro power, then the
calculation for flood hydrograph used synthetic unit hydrograph. In this study
11
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calculated the flood hydrograph Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method Snyder and
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method Nakayasu.
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Snyder Methods

The equation used is as follows:
Where :
L
length of the main river (km)
LC
length of the river basin of the center of gravity to the outlet

(km)
tP
Time lag (jam)
Coefficient proportional (0,1 0,38)
Ct
coefficient that depends on the slope of the watershed (0,75

3,00)
Or determined using Taylor's formula and Schwarz,

qp = Peak unit hydrograph (m3/sc/km2)
Cp = coefficient characteristics of the watershed (0,9 1,4)
Old effective rainfall (Te), is directly affected by a time lag, and are shown
in the form of the equation:
The time required to reach the maximum discharge:

If longer effective rainfall (Te) over precipitation (tr), then there should be a
correction in the time lag:
In order to get the time required to reach the maximum discharge:
With :
duration of effective rainfall
Duration Hydrograph Units starting goes up to the peak (hour)
duration of effective rainfall
12
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Because of the intensity usually taken for each hour, then take the price tr =
1 hour. Time base is calculated by the formula :
And the total maximum flow is calculated with the following formula:
Where :
QP
total maximum discharge (m3/sc)
qP
maximum discharge unit hidrograf (m3/sc/km2)
Area of watershed (Km2)
To get the unit hydrograph arch, use the equation Alexeyev:
W = 1000.h.A
h= Excess rainfaal = 1 mm
Calculation of unit hydrograph Snyder, watersheds and shape hidrograf units

can be seen in the table and figure 3.1
Table 3-14
Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Snyder Methods
13
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Table 3-15
Recapitulation of flood Discharge with Snyder Methods
14
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15
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Figure 3-3
Hydrograph of Design Flood Ordi MHPP with Snyder Methods
Recapitulation of the calculation of flood discharge plan with this method

can be seen in full for each return period in Annex 6 Flood Hydrograph
Calculation Plan.
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Nakayasu Methods

The use of this method, requires several characteristic parameters of the
flow areas, such as:
1.
The grace period from the beginning of the rain until the peak
hydrograph (time of peak)
2.
The period of time from the point of heavy rain to heavy point
hydrograph (time lag)
3.
time base of hydrograph
4.
Area of Watershed (DAS)
5.
length of the longest channel
6.
Coefficient drainage / runoff watershed
16
Hydrology report

Formula of Unit Hydrograph Nakayasu Methods are :
Where :
Qp
peak flood discharge (m3/dt)
Ro
Rainfall unit (mm)
Tp
grace period from the beginning of the rains to flood peak (hours)
T0,3
time required by a decrease in discharge, from peak to 30% of

peak discharge
area of the drainage area to the outlet
oefficient drainage
To determine the approach Tp and T0,3 used the following formula:

Tp
tg + 0,8 tr
T0,3
.tg
tr
0,5 tg sampai tg
With :
tg is the time lag is the time between the rain to flood peak
discharge (hours).
tg is calculated with the following conditions :
River with a length L > 15 Km : tg = 0,4 + 0,058 L
River with a length L < 15 Km : tg = 0,21 L0,7
tr
= Unit time of rainfall (jam)
= Hydrograph Parameter, for :
= 2 In normal drainage area
= 1,5 In the hydrograph rises slowly, and down fast
= 3 In the hydrograph rising fast, and slow down
17
Hydrology report

tr
t
O
0.8 tr
tg
lengkung naik
lengkung turun
Qp
2
0.3 Qp
0.3 Q
Tp
To.3
Figure 3-4
1. During the ride :
1.5 To.3
Unit Hydrograph of Nakayasu Methods
0 < t < Tp
Where :
QT
runoff before it reaches the peak discharge (m3 / s)
time (hours)
Qp
peak flood discharge (m3 / s)
TP
time from the beginning of the rains to flood peak (hours)
2. Decreasing curve
a.
Interval value : 0 t (Tp + T0,3)
b.
Interval value : (TP + T0,3) t (TP + T0,3 + 1,5 T0,3)
c.
Interval value : t >
(Tp + T0,3 + 1,5 T0,3)
The above formula is an empirical formula, then its application to a

watershed should be preceded by a selection corresponding parameters are:
18
Hydrology report

Tp and , and rainfall distribution patterns in order to get a hydrograph

patterns that correspond to the observed flood hydrograph.
Calculation of unit hydrograph Nakayasu, watersheds and the shape of the
unit hydrograph can be seen in Table 3.13 and Figure 3.3
Table 3-16
Table 3-17
Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Nakayasu Methods
Recapitulation of Design Flood with Nakayasu Methods
19
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20
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Figure 3-5
Hydrograph of Design Flood in Ordi MHPP with Nakayasu Methods
Recapitulation of the calculation of flood discharge plan with this method

can be seen in full for each return period in Appendix 7 Calculation of Flood
Hydrograph Plan.
Table 3-18
Summary of Flood Design Calculation
21
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4
WATER AVAILABILITY ANALYSES
4.1 General
There are no AWLR (Automatic Water Level Records) station available in Lae
Ordi, so there is no rcord data of streamflow. In the calculation performed by the
method of discharge mainstream of FJ. MOCK and NRECA Methods
4.2 Discharge Analysis

4.2.1 FJ. Mock Methods
FJ Mock assumes that the rainfall that fall on the watershed (catchment
area)
most
will
be
evaporate
as
evapotranspiration,
some
will
immediately become runoff (direct run off) and some will go into the soil
(infiltration). This infiltration will first top-soil saturate first and then
became percolation into the ground water reservoir that will come out to
the river as the base flow. In this case there must be a balance between
the rainfall that falls with evapotranspiration, direct run-off and
infiltration as soil moisture and ground water discharge. The flow in the
river is the amount of flow that is directly on the soil surface (direct run
off) and base flow.
FJ Mock method has two principle approaches the surface flow
calculations that occur in the river, the water balance on the surface of
the soil and underground water balance are all based on rainfall, climate
and soil conditions
The formula for calculating the surface flow consists of:
a.
Rain Netto/ R net = ( R Eto )

Where :
1
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b.
Eto
Etp E
(Etp.Nd/30).m
Nd
27 3/2 Nr
Water balance on the surface :

Ws
= R net SS
Where :
c.
SS
SMt + SMt-1
SMt
SMt-1 + Rnet
Water balance under surface :

dVt
= Vt Vt-1
Where :
d.
Vt
(1+k).I + k.Vt-1
C1 . Ws
Surface flow
RO
= BF + DRO
In the discharge unit

Q
= 0,0116.RO.A/H
Where :
BF
I dVt
DRO
WS I
Rnet
Rain netto (mm)
Rain (mm)
Etp
Potensial Evapotranspiration (mm)
Eto
Actual Evapotranspiration (mm)
Nd
Number of dry day / not rain (days)
Nr
Number of rainy day (days)
WS
excess water (mm)
SS
Soil absorption on the water (mm)
SM
soil moisture (mm)
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dV
Changes in soil water content (mm)
soil water content (mm)
rate of infiltration (mm)
Ci
absorption coefficient (Ci < 1)
Groundwater flow recession coefficient (k < 1)
DRO
Direct flow (mm)
BF
Groundwater flow (mm)
RO
Surface flow (mm)
number of days in a month (hari)
Catchment area (Km2)
Surface flow rate (m3/dt)
Time's review (the current period and the last t t-1)
The data required in the calculation method of the FJ. Mock is:
-
Monthly rainfall data
Number of rain days
Evapotranspiration Data (Penman Method of calculation )
Surface area of open land taken 30%)
Soil moisture capacity / SMC ( taken 70 mm )
Infiltration coefficient ( taken 0,30 )
Groundwater flow recession factor ( taken 0,70 )
4.2.2 NRECA Methods

Model NRECA (National Rural Electric Cooperative Association) developed
by Norman H. Crowford (USA) in 1985, is a simplification of the Stanford
Watershed Model IV (SWM) .At SWM models are 34 parameters, while
NRECA only uses 5 parameters. This model can be used to calculate the
monthly discharge of monthly rainfall based on the balance of water in
the watershed. The balance equation is as follows:
Rain - Actual Evapotranspiration + changes of storage = Runoff
Hydrology report

Concept models NRECA divide the monthly flow into two, namely the
direct runoff (surface runoff and subsurface) and base flow. Bin also
divided into two reservoirs humidity (moisture storage) and soil water
storage (ground water storage). The rest of the rainfall that runs off the
surface of the base flow moving along the entrance to the river channel.
Total flow that is then multiplied by the watershed area. The results of
the multiplication is the output (output) from NRECA models that form
the river flow corresponding period of the plan (Research Agency Ministry
of Public Works, 1994)
The calculation method is most suitable for the basin that once the rain
stopped still no flow in the river for a few days. This condition can occur
when rain catchment wide enough. Step calculation includes 18 stages
with flow calculations can be performed perkolom column of columns (1)
to (18) as follows (all units in mm).
(1). Nama of Month
(2). Value of average monthly rainfall (Rb)
(3). value of Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
(4). Value of initial moisture storage (Wo). This value must be try, and
the first experiment were taken of 600 mm / month in January.
(5). soil storage raio-Wi alculated by the formula :
(6). Ratio Rb/PET

(7). Ratio AET/PET
AET = Actual evaporation can be obtained from the graph, its value
depends on the ratio Rb / PET and Wi
(8). AET = (AET/PET) x PET x Reduction coefficient
(9). Water balance = Rb AET
(10). Ratio of excess moisture
(11). Excess moiture = Moisture Ratio x Water balance
(12). Changes in water storage = Water balance - excess moisture
Hydrology report

(13). Groundwater storage = P1 x excess moisture

P1 = parameters that describe the characteristics of the soil surface
(depth 0-2 m). Value from 0.1 to 0.5 depending on the nature of the
soil water passed
P1 = 0,1 when it is watertight
P1 = 0,5 when the water is passed
(14). Initial soil water reservoir must be try
(15). Last groundwater storage = Groundwater storage + initial soil
groundwater
(16). Groundwater flow = P2 x Last groundwater storage
P2 = Parameters such as P1, but for the soil layer (depth 2-10 m)
P2 = 0,9 when it is watertight
P2 = 0,5 when the water is passed
(17). Direct flow = Excess moisture - soil water storage
(18). Tota flowl = Direct flow + groundwater flow
(19). Flow in m3/month = Total flow x 10 x catchment area (in Ha)
For the calculation of the next month needed moisture storage value
(column 4) for the next month and groundwater reservoirs (Column 14)
next month which can be calculated using the following formula:
a.
Moisture storage = next month + change of stirage = column (4) +

column (12), all of the previous month.
b.
Groundwater storage = Groundwater storage of previous month

groundwater flow = column (15) column (16), all of the previous
month.
As a rule at the end of the calculation, the value of the initial moisture
reservoirs (January) should be close to bin moisture December. If the
difference between the two is quite far (> 200 mm) calculations have to
be repeated start in January again by taking the value of the initial
moisture reservoirs (January) = bin moisture December.
Hydrology report

Calibration of the parameters used Mock and NRECA needs to be done in

order to discharge the calculation results with this method can represent
the actual conditions such as in the field (compared with hydrometric
discharge measurement results obtained from secondary data). In the
runoff discharge calculation using the Mock and NRECA, used monthly
discharge data collecting secondary data located in the downstream weir
discharge data for the generation kalibrtasi.
4.3 Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration is a combination of the evaporation from the soil surface free
(evaporation) and evaporation from plants (transpiration).
Value evaporation is influenced by climate, whereas for transpiration is
influenced by climate, varieties, types of plants and plant age.
Potential evapotranspiration calculated using the Penman method that has been
modified as follows:
Based on the above formula, the calculation of evapotranspiration is as follows:
Table 4-19
Recapitulation of Evapotranspiration Calculation with Penman Method
For details of the calculation of evapotranspiration with Penman method, in

Annex 4.
4.4 Water Availability Calculation

Availability of water is defined as the mainstay discharge is the discharge that is
always available with the mainstay of 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% where the
probability is calculated by the following equation. In this case use the mainstay
discharge calculation Basic Year Method.
Hydrology report

Where :
Pr
Probability ( % )
Serial number of the data
Number of data
The results of the analysis complete calculation mainstay discharge can be seen
in table 4.2 as follows:
Table 4-20
Table 4-21
Recapitulation of Water Availability Analysis
Comparison of Methods Design Debit FJ. Mock and Methods NRECA:
Hydrology report

Figure 4-6
Lae Ordi Flow Duration Curve at ORDI MHPP
Hydrology report

4.5 Selection of the generation of discharge

After conducting an analysis of synthetic discharge with Mock Method and NRECA
Method, the last stage is done is the selection result of which method will be
used, because each method must be the shortcomings and advantages, but the
results are most close to reality in fact that's what we use. How to determination
made by plotting in the time series of data flow with ABR (Average Basin Rainfall)
rainfall so we can see the pattern of rainfall and discharge, the same or not. The
more the data flow approaching rainfall data, the better. Figure 4.2 is a graph of
discharge and rainfall time series for Ordi Mini Hydro location.
Figure 4-7
Rainfall Time Series and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP
Based on the chart above, we can see that the pattern of discharge data NRECA
results closer to the pattern of rainfall data comparison of Mock methods. But
we need to do more testing to verify quantitatively, by the way of correlation.
The result of the calculation of correlation between rainfall data with discharge
data generation method results Mock and NRECA for Ordi Mini Hydro Power
candidate sites can be seen in Table 4.4 as follows.
Table 4-22
Correlation between Rainfall and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP
Hydrology report

The results above show that the correlation between the discharge results Mock
with rainfall data only has a correlation of 0.963, which means high while
discharge data NRECA results with rainfall data above is 0.995, which means
high. Thus, it is recommended to use the data flow modeling results with NRECA
method.
Mock method is a method that is more detailed than NRECA, so that this model is
more sensitive as well. In this study, climatological data are used only 8 years of
data used for modeling monthly actual climatic conditions.
Sometimes the model that needs to be modified and sometimes the data that
needs to be adjusted. Data represent the empirical phenomenon while the model
represents the way we interpret the phenomenon. So the model has a weakness
because it is the application of a complex phenomenon. Therefore the more
comprehensive model that we developed it will terminimalisisr. As said by
statisticians George EPBox, "All models are wrong, but some are useful".
10
Hydrology report

5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION
5.1 Conclution
1.
Rainfall data is used in this discussion is Parlilitan Station avalable from 2002
to 2011.
2.
Climatological Data taken from Sitinjo Climatological Station, District

Sitinjo-Dairi in 2002 until 2009.
3.
Rainfall design that meets the requirements of Homogenity Test with the
smallest maximum deviation is 0.733 Gumbel method Type I. The result is as
follows :
4.
No
Return Period (T)
Rainfall Design (mm)
93.95
116.25
10
131.02
20
145.18
25
149.67
50
163.52
100
177.25
Calculation of design flood is the method used Nakayasu, where Q peak

flooding in certain return period is as follows :
Hydrology report

No
Return Period (T)
Design Flood (m3/dt )
261.08
323.06
10
364.09
20
398.66
25
415.94
50
454.41
100
492.59
5.
Calculation Results Water Availability at Ordi MHPP as follows :
6.
The correlation between the results of the mock discharge with rainfall data
of 0.963, which means high while discharge data NRECA results correlated
Hydrology report

with rainfall data is 0.995, which means high, so it is recommended to wear

discharge NRECA results.
7.
The results of the estimated discharge runoff (run-off) can not replace the
documentation of data streams. However, in the case where it needs the
availability of these data, it is necessary to estimate the valuation or debit
synthetic models.
8.
Mock model more complex and sensitive than NRECA so it takes actual data,
accurate and detail to produce good output.
5.2 Recomendation
To get a more detailed calculation results, especially for the discharge flow
measurements should be performed in the field during the certain time.
Annex
Annex 1
Rainfall Data from Parlilitan Stasiun
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Parlilitan Station
Annex 2
Klimatological Data from Sitinjo Station
Sitinjo Station
Annex 3
Evapotranspiration Calculation with Penman
Methods
Evapotranspiration Calculation with Penman Methods
Annex 4
Water Availability Calculation with FJ. MOCK
Methods
Water Availability Calculation with FJ.Mock Methods
Annex 5
Water Availability Calculation with NRECA
Methods
Annex 6
Calculation of Flood Hydrograph
(Snyder Methods dan Nakayasu Methods)
Calculation of Flood Hydrograph with Snyder Methods
Calculation of Flood Hydrograph with Nakayasu Methods

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Pekerjaan Desain Rinci dan Studi Kelayakan

PT. Bangun Nusantara Engineering

River Drainage Area...........................................................

3.2.1 Abnormality Test of Rainfall Data.................................

3.2.2 Frequency Analysis of Rainfall.....................................

3.2.3 Compliance Test Frequency Distribution.........................

3.2.4 Return Period of Maximum Daily Rainfall........................

Distribution of Hourly Rainfall..............................................

3.3.1 Distribution of Hourly Rainfall with Mononobe Methods.......

3.3.2 Ratio of Hourly Rainfall.............................................

3.3.3 Drainage Coefficient.................................................

WATER AVAILABILITY ANALYSES.....................................................

4.2.1 FJ. Mock Methods....................................................

4.2.2 NRECA Methods.......................................................

Water Availability Calculation..............................................

Selection of the generation of discharge.................................

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION..............................................

Location of Ordi MHPP....................................................

Catchment Area of ORDI MHPP..........................................

Hydrograph of Design Flood Ordi MHPP with Snyder Methods. . . .

Unit Hydrograph of Nakayasu Methods................................

Hydrograph of Design Flood in Ordi MHPP with Nakayasu Methods

Lae Ordi Flow Duration Curve at ORDI MHPP.........................

Rainfall Time Series and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP.....

Monthly Rainfall Data of Parlilitan Station...........................

Rainy Day Data of Parlilitan Station....................................

Climatological Data of Sitinjo Station.................................

Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Ordi MHPP..........................

Maximum Daily Rainfall at Ordi MHPP.................................

Abnormalities Test of Maximum Daily Rainfall........................

Frequency Analyses the Maximum Daily Rainfall.....................

Chi-Kuadrat Test of Rainfall with Gumbel Tipe I Method..........

Smirnov-Kolmogorov Test of Rainfall...................................

Return Period Recapitulation on Maximum Daily Rainfall..........

Rainfall Design with Gumbel Tipe I Methods..........................

Distribution of hourly rainfall with Mononobe Methods.............

Drainage Coefficient in Catchment Area..............................

Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Snyder Methods. .

Recapitulation of flood Discharge with Snyder Methods............

Calculation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph with Nakayasu Methods

Recapitulation of Design Flood with Nakayasu Methods............

Summary of Flood Design Calculation.................................

Recapitulation of Evapotranspiration Calculation with Penman Method 4-6

Recapitulation of Water Availability Analysis.........................

Comparison of Methods Design Debit FJ. Mock and Methods NRECA:

Correlation between Rainfall and Discharge Generation at Ordi MHPP

Location of Ordi MHPP

River Drainage Area

Catchment Area of ORDI MHPP

3. Chapter III Design Flood

020 30 30 LU dan 980 33 10 BT

Monthly Rainfall Data of Parlilitan Station

Rainy Day Data of Parlilitan Station

Climatological Data of Sitinjo Station

Pekerjaan Desain Rinci dan Studi Kelayakan

3.2 Design Rainfall

Pekerjaan Desain Rinci dan Studi Kelayakan

Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Ordi MHPP

Maximum Daily Rainfall at Ordi MHPP

3.2.1 Abnormality Test of Rainfall Data

Pekerjaan Desain Rinci dan Studi Kelayakan

Abnormalities Test of Maximum Daily Rainfall