ST ANNS MILL - URBAN COMMUNITY GREEN SPACES

Exploring how the mill can serve the community and connect to Kirkstall Valley whilst exploring opportunities for urban farming
By Laura Helen Fogg

Contents

Brief and Vision.................................................................1

Location and Context........................................................................3
History.....................................................................................................7
Leeds Green Infrastructure..............................................................9
Community Growing Projects......................................................13
Wider Site Analysis............................................................................15
Existing Situation..............................................................................17
Case Studies........................................................................................19
Forest Gardens...................................................................................23
Constraints and Opportunities......................................................25
Design Development......................................................29
Precedents...........................................................................................33
Masterplan......................................................................37
Planting Scheme...............................................................................47

Brief and Vision

Considering existing proposals for Kirkstall Valley Park I am combining a

more detailed design proposal for the St Anns Mill site as well as linking
in proposed ideas into the surrounding area. Using this and the Cities
Alive document I will explore how the site can be transformed from its
existing run down state to accommodate a Kirkstall Valley Visitor Centre
with a focus on sustainability and green thinking.

My Vision for St Anns Mills and the surrounding area focuses on creating
fun, educational, community driven spaces in a prime location. The
renovated St Anns Mill will be the central feature, serving as Kirkstall
Valley Visitor and Sustainability Centre, with accompanying land to
provide educational community driven space for growing productive
vegetation. Connections will be made to other destinations in the valley
by incorporating bridges and tunnels and improved pathways.

Site Location and Features

Location and Context

My chosen site, St Anns Mill is located in Leeds, west of the city
centre. Leeds lies in West Yorkshire, made up of 5 metropolitan
boroughs; Leeds, Bradford, Wakefield, Calderdale and Kirklees
and has a populations of 2.2 million. The Industrial Revolution
created huge growth in Leeds and Bradford which are now
West Yorkshires largest cities. As well as this Leeds is the third
largest city in the UK.

Kirkstall Abbey

Headingley

Kirkstall
Superstore

Woodhouse
St Anns Mill Site

Hyde Park

Bramley

Burley

Armley Mills

Leeds City Centre

Armley

The city of Leeds began its days as a market town situated along the River Aire which then grew and joined with other villages along the river valley. The
River played a vital role as Leeds expanded and became a centre for industry with many mills along the river.

Leeds Train Station

St Anns Mill lies north west of the city centre in the suburb of Kirkstall, With Headingley north east and Bramley west. The busy A65 runs through Kirkstall
and forms links from the city centre to Guiseley, Yeadon and Ilkley.
Wortley

The map opposite shows the site along the green corridor of River Aire just behind a Morissons superstore and shopping centre. Further north is the popular
visitor attraction Kirkstall Abbey, a ruined Cistercian Abbey founded in 1152, and further south Armley Mills, once a working woollen mill it is now a museum
open to the public.

Holbeck

Site Context

Land Use
Rugby
Training

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St Anns Mill
Nature Reserve

KEY
St Anns Mill Site
River/Canal
Railway
Open space
Commercial
Business
Business/Industrial
Industrial
Education
Historic/museum

Pasture

Farm

Hospital

Commercial Golf
Course

Residential

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Community Golf
Course

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Morrisons

History

1850s

1930s

1890s

1950s

The city of Leeds can be traced back to the 5th century and became a small town that had formed up from the River Aire. It is the towns great expansion
during the Industrial revolution that plays an important role in the St Anns Mill site.
A rapid growth in population led to their being roughly 150,000 people by 1840 due to industrial growth formed from the Leeds Liverpool Canal created in
1816 and the first railway here from 1834 which gradually formed links from Leeds to surrounding towns like Dewsbury and Bradford Hull and York as well
as further afield like Manchester and Liverpool. Following this growth, Leeds became a city in 1893 with various areas of the city having a different role in
the industrial revolution; the city centre was based around travel and commerce, Holbeck and Hunslet became engineering centres, Armley, Bramley and
Kirkstall located along the river became centres for milling.

Key
St Anns Mill
Other Mill
Historic building

Kirkstall road and

St Anns Mill do not
yet exist

Another mill,
Burley Mill, is now
also present

Redcote lane forms

another link across
the river

Urban growth

Kirkstall viaduct is
open and the railways
are almost complete
1900s

St Anns Mill and the

canal have now been
constructed

Kirkstall road has

been completed as
far as bridge road

St Stephens Church
is built and Abbey
road is extended to
Horsforth

1980s

There were once several mills along this stretch

of the River Aire; Abbey Mills, Savins Mill, St
Anns Mills, Burley Mills and Armley Mills. Today
the future of Abbey Mills and St Anns Mill are
uncertain, whereas Armley Mills was turned into
a museum, similar to the historical Abbey House,
with the ruins of Kirkstall Abbey now a popular
visitor attraction. We can see from the maps that
the growth of the city has engulfed much of the
open space that surrounded Kirkstall and the
river corridor where the Mills sat.

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Leeds Green Spaces

Leeds Green Infrastructure

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River Aire and is the surrounding area to the St Anns Mill site. There are a large
number of public parks across the whole of Leeds, those closest to the site are
mapped opposite, along with other areas on green including amenity and
sports ground, allotments and woodlands which all contribute to providing
strong Green routes within the city to create ecological corridors for insects
Within the city green wedges still exist through the city, 2 clear example are and animals and well as safe places for the public to use for exercise, relaxation
the Meanwood Valley and the Kirkstall Valley which follows the route of the and enjoyment.
In a wider context Leeds and its surrounding towns of West Yorkshire
including Bradford and Wakefield are surrounded by a green landscape. To
the southwest lies the Peak District National Park and to the north west the
Yorkshire Dales National Park.

Leeds
Bradford
Temple Newsome

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Kirkstall Valley

KEY
St Anns Mill Site
SSSI
Public parks
Amenity ground and sports pitches
Allotments
Woodland

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Roundhay Park

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Meanwood Valley

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Productive Green Spaces

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Bee hives
Community growing projects
Orchards/ Forest gardens

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Food growing including allotments

Armley Mills - Growing For Colour

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St Anns Mill Site

Kirkstall Abbey Community Beds

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KEY

All Hallows Church

Permaculture Garden

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Community Growing Projects

Kirkstall Community Beds

Incredible Edible Todmorden

Adding life to the historic Kirkstall Abbey; members of Kirkstall

Community Garden along with TCV Hollybush have created 10
growing beds for wildflowers and edibles in a bid to encourage
the community to get growing their own. The beds are dotted
in the grounds of the abbey which as an already popular visitor
attraction will interest many different people from different
communities and hopefully inspire food growing.

Armley Mills Colour Garden - Growing For Colour

Kirkstall Community Garden
A non profit community project located north of St
Anns Mill at Church Lane Allotments.
Focus on community spirit and learning new skills
together
Re using and recycling is incorporated into growing
a variety of food
Providing a safe fun environment for people of all
ages and abilities
Promoting social engagement and a healthy
lifestyle

A friendly group situated in the colour garden at Armley

Mills Industrial Museum with a focus on education and
suitable for people with little and lots of experience it
looks into the use of everyday plants used to create dyes
for fabrics and yarn. Learning how to extract the colour
from the plant and experiment with natural dying. It also
provides an outdoor space to encourage people to get
involved with the creation of the colour garden and have a
go at growing their own plants.
Incredible edible is an exemplary organisation for
productive food growing in an urban environment. The
group grows and campaigns for local food and plant
vegetables all around Todmorden. It encourages other
public bodies to utilise their land for productive means;
the fire station, railway station and school groups have all
become involved. The group focuses on education about
food particularly relating to school groups and encourages
volunteers into the program.
It has created a great visitor attraction to the town which
is a great way to spread the message of food production;
now many other towns and cities have started their own
Incredible Edible groups in places such as Wakefield,
Salford and Bristol.

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Wider Site Analysis

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KEY

St Anns Mill Site

Nature Reserve
National Grid

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Poor pedestrian routes/links

Railway
A Road

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1. History, community food growing,

encouraging wildlife and open space for sport
and recreation at Kirkstall Abbey, north of St
Anns Mill.

3. Kirkstall Valley Nature Reserve

2. The footpath continues from the Abbey and crosses
heavy traffic areas to become the goitside walk; ground
is uneven and bumpy with overgrown vegetation.

Footpath
Cycle Way
Bridges (car and path)
Pedestrian bridges

**
*

Potential new links

Dentinations
Weirs
Food growing locations

Electricity pylon interrupts an area of open space, lots of

graffiti, doesnt feel safe.
Stone benches - cold and hard, not inviting to sit and stay
in the area.
Poor sign-age to route and surrounding areas.

A 9 ha site managed by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 2 miles from

Leeds City Centre
A combination of wetland, meadow and young woodland provide
a green retreat for people and wildlife amongst busy residential
and commercial areas
The reserve sits on a bed of fly ash from the Kirkstall Power Station
which was demolished in the 1970s, it now provides a variety of
habitats; woodland, reed bed, wildflower meadow and bog and
supports various bird and mammal species including the Grey
Partridge, fox, badger, and several bat species.

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1.
Panorama image stood in front on the mill showing
the small businesses that now occupy that area. To
the right you can see the mature vegetation that
surrounds the banks of the River Aire in this area.

xisting
ituation PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN
AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL

Morissons
Superstore

Path onto the

giotside walk

Small
businesses
2

St Anns Mill

Unused
space

Access road
from main road

oa
ll r
sta
rk

Close access
to riverside

A6

Ai
re

3.
From the goit side walk looking over the river, views
of the storage unit business currently running from
the area, the Morrisons superstore can also be seen
from the riverside path.

4.
From an area of vegetation showing views of the
mill across the water. The area can be accessed from
the site but is currently blocked off as an unused
space.

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Riv
er

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Rugby training
ground

Ki

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Car park

2.
View of the business Aire Auto Repairs and the
access track that leads down to the mill from the
busy A65 road. You can see the graffiti on the
building showing the area is not widely used by
the public and its secluded spot encourages antisocial behaviour, making the space a widely used
community area close to the river would be a
positive effect on this space with high potential.

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Case Studies

Meanwood Valley Urban Farm

Yorkshire Wildlife Trust

Staveley Nature
Reserve

Potteric Carr
Nature Reserve

A 79 ha nature reserve on the River Tutt at Staveley

Comprised of 2 parts;
Eastern Lagoon - edged with natural vegetation that was
allowed to develop on its own, consists fen, reed swamp
and flower rich grassland
Western Lagoon - limited trees and intensively grazed
pasture
Provides habitat for over 200 species of bird, around 45 of
which come to breed
Home to many small mammals such as common and pygmy
shrews, field and bank voles, wood mice and harvest mice, as
well as larger mammals like foxes and Roe deer

Meanwood Valley Urban Farm has been established since the 1980s and is
a registered charity. It has grown to cover a 24 acre site in the midst of a busy
community close to Leeds City Centre.
The site offers a great deal to the community and further afield;
Educational services to school groups
Engage Reconnect Project - for high school pupils experiencing difficultly in
mainstream school systems
Development programmes to adults with learning difficulties
Allotments for locals
Conference and educational facilities
Leisure ad recreation with a shop of local produce

As well as the animals that are kept on the farm it creates a haven
for other wildlife such as foxes, badgers, rabbits, roe deer and
rodents. Birds such as red kites, kestrels, sparrow hawks and owls
are often sighted around the farm too.

Managed to maintain its various habitats of fen, flower-rich

grassland, open water, wet pasture and ponds by clearing
scrub, mowing and grazing.

A 200 ha site on low lying ground near Doncaster forming the floodplain of the River
Torne
The extensive wetland has a variety of habitats that accommodate over 230 species of
birds, with over 65 breeding here every year
The marshes also allow for a range of plants to thrive like greater and lesser spearwort,
water soldier, water violet and Southern marsh orchid. The disused railway embankments
encourage plants such as common spotted and bee orchids and old mans beard.
The pools encourage the presence of great crested and palmate newts as well as toads.
Mammals such as water shrew, harvest mouse and roe deer can be seen here too. The
mosaic of habitats are popular for insects and invertebrates; 28 species of butterfly and
21 species of dragonfly have been spotted here.

At the farm only native tree species are planted such as English
Oak, Alder, Silver Birch and Field Maple which provide important
habitats for bird, bats and insects. Deadwood is left in the woods
to encourage small mammals and invertebrates. A wildflower
meadow provides another different habitat consisting of wild
flower species native to Britain which create a great habitat for
bees, wasps and butterflies.

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Biospheric Project, Salford

Mushrooms

This Manchester based project was

commissioned by the Manchester
International Festival in 2013 and has
turned a once derelict mill into an urban
farm and laboratory and research centre.
The project embraces a variety of new
technologies and produces a wide range
of food and habitats.

Forest Garden

Designed to grow over 50 tree species and

100 plant species including a mix of fruits,
berries, perennial vegetables, medicinal
plants and herbs and edible flowers
Its urban located explores how inner city
land can be modified to allow for food
production
It has been created to form a low
maintenance high yield system

In the laboratory organic mushrooms

such as shiitake and oyster are grown
They are grown on widely available
recycled substrates such as wood
chip, sawdust and coffee grounds
Currently research is being done to
explore ways to increase production
of indoor urban mushroom
production in order to provide shops
and restaurants with fresh supplies

Roof Garden

The roof garden space provides a

home to honey bees, chickens, leaf
crops and renewable energy systems
The 15m poly-tunnels used to grow
spinach, kale, lettuce, herbs, micro
herbs, grasses and edible flowers
The poly-tunnel creates a warmer
climate in order to grow crops that
would not grow in these climates

Bio Facade

Vermiculture

Worms are crucial to improve the

quality of the soil and crops
The worms break down organic waste
from across the Biospheric Project,
they ingest and aerate the waste and
then deposit castings rich in nutrients
which are used to help grow plants in
the building.
The worms also provide a food source
for the fish

Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a combination of
aquaculture and hydroponics (rearing
fish and growing plants in water)
Fish create 2 waste products ammonia and solid waste - using
aquaponic techniques the waste can
be filtered out and used
The ammonia rich water is pumped
into a series of filtration beds
containing bacteria converting the
ammonia to nitrate
Plants absorb the nitrate and use it as
a nutrient to growing
Once the nitrate has been absorbed
from the water it then goes back to
the fish tanks

The bio facade system

optimises food production
by developing a sustainable
hyper localised food system
The research of this
challenges ways ecology and
technology is implemented
in cities

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Forest Gardens

Old Sleningford Farm Forest Garden

What is a Forest Garden?

Old Sleningford Farm is located 5 miles north of Ripon

in North Yorkshire and aims to demonstrate a low
impact way of life.

A garden that is planted to mimic the natural ecosystems of a

forest, often concentrating on choosing edible species. It is a
sustainable garden based on the layered structure of a native
woodland, there are 7 layers involved;

Food is grown in the forest garden, raised beds and

poly-tunnels.
Meet is produced from pigs, sheep and chickens, as
well as eggs from the chickens.

1. Canopy trees - standard trees

2. Smaller shade tolerant trees - for fruit and nut provision
3. Shrubs and bushes - currents and berries
4. Herbaceous - perennial herbs and vegetables
5. Ground cover plants
What can be produced?
6. Underground layer - root vegetables
7. Vertical layer - climbers and vines such as beans trained Trees - apple, pear, plum, cherry, mulberry, quince,
to climb the trees
chestnut, pine nut, almond, hazelnut

Bees are kept for honey production and to increase

pollination.

Shrubs - currant, plum, blueberry

Under story and ground

cover planting continued
with
strawberries,
raspberries and self
seeding herbs. Cutting
were
taken
from
established plants and
planted in new areas.
The yield of food by 2008
was now enough to be
shared.

Perennial Vegetable - sea kale, wild garlic, perennial

broccoli
Roots - horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke,
Climbers - grape, hops, loganberry, tayberry

What are the benefits?

Salads - sorrel, wild rocket, lambs lettuce

Additional - fuel from wood coppice, dye plants, whole

range of herbs for culinary and medicinal use

Forest gardens are more resilient, designed to withstand

flood and drought
Maintaining soil fertility
Control soil erosion and water run off
Create a variety of habitats for wildlife
Once they are established are a low maintenance garden
They can provide their own nutrients through leaf
fall and planting a variety of species for deep rooting
mineral accumulation and nitrogen fixing shrub and tree
species (e.g. Alder and eleagnus)
They are attractive and educational whilst creating great
spaces for relaxation and play
Providing nutrient rich food promoting a healthy diet

The first planting for the forest garden begun in 2004

with fruit trees and bushes being the first to be put in.
Over the following few months herbs and ground
covers were planted such as strawberries. The ground
was covered with mulch.
More fruit trees and bushes were planted in winter
2005/6 and mulched with a mix of cardboard, wood
chippings and straw.

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Constraints and Opportunities

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Existing and new

footpaths

Good links from residential areas

Access from
busy main road

Location offers connection

to the water for activities
and pedestrian links

Food growing for cafe/business

and communities
Sustainable Info centre
Canoe club base

Woodland trail for

pedestrians and cycles

Potential community
food growing

Opportunities to form
(productive) green links
from existing sites of
greenspace and productive
growing spaces

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Historic buildings to provide

community hub and spaces for local
and new businesses, cafe/restaurant
space with own food production plot
and community growing space

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Site can link to walk forming

possible pedestrian and
cycle connections between
St Anns Mill and popular
attraction Kirkstall Abbey

Railway line forms a barrier

between the river and canal

Canoe route

Increased pedestrian links and

connections and fewer trac lanes

Good links from residential areas

Wider Concept Sketch

Potential community
food growing

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Wetland area
Forest garden area
Access/road

Food growing (community and

business)

Footpath

Public recreation
Green barrier

Demolish building
Restore building

Canoe centre
and route

Canoe course
Footpath

Morrisons

Existing business

Rugby Training

New connection with

bridge

St Anns Mill Concept Sketch 1

St Anns Mill Concept Sketch 2

Nature Reserve

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Design Development

Existing tow path

Existing footpath
Improved footpath
New footpath

Existing built form at St Anns Mill

Building potential

Proposed built form

Building to be refurbished
Building to be demolished

Footpaths

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Canoe course

Nature reserve

Designed canoe course section

Allotments and food production

Fish pass

Bike trails

Canoe clubhouse

Golf course
Scrub and woodland
Sports pitches
Agriculture

Blue Infrastructure

Green Infrastructure

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Precedents

Sustainability and Urban Agriculture Visitor Centre

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White water and slalom canoe course

BMX and bike trails

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Masterplan - St Anns Mill Visitor Centre and Forest Garden

St
Anns Mill
The Mill and surrounding buildings
of good quality will be renovated to
become a sustainable visitor centre with an
educational emphasis on renewable energy and
food growing. The other buildings will provide
business opportunities for local businesses. The
surrounding space will provide parking and bike
centres with incentives for arriving via foot or
bike. Leeds canoe club will also be based here
next to the River Aire. Growing beds for
local community members and school
groups and a forest garden for the
businesses and educational
purposes.

BMX
Trail
As proposed in the original Kirkstall
Valley Park Plan a bike trail was proposed
in the land adjacent to Kirkstall Road. I have
situated it to a larger area to provide 2 larger
BMX and bike trails of 2 different difficulties.
The trails add a fun addition to the area which
is lacking in this kind of recreational activity
and will bring diverse members of the
community to explore this area. The
existing trees of the area will remain
and new trees will be planted
around the dirt courses.
Not to scale

Connecting foot bridge

Leeds
Canoe Course
A new club house for Leeds canoe
club will be situated next to the mill,
as well as a storage unit for equipment. A
section of the Aire will be altered with rocks
at the edge and submerged in the water to
create a white water course. The existing path
along the waterside will be improved and
levelled as to provide easy access from the
mill and along the rest of the Kirkstall
Valley; the path will be suitable for
wheelchair users and push
chairs.

Meeting room and

equipment store for
Leeds Canoe Club

St Anns Visitor and Sustainability Centre

with function space and local cafe and
business opportunity upstairs
Existing buildings provide
places for local creative
businesses and cafs

St Anns Forest Garden

Planting beds for the

community and school
groups for education

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St Anns Mill

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Canoe Course

BMX Trail

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Forest Garden: Planting examples

Forest Garden: Cross Section

The Forest Garden proposed at the St Anns Visitor site is not a complete accurate 7 layered system but more of an education tool to show what can be achieved. The visitor centre would
be a perfect location for an urban food growing area due to its proximity to other community growing groups (potentially providing bigger space for these groups to utilise). Rather than
completely created a full 7 layered forest garden this area will use those layering principles to create a lush area of productive land. To create a more simplified approach just 3/4 layers can
be used here to provide food, along with the other growing areas, for the mill cafe, other local businesses, visitors and the local community.
Because of the existing mature vegetation surrounding the site the top layer will
be small to medium sized fruit trees such as apple and pear varieties

Closer to the ground

there can be perennials
and
ground
cover
productive species such
as perennial broccoli
and strawberries. Herbs
can be grown at this
low level too and useful
items to be used in the
cafe

2m hedge 1.5m
wood chip path

Malus domestica Discovery

Prunus domestica Opal

Rubus Silvan

Rubus x loganobaccus

Malus domestica Golden

Noble

Prunus domestica Victoria

Ribes nigram Ben Lomond

Rubus idaeus Glen Moy

Brassicaceae oleracea fiesta

Malus domestica Discovery

Pyrus communis Concorde

Rumex acetosa

Fragaria x ananassa

Pyrus communis Onward

A level down there

can be an easily grown
shrub layer consisting of
currant and berry bushes
such as raspberries,
blackberries, redcurrants
and blackcurrants

1.5m
wood chip path

Ribes rubrum Red Lake

Ribes nigram Ben Connan

Ribes rubrum Stanza

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St Anns Visitor Centre: Materials

BMX Trail: Materials

Betula pendula
Resin bound gravel

Yorkstone paving

Recycled timber deck

Tarmac road

Timber planting beds

Cast iron tree grilles

Apple tree

Pear tree

Quercus robur

Compacted earth course

Canoe Course: Materials

Limestone rocks

Resin bound gravel

Timber edging

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Planting Scheme
Key

Planting beds for the mill

and local businesses and
for educational purposes
with the visitor centre

Community planting beds; Planting examples

There are lots of easy to grow fruits and vegetables that can be grown in the
raised planting beds; simple to grow foods will encourage all people including
beginners to gardening to get involved. It will help involve school groups and
introduce them to more food they may not normally eat.

Planting beds
for community
(individual and
group) use

Courgettes
Onions

Productive shrubs, perennial and groundcover. To include

species such as Ribes rubrum, Ribes nigram, Rubus
idaeus, Rubus x loganobaccus, Fragaria x ananassa,
Rumex acetosa, Mentha spp., Brassicaceae oleracea
Fruit Tree Species
Apples:
MdD
Malus domestica Discovery
MdG
Malus domestica Golden Noble
MdE
Malus domestica Elstar
Pears:
PcC
PcO

Tomatoes

Mint

Strawberries

Pyrus communis Concorde

Pyrus comunis Onward

Salad leaves

Plums:
PdV
Prunus domestica Victoria
PdO
Prunus domestica Opal

Beetroot

Rhubarb

Peas

Broad beans
Not to scale

Runner beans
Potatoes