1.

Stress
- Is the internal resistance, or counterforce, of a material to the distorting
effects of an - external force or load. These counterforces tend to return
the atoms to their normal positions. The total resistance developed is
equal to the external load. This resistance is known as stress.
a. Bearing Stress
-

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It

differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by
compressive forces.

b. Thin-walled pressure vessel

- A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to
tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and
transverse sections.
TANGENTIAL STRESS, t (Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an
internal pressure p. The
length of the tank is L
and the wall thickness is t.
isolating the right
half of the tank:
-

The forces acting

are the
total

pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total tension in the
walls T.

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the

formula may be expressed as:

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total
longitudinal stress on the wall PT = LAwall. Since t is so small compared to
D, the area of the wall is close to Dt

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the

formula may be expressed as:

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

SPHERICAL SHELL

If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p

= pi - po, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

2. Torsion
- Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other
end by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F d, which is applied
perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is
said to be in torsion.

a. Flanged bolt couplings

- In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see figure), the torque is
transmitted by the shearing force P created in the bolts that is assumed to
be uniformly distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque capacity of
the coupling is,

If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque capacity is

where the subscript 1 refer to bolts on the outer circle an

subscript 2 refer to bolts on the inner circle. See figure.

For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to
their radial distances from the shaft axis. The shearing strains are related
by

Using Hooke's law for shear, G = / , we have

or

f the bolts on the two circles have the same area, A 1 = A2, and if the bolts
are made of the same material, G1 = G2, the relation between P1 and
P2 reduces to

b. Helical springs
- When close-coiled helical spring, composed of a wire of round rod of
diameter d wound into a helix of mean radius R with n number of turns, is
subjected to an axial load P produces the following stresses and
elongation:

The maximum shearing stress is the sum of the direct shearing stress 1 =
P/A and the torsional shearing stress 2 = Tr/J, with T = PR.

Springs in Series
- For two or more springs with spring laid in series, the resulting spring constant k is
given by

where k1, k2,... are the spring constants for different springs.
Springs in Parallel
- For two or more springs in parallel, the resulting spring constant is

a. Torsion of thin-walled tube

The torque applied to thin-walled tubes is expressed as

where T is the torque in Nmm, A is the area enclosed by the center line of the tube
(as shown in the stripe-filled portion) in mm 2, and q is the shear flow in N/mm.
-

The average shearing stress across any thickness t is

Thus, torque T ca also be expressed as

1. Moment of Inertia
- Moment of inertia, also called the second moment of area, is the product
of area and the square of its moment arm about a reference axis.
Moment of inertia about the x-axis:

Moment of inertia about the y-axis:

Polar Moment of Inertia:

- Polar moment of inertia is the moment of inertia about the z-axis.

2. Centroids and radius of Gyration

Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

Where
= centroidal axis
= any axis parallel to the centroidal axis
= moment of inertia about the x-axis
= centroidal moment of inertia
= area of the section
= distance between x and x

In the same manner, the transfer formula for polar moment of inertia and the radii
of gyration are respectively

Product of Inertia