Hospitals and Habitats

PRODUCTIVE URBAN GREEN SPACES
Katie Ruffles 703 Cities Alive 02
CONTENTS
PA G E
Introduction..................................................................................................3
PA R T 1 / P R O D U C T I V E U R B A N G R E E N S PA C E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.1. Green Infrastructure ................................................................................ 6
1.2. Urban Agriculture ....................................................................................9
1 . 3 . L o c a l F o o d G r o w i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 . 4 . U r b a n G r e e n R o o f s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5. Forest Gardens.......................................................................................17
1.6. Pollinators............................................................................................20
Pa r t 2 / C I T Y H O S P I TA L S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
2.1. Green Space and Health.............................................................................22
2.2. Hospital Gardens.....................................................................................25
Part
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3 / CASE STUDIES..................................................................................29
U r b a n R o o f To p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Forest Gardens........................................................................................35
Hospital Gardens.....................................................................................39
Case Study Analysis..................................................................................49
Part 4 / DESIGNS.........................................................................................50
4.1. Design Brief...........................................................................................51
4.2. Site Analysis..........................................................................................52
4 . 3 . T h e A p o t h a c a r y G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.4. The Forest Garden....................................................................................62
4 . 5 . T h e R o o f G a r d e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4.6. Future Proofing.......................................................................................74
References...................................................................................................75
INTRODUCTION
The first section of this study investigates the important role that green infrastructure plays in mitigating the effects of
global issues like climate change. It will investigate the relevance of CPULs (Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes), and
how nature can be brought into the city through the introduction of food growing.
The second part of the report concentrates specifically on how hospitals can play a part in the cities green infrastructure,
as well as investigating the links between green spaces and health.
A number of related case studies are illustrated and evaluated in the third part of this document, and part four focuses
specifically on St James hospital in Leeds, investitng how the concept of CPULs can be applied in designing three new
productive gardens on site.
The purpose of this report is to compile a toolkit that can be used to educate other city hospitals to recognise the potential
benefits associated with productive landscapes in urban environments, and hopefully as a consequence, encourage similar
actions. The three designs illustrated at the end of this booklet have been created as examples of what can be produced
when space is limited within a hospital setting.
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1 /
productive urban
green spaces
Page/4
As recently as 2007, for the

first time in human history, the
majority of people lived in towns
and cities.
(Arup, 2014, p.17)
Page/5
1.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

One of the biggest challenges facing cities today is population growth; urban populations are increasing, whilst the rural population
is decreasing. Concequently, this has contributed to major global issues such as climate change, pollution, and shortage of resources,
environmental damage and dangers to human health.
In order to deal with these challenges it is considered important for cities to become an ecosystem that embeds nature and people
as equal partners to help rebalance growing urbanisation. (Arup, 2014, p.17)
Slowly, governments are beginning to appreciate the value of the services provided by ecosystems, this has been reflected by the
European Union enforcing standards for air and water quality.
As a result, there is now an increased demand for more
sustainable developments and a growing interest in green infrastructure.
Green infrastructure (GI) is simply the green spaces or corridors that
maintain and enhance ecosystem services. These spaces should
promote sustainability, food production, open space access, and
enhance residential areas. GI should be embedded as the fifth critical
infrastructure; it should be planned, invested and maintained.
Arup, 2014, p.11
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1.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

continued...
The role of green infrastructure in addressing the challenges

of the 21st Century cannot be underestimated. It is a natural,
service-providing infrastructure that is often more cost-effective,
more resilient and more capable of meeting social, environmental
and economic objectives than grey infrastructure. It has never been
more necessary to invest in green infrastructure. (LI, 2013, p.1)
Using nature as a driver for design can lead to a number of social, economic and environmental benefits. These include greater
social cohesion, improved mental and physical health, (with resulting economic savings), and lower crime; economic vitality, inward
investment and increase property prices; and better urban microclimates, reduced pollution, flood resistance, an increase in
biodiversity and lower city carbon footprints. (Arup, 2014, p.11)
The National Planning Policy Framework recognises the importance of a multifunctional use of land, stating that planning should
promote mixed-use developments and encourage multiple benefitssome open land can perform many functions such as for
wildlife, recreation, flood risk mitigation, carbon storage or food production. (NPPF, 2012)
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The World population is now over 7 billion

and is expected to go above 9 billion by midcentury, that equates to finding the means
between now and then to feed more than
200,000 extra people, every day.
(Juniper, 2013, p.38)
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1 . 2 U R B A N A G R I C U LT U R E
Specialists predict that we will evntually begin to consume more food than
we can produce. Threats like these have led to movements such as guerrilla
gardening, vertical farming and aquaculture within the city.
We currently grow enough food, but we waste one third of it, and food waste
is bad for carbon emission. Also, due to importing much of our food there has
been a lack in developing the necessary skills to grow our own.
By 2050, food security may be one
of the most critical factors of global
geopolitics, with its intimate ties to
oil prices, transport networks, climate
change and population growth.
(Arup, 2014, p.86)
Much emphasis has been put on producing
CPULs (continous productive urban landscapes)
Food can be grown in many places within the city, for example private gardens,
allotments, public spaces, and community projects, such as schools. For
successful food growth, plants will need; healthy soil, carbon dioxide, clean air,
not too much wind, sunlight, and pollinators.
BENEFITS OF FOOD GROWING IN CITIES:

HEALTH - Opportunity for fresh air and exercise.
which encourage humans and wildlife to move
SOCIAL - Encourages community engagement.
through the city, from rural to urban, via an
ECONOMIC - Money saving, and job opportunites.
uniterrupted corridor of green spaces.
ECOLOGICAL - Good for biodivesity.

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Think globally, act locally
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1.3 LOCAL FOOD GROWING

Feed Leeds
The city of Leeds has already begun to recognise the importance of food
growing in the urban environment. Feed Leeds, established in 2012, is a
combined network of organisations and individuals who are doing their bit to
support, promote, and give advice to any local and sustainable food growing
projects. They aim to encourage and connect shops and markets with food
growers, schools and anyone else growing healthy food locally.
Feed Leeds has since teamed up with Incredible Edible and now partner many
projects such as Leeds Edible Schools Sustainability Network. Incredible Edible
began in 2008 as just a small group of people growing food around the town
of Todmorden, with the main purpose of educating future generations. This
movement has now been joined by more than 20 towns, and the scheme with
Leeds city council
its principles continue to become known internationally.
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In dense urban environments designers

will need to be creative and plan Green
Infrastructure using the multiple layers
of the city .
(Arup, 2014, p.77)
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1.4 URBAN GREEN ROOFS

1 . 4 . 1 . Ty p e s
In an effort to use city space more effectively, we will need to consider exploiting areas such as available
roof space.
Extensive
These gardens usually have a thin substrate depth, limiting the species
of plants that can grow here, they also do not typically require an additional watering
system;
Intensive
These gardens are better suited to visitors. They have the ability to
hold a thicker layer of substrate and can therefore accommodate larger species, but
these require extra engineering;
Extensive
Edible Green roofs are becoming a popular site for urban agriculture. Producing
food on rooftops can be a great way to contribute to reducing the communitys urban
footprint.
Sedum This is the cheapest and easiest option for a green roof;
Biodiverse Wildflower Features indigenous plants and nectar for pollinators;
Pictorial Floral garden
Intensive
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1.4.2. Benefits
Environmental
Vegetation has a cooling effect on the surroundings, reducing the urban heat island effect;
Provide shelter, foraging and nesting for local wildlife;
Contribute to filtering out existing air pollutants;
Able to store up to 80% of summer storm water, reducing the strain on the city drainage system;
Improve the quality of water runoff, the higher pH can reduce effects of acid rain;
Can insulate building noise and absorb sounds of the city.
Economical
Add value to property;
Help to insulate the building;
Reduce the need for air conditioning by cooling the building;
Office green roofs can improve employee engagement and productivity;
Can grow food for economic gain.
Health & social:

Improved Health and Well-Being;
The reduced pollution and increased water quality that green roofs bring can decrease demands for health care;
Green roofs can serve as community hubs, increasing social cohesion, sense of community, and public safety.
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1.4.3. ...and biodiversity
Biodiversity is vital to a healthy urban environment, and it can also provide a
boom to the economics and resources of the city, providing tourist attractions
or sources of revenue as well as making the city feel more alive and fulfilling
for citizens. (Arup, 2014, p.73)
Green roofs are able to sustain a variety of plants, invertebrates and bird species.
Certain species of plants will thrive in these flat, open landscapes, with their direct
access to sunlight and water.
The city of Basel, Switzerland have made greenroofs a mandatory requirement, as
part of their biodiversity strategy, for all new buildings. Criteria for designing and
creating these habitats include the use of natural local soil and varying the thickness
of substrate.
Rooftops can also provide suitable habitats for any wildlife that are mobile enough
to reach them, and able to adapt survival skills for extreme conditions. Evidence
has emerged to suggest that green roofs can even protect endangered invertebrate
species.
Urban environment as opportunity for animal repopulation and future
population and preservation will become a crucial part of future planning.
(Arup, 2014, p.74)
A northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) on the green roof in

Steinhausen, Canton Zoug. (Photo by A. Kaufmann)
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1 . 4 . 4 . Te c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n
Roofs with a slope of 2 to 10 degrees are best for green roofs. Greater than 10 degrees will be an issue for health and
safety, and below 2 degrees can create drainage issues.
Green roofs can

weigh between 60
150 kg/m2
Green roof should have:

Ability to take the load;

Root resistant waterproof membrane;
Protective sheet;
Suitable drainage system to allow excess water to leave roof easily;
300mm gravel / paving;
Upstands to prevent material being blown off;
1m wide, 300mm tall un-vegetated barrier every 40m.
Important
to leave a 0.5m vegfree zone around the

edge of the garden to
serve as a break.
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1.5 FOREST GARDENS

1.5.1. Permaculture
Urban forest gardens are a great example of a permaculture
system as unlike many modern industrial agricultural
systems, they do not rely heavily on inputs from fossil fuels
and artificial herbicides and fertilisers. Once a forest garden
is established it should be self-regulating; the plants are
The primary aims for this system are:

To be biologically sustainable, able to
cope with climate change;
Productive, yielding fruit and vegetables;
Require low maintenance
designed to propagate themselves, and be highly abundant in

yield.
A forest garden is a small multi-layered garden designed to
mimic the structure of a larger natural forest. It is cdescribed
as the most stable and sustainable type of ecosystem in this
climate (Forest Gardening, 2014). The design ideally consists
of 7 different layers of varying sizes; the positioning of these
species will depend on their needs for shelter, light, moisture
etc.
The key features of this system are:

Use a large number of species to give
greater diversity;
Using plants which increase fertility;
Deep rooting plants which can tap mineral
sources;
Plants that can attract predators of
common pests.
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1.5 FOREST GARDENS
continued...
1.
The Canopy Layer This layer is made up of tall trees, usually fruit or nut such as apple, pear, cherry etc.
These should be planted with space between to allow light to reach through to the under storey.
2.
Low Tree layer These can be dwarf versions of the canopy layer, and can also include flower species, such as
Dogwood and Mountain ash.
3.
The Shrub Layer flowering, fruiting, and wildlife attracting shrubs are grown in this layer such as berry bushes. These
can vary in size and be planted into edges and openings. Under storey layers must be chosen carefully
due to light limitations.
4.
The Herbaceous Layer This includes non-woody vegetation such as vegetables, herbs and flowers.
5.
The Ground Cover layer Low ground hugging
plants that offer food and habitat, including
strawberries. These plants play an important
role in weed prevention.
6.
The Root Layer Here root vegetables can
be grown below the soil, preferably shallow
rooted veg such as onions and potatoes.
7.
The Vine Layer The final layer is for climbing
plants that will wind up tree trunks, these can
include very important food plants for wildlife.
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Without pollinators, most ecosystems

would not function as they do now, and that
would lead to a reduction in diversity and
a diminishing of the services that natural
systems provide for us.
(Juniper, 2013, p.112)
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1 . 6 P O L L I N AT O R S
Bees and other pollinators such as insects, butterflies and birds can be fundamental to
ensuring long-term productivity in urban agriculture. Many species of plants and crops solely
rely on the movement of pollinators for their survival.
Blueberries, grapefruits, avocados, cherries, apples, pears, plums, squashes, cucumbers,
strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, macadamia nuts and dozens of others depend on the
foraging activities of bees. No bees, then no fruit or a lot less. (Juniper, 2013, p.116)
The honey bee in particular, is responsible for about 80% of all insect pollination and without Bug Houses like this one exhibited by
them we would see a huge decrease in the yields of our fruit and vegetable fields worldwide. Cheshire Wildlife trust in 2005, can be
(Churchill, 2013)
It is important to design gardens in a way that will encourage these types of native visitors.
This can be done by providing a diverse assortment of flowering plants, and by avoiding
pesticides.
an attractive habitat for insects and

small mammals. They can be made
using recycled wooden pallets and
other materials, and should ideally
be situated in partial sun and shade
and near a tree. Natural materials
used include straw, hay, dry leaves,
dead wood & loose bark. A mixture
of hard material can also be included
such as stone, tiles, bottles and
bricks. These help to create a variety
of different shaped spaces such as
cracks / crevices and holes.
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2/
city hospitals
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2 . 1 G R E E N S PA C E & H E A LT H
2.1.1. Health Benefits
There is an increasing body of research focused on links between the use of green space and its positive impacts on mental and
physical health.
Results show that access to green spaces can help mental health issues such as mood improvement as well as decreasing stress
(which has been linked to cardio-vascular disease and diabetes). Impacts on physical health can include improved self-reported
health and reduced obesity through exercise. (Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012)
There also appears to be social benefits associated with health and green spaces such as the positive impact on neighbourhood
satisfaction for local community residents, and increased levels of social interaction.
According to Kaplan (1995, cited in Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012) brief moments spent on contact with green space, or even
looking at green space through a window (Velarde, D., et al., 2007) can constitute micro-restorative episodes that boost well
being.
Kaplan (1995) describes natural spaces as restorative environments that can help visitors to refocus their attention away from
concentrating solely on problems at hand, and consequently ease stress.
Another idea is that we are wired to derive comfort from nature, and therefore recovery from stress can came from even short
exposure to green space (Sherman et al, 2005).
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2.1.2. Health Benefits
continued...
Research suggests that there are different levels of interaction with nature that all provide different degrees of
benefits.
1. Viewing nature has been shown to improve concentration, support

good mental health, reduce stress and tension, aid recovery from traumatic
events, decrease levels of fear, improve job performance, and positively
influence the immune system. (Kaplan 1995)
2. Being in nature has been shown to help combat Attention Deficit Disorder
in children, enhance neighbourhood satisfaction, help heal emotional and
psychological conditions, and boost confidence and self-esteem.
3. Interacting with nature, e.g. the act of gardening, as well as the benefits
above, can provide the additional health benefits of exercise.
4. Observing wildlife such as wild birds has been shown to have restorative
benefits.
(Munoz & Nimegeer, 2012) Page/23
2.1.3. Studies on hospital gardens
For green spaces with proximity to hospitals,
studies suggest that features such as interactive play
elements for children, adequate seating areas, paths
for walking, and running water elements can all lead
to greater uptake. (Whitehouse et al, 2001, Sherman
et al, 2005)
The following features have been identified as
desirable in green space areas:
-
Clear signage and maps;
Plenty of seating;
Lighting and wide paths for safety.
Also important is just the knowledge of the existence

of these green spaces, and clear understanding of
who can have access to them. This can be done
through the careful use of signage.
Health benefits specifically applicable to hospital

greenspace include a study by (Webster & Glaser,
2008, cited in Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A, 2012) which
illustrates the link between stress and decreased
vaccination efficiency, slower wound healing and
increased development and progression of cancer. In
addition, reduced stress has been shown to reduce
pain in hospital patients (Ulrich, 1991) and enhance
immune functions (Parsons, 1991)
Data collected in a Pennsylvania hospital between 1972
and 1981 showed that the recovery speed after gallbladder surgery depended in part on whether patients
could see trees and greenery. The group of patients
who were placed in a room with a window looking out
on to a natural scene had shorter stays, fewer negative
comments from nurses, and took fewer painkillers
in comparison to patients seeing only a brick wall.
(Juniper, 2014,p.247)
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2 . 2 H O S P I TA L G A R D E N S
2.2.1. History
Gardens were once a fundamental feature of hospitals in Britain, and access to fresh air was considered vital in the treating of
patients. However, they are not so commonly found today.
In the 1850s The Builder Magazine wrote,
Sunlight, trees, plants, grass, and the external air would do more for patients than all the medicine and doctors in the world.
Thousands of lives might be saved annually if sick men could be turned out so as to look upon Nature. (Hickman, 2014)
Ten years later Florence Nightingale suggested that patients with fevers were largely suffering from being unable to see out of a
window. In 1863, She went on to recommend that,
The square within the hospital, and the spaces between the pavilions, should be laid out as garden grounds with well-drained and
rolled walks, and shaded seats for convalescents. It is of great importance to provide places of exercise under shelter, for patients, to
be appropriated to that purpose alone. (Nightingale,1863, as quoted in Hickman, 2014)
Frederick Law Olmsted supported this idea in 1865, when he wrote, the enjoyment of scenery,
employs the mind without fatigue and yet exercises it; tranquillizes it and yet enlivens it; and thus, through the influence of the
mind over the body, gives the effect of refreshing rest and reinvigoration to the whole system. (Welcome Trust, 2013)
Olmsted found that patients whose windows looked out on to a natural scene stayed in hospital for a shorter length of time and
took fewer painkillers than the patients in similar rooms whose windows faced a brick wall. He believed that gardens participated in
connecting the hospital with the wider World.
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2.2.2. Early Hospital Gardens
As early as 1804 hospitals were designing landscapes specifically for use
of their patients such as the one at Brislington House psychiatric asylum.
Designed by Edward Long Fox predominantly for upper classes, it supported
a new form of therapy called Moral Treatment. This therapy focused on
removing the patient from the environment that was believed to have
caused incorrect associations and introduce them to a new environment
and community. It set the blueprint for how other Victorian asylums
grounds were laid out. These gardens featured Airing Courts which were
walled areas for different groups of patients, sports grounds, fields and
farming land. This format remained part of psychiatric institutions until mid
Brislington House
twentieth century. (Hickman, 2006)

Hospitals for people with physical diseases were also being built with garden space. Research carried out in England in 1863
found that roughly 46 of 67 of these hospitals had some kind of external grounds. Many of which were described as having
features common in domestic arrangements, and were laid out in the style of the day. For example, the 1846 garden at Leeds
General Infirmary was described as gardenesque in style. (Hickman, 2006)
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2.2.3. Early Hospital Gardens
continued...
Hospital gardens began to lose their significance towards the end

of the nineteenth century, and were only regarded important in
convalescent homes and specialist hospitals, especially those that
supported openair therapy. (Hickman, 2006)
By the end of the twentieth century there was quite a decline in
the number and size of hospital gardens. This was due to specialist
institutions and psychiatric hospitals closing down, cost of garden
maintenance, and the need for car parking facilities and rationalisation
within the NHS.
Today gardens are still being used for therapeutic purposes but on
a much smaller scale. However, due to financial difficulties, gardens
Ipswich hospital gardens, early 1960s.

Like many hospitals in Britain, this
outdoor space, which was once enjoyed
by patients no longer exists.
will be viewed as more of a luxury in the future. Although due to lack

of space, hospitals will probably never see the return of the large
landscapes of the nineteenth century institutions.
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2.2.4. Criteria
In the past, research has been carried out on existing hospital gardens
and green spaces to understand what they are used for, and what their
users prefer in terms of facilities provided.
Studies found that visitors to hospital gardens were mainly seeking
relaxation and restoration from mental and emotional fatigue
(Franklin, 2012) and what appealed most were areas of multi-layered
greenery including flowering plants, mature trees, and water features.
CRITERIA FOR A HOSPITAL GARDEN:

Keep it green - shade trees, flowers and
shrubs at various heights should take up roughly
70 percent of the space;
Keep it real - Abstract scupltures can have

negative affects on sick and worried people;
Keep it interesting - attract wildlife and

provide interaction;
Engage multiple senses - seeing,

touching, smelling and listening are all good for
Other features considered important are the additions of small private

conversation areas, and tree-lined paths. Equally valued are the
inclusion of naturalistic landscapes that attract wildlife such as birds
and squirrels, and the provision of light-weight furniture that can be
easily moved into sun or shade.
soothing, but avoid really strong odours;
Wide paths - to enable wheelchair uses to

get close to nature;
Water features - noisy running water may

not be soothing;
Easy entry - no heavy doors, not hidden.

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3 /
ca s e
st u d i e s
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3.1 URBAN ROOF TOPS

3 . 1 . 1 . N a v y Ya r d F a r m
Location ..............................Brooklyn, USA
Size .....................................65,000 sq ft
Year ...........................................2012
Aims
To produce an annual yield of 20,000 pounds of
fresh produce per year.
Key features The roof is capable of managing over
one million gallons of storm water each year. It also
hosts an Apiary that consists of over 30 hives, which
will yield approximately 1,500 pounds of honey
annually.
Planting Salad greens, rainbow chard, kale, basil,
eggplant, cucumbers and ground cherries. During
the winter, theyll plant cover crops, such as clover
and vetch, to prevent soil erosion and replenish vital
nutrients.
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3.1 URBAN ROOF TOPS

3.1.2. Unicorn Grocery Food
Cooperative
Location ......................Manchester, UK
Size .......................................825 m2
Year .....................................2007
Aims
To create a variety of habitats and increase local
biodiversity, especially the rare black redstart;
Become a part of the local network of green
spaces;
Insulate the building in winter.
Layout/design A mixture of sedum (small low
moisture plants), wetland (a pond with water plants)
and brownfield (rubble left to self-colonise).
Planting Naturally colonised by over 20 species of
plants.
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3.1 URBAN ROOF TOPS

3 .1. 3. Fai rmont Roya l Yo rk
Hotel
Location ......................Toronto, CANADA
Size ..........................................400 sq ft
Year ...........................................1998
Aims
To produce food for the restaurant;
Increase the local population of honeybees.
Key Features 17 raised boxes and a variety of planters.
Six beehives attracting 350000 honeybees, producing
an average of 450lbs of honey per year.
Planting All the herbs are organically grown using
natural fertilizer and sheep manure. Lemon balm,
edible pansies, thyme, lavender, chives and different
kinds of basil are just a few of the many herbs
flourishing in the custom-built four poster wooden
beds. Also grown are a wide variety of fresh produce,
including kidney beans, cherry tomatoes, courgettes,
squash, peppers, chile and cucumbers.
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3.1 URBAN ROOF TOPS

3.1.4. Sustainable Garden
Location .........................Leeds University, UK
Size ..............................................750m
Year ...........................................2013
Aims
To improve biodiversity on campus, by growing
wildflowers to attract bees and insects.
To engage stakeholders, who can volunteer at the
garden and take away anything edible!
To encourage the concept of urban growing with
herbs and vegetables planted that anyone is free to
use. It is also easy to replicate at home, for example
chimney pots are used to show how to grow food if
you only have hard surfaces in your garden.
Encourage the concept of water management - the
path in the garden showcases current research at the
University, using crushed glass instead of concrete to
retain water and reduce run off.
It embeds the idea of a living lab with space and
research pods for student education and research.
Holding its own central space on campus, it is a
physical and clear symbol for sustainability at the
university.
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Key Features Pocket habitats designed by Arup were used,

these are very handy bags of substrate for growing that can
just be dropped into position. Signage is also a key feature
of this garden, informing its users of what to pick, and when,
using a traffic light system. The garden also has a rainwater
harvesting system and permeable pathways made from
recycled glass that retains water.
Design/layout The garden has a restricted soil depth of
100mm as it is situated on the roof of a recording studio.
These limitations lead to the use of a lightweight substrate
in place of topsoil, and also the construction of a ridge and
furrow system.
Planting The multifunctional space has a wide variety of
fruit, veg, herbs, and indigenous plants growing. From soft
fruit hedgerows, to wildflowers.
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3.2 FOREST GARDENS

3.2.1. Bishopsgate Forest
Garden
Location ...................................London, UK
Year ................................................(proposed)
Aims
To create a garden for the people of the area to
engage with nature;
To work with existing nature on the site;
To use woodland ecology and succession as a
maintenance plan;
To support the local community and the diversity
that thrives there;
To offset the intensive carbon footprint.
Key features This is intensive growing within an
ecological, poly-cultural and bio-diverse system
producing its own food supported by biomass (leaves
& twigs) breaking down as in a natural woodland or
forest. Nitrogen fixers and dynamic accumulators
will be planted to support the yielding plants & trees
which is a low input high output system, sometimes
referred to as a closed system.
Page/35
Design/layout Built on top of the Historic 1861

Braithwate arches, the design would include open
voids, seating and meeting places, a performance
space as well as food growing and educational
centres.
Planting The large and small trees, shrubs,
climbers, groundcover, herbs and roots will work
together as an ecological system and as a series
of beneficial relationships which would eventually
produce yields of fruit, nuts, herbs and edibles that
would be the unregimented pattern of the soft
under planting. The trees and plants in this design
propagate themselves.
Page/36
3.2 FOREST GARDENS

3 . 2 . 2 . Beacon Food Forest
Location ................................................Seattle, USA
Aims
To give members of the working-class neighborhood of
Beacon Hill the chance to pick plants scattered throughout
the park.
Size ......................................................7 acres

Year .................................................2014
Key features Mini edibles adjacent to community gardening

plots, native plant areas, a big timber-frame gazebo, a
gathering space for barbecuing and a recreational field. An
Edible Arboretum with fruits gathered from regions around
the world, a Berry Patch for canning, gleaning and picking,
a Nut Grove with trees providing shade and sustenance, a
Community Garden for families to grow their own food, a
Gathering Plaza for celebration and education, a Kids Area
for education and play and a Living Gateway to connect and
serve as portals.
Planting Full-sized fruit trees such as big apples and
mulberries in the understory, berry shrubs, climbing vines,
herbaceous plants, and vegetables closer to the ground. Also,
Persimmons, mulberries, Asian pears, and Chinese haws.
Page/37
3.2 FOREST GARDENS

3 . 2 . 3 . We ste r f i e l d Fa r m
Location .....................................................Bristol, UK
Size ........................................................0.36 hectares
Year .....................................................................2009
Aims
To prduce and distribute fruit, vegetables, nuts, herbs and
seeds to friends, family and local markets.
To offer educational opportunities locally such as:

- an introduction to the principles of permaculture
- sustainable art and craft activities
- animal/bird husbandry
- garden wildlife conservation/observation
- sustainable construction e.g. straw bale building
- designing and constructing a Forest Garden
- preparation and preservation of home grown
produce.
Planting
CANOPY - Sweet Chestnut, Black Mulberry, Apples, Pear.
TREES - Crab apple, Cherry, Plum, Hazel.
SHRUBS - Red and blackcurrants, Juneberries.
HERBACEOUS - Chards, Onions, Garlic, Comfrey, Crocus.
GROUND COVER - Strawberries, Japenese rasperries.
RHIZOSPHERE - Chinese & Jerusalem artichokes, Oca, Buniums.
VERTICAL - Sweet peas, Blackberries, Hops, Peas, Beans.
Page/38
3.3.1. Health Care Centre
Location .................................Todmorden, UK
Year ..................................................2009
Aims
To provide a haven of tranquility for the hardworking health centre staff;
To improve the health and wellbeing of staff, patients
and communities through increasing access to green
space on or near to NHS land;
To encourage greater social cohesion between NHS
sites and the local communities around them;
To spark projects that bring together professionals
and volunteers to use new and existing woodland for
art, food crops, reflective or exercise spaces and to
encourage biodiversity;
To highlight innovative ideas to encourage the use of
green space for therapeutic purposes.
Page/39
Key features Planter seating and the Apothecary garden.

Planting Produce grown at the health care centre includes;
strawberries, red and blackcurrants, gooseberries, rhubarb,
cherries, passion fruit, apples, pears, plums, raspberries.
Herbs grown in the apothecary garden include; borage,
californian poppy, caraway, chamomile, chervil, coltsfoot,
comfrey, coriander, dandelion, Echinacea, elder, evening
primrose, fennel, garlic, heather, hedge woundwort, hops,
hyssop, lavender, lemon balm, lemon bergamot, lemon verbena,
marigold, marjoram, marshmallow, mint, myrtle, nasturtium,
nettle, oregano, parsley, rhubarb, rosemary, st johns wort,
sage, salad burnet, sea orach, southernwood, sunflowers,
tarragon, thyme, welsh onion, winter savoury, witch hazel, woad,
woodruff.
Page/40
3.3.2. Schwab Rehabilitation
Hospital
Location ...........................................Chicago, USA
Size .......................................................10,000 sq ft
Year ....................................................................2003
Designed by ..........................Douglas Hills Associates, Inc.
Aims
To create a rooftop park for horticultural therapy;
To improve body, mind and spirit;
To increase patients cognitive and physical functioning;
To provide real life skills practice for its patients without
having to leave the security of the hospital;
To be a useful space that is an extension of what can be
done within the hospital and offer people places to go
outside that are safe and engaging;
To be a beautiful space that relieves tension and provides
the restorative properties of nature;
To create multiple sensory-stimulation environments,
with plants selected for fragrance, texture, and colour.
Page/41
Key features A 29 in. wide x 36 in. high biofall which flows

into an 810 ft., 12 inch deep pool with a 45 mil. EPDM liner and
underlayment. The seamless waterproofing membrane used for
the green roof project, Monolithic Membrane 6125(MM6125), is
a hot fluid-applied, rubberized asphalt that forms a long-lasting,
tenacious bond to the substrate that can withstand and perform
in submersed water conditions. One of the most significant
components of the garden roof assembly is the water retention/
drainage/aeration element, the Floradrain 25, which is comprised
of lightweight panels of 100% recycled polyethylene molded into
specially designed retention cups and drainage channels.
Planting Prairie flame sumac (Rhus typhina), autumn joy

sedum, stonecrop (Sedum kamschaticum, little blue stem) and
Schizachryium scoparium provide the backdrop.
The ground material is a biodegradable, fibrous wind blanket which holds soil in place while the plants like moonshine
yarrow (Achillea millefolium), take root. Adding colour to the
green roof is East Friedland salvia (superba). The garden also
includes ornamental trees, and raised beds for vegetables and
herbs and a border of meadow planting.
Design/layout A 28 inch Stonehedge series concrete planter wall

with a straight split face, manufactured by Rockwood Retaining
Walls, segregates the plantings of Butterfly bush (Buddleia
davidii), moonshine yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and English
Lavander (Lavandula angustifolia) Hidcote blue. The project
incorporates four primary areas with walkways within the garden
structure, providing places for gathering and solitude, for working
and resting, for visiting and observing, and playing and learning
all designed to support the well-being of patients.
Page/42
3.3.3. Royal Edinburgh
Hospital Community Gardens
Location ..............................................Edinburgh, UK
Aims
To improve health and well-being of and support the
recovery of patients;
To help build community;
To provide routes to employment;
Size ....................................................................6 Acres
To improve awareness around environmental
Year ..........................................................................2010
To improve social understanding and community
practice;
integration;
Tackle health inequalities;
Promote community building and social inclusion;
Provide a green space facility which provides
opportunities for healthy lifestyles to the local
community;
Promote environmental sustainability through
environmental education and opportunities for
environmental volunteering;
Promote growing and eating healthy local food;
Develop a replicable low cost model for community
gardening on NHS Lothian estates.
Page/43
Design/layout The hospital comprises of 5 different gardens

Planting
Woodland Walk - various shade loving species, including
honeysuckle, dogwood, and guelder rose. It was made from
recycled green waste from NHS Lothian;
North garden Large scale vegetable garden consisting of
alliums, brassicas, roots, and legumes, brassicas, shallots,
parsnips, beetroot and broad beans;
Forest garden - Strawberries, blackberries, loganberries,
and red currents;
South garden - a wide variety of lettuces, herbs, and
radishes in smaller beds;
Orchard - 70 trees of various species.
Page/44
3.3.4. Lawson Memorial
Gardens
Location .......................................................Golspie, UK
Year ...............................................................................2011
Aims
To develop health benefits through the natural
environment
Key features Raised planting beds for fruit and veg, a
sensory garden and a medicinal and culinary garden.
The garden also has walking paths, with several rest
areas. Safe access for the local community.
Planting Native trees and shrubs have been planted
around the site, including Rowan, Hazel, Birch, Cherry,
Oak, Willow, Hawthorn, Holly, Elder and a range of
Heathers. Fruit trees and fruit bushes also feature,
along with a wide range of flowering and scented herbs
and a rose garden.
Page/45
3.3.5. Hospital of Basel
Location ....................................SWITZERLAND
Size .....................................................32307 sq ft
Year ..................................................................2003
Designed by ................................... Dr. Stephan Brennesie
Aims
To encourage and test biodiversity;
To create micro-habitats provide living areas for many local plants and animal species.
Layout/design The hospital consists of four greenroofs, including sedum mats, 3 deep intensive roof and ground level intensive
courtyard.
Planting Substrate materials include regional soils, sands and a sand-gravel-loam mixture, designed with different levels. Large
gravel areas for birds as well as tall grasses, sedums, and the Basel Mix of seeds.
Page/46
3.3 URBAN ROOF TOPS

3 . 3 . 6 . Va l l e y H o s p i t a l
Location .................................................Paramus, USA
Year ...........................................................................2012
Aims
To house a colony of bees that will eventually
reach 70,000 in number;
To use the honey in dishes served to patients
and sell it in hospital gift shops;
To respond to a steep decline in the nations
honeybee population;
To promote healthy eating and environmental
awareness;
A tool for education.
Key features Two rooftop bee hives, hosting
8,000 to 12,000 bees covering a radius of 2 miles.
Page/47
3.3.7. LGI Rooftop garden
Location .............................................Leeds, UK
Cost ........................................................250,000
Year ....................................................................1999
Designed by ...............Landscape Projects & Susan Trangmar
Aims
To exploits the wonderful views over the city;
To provide an escape from the intensity of the
hospital for patients, staff and visitors.
Key features Non-slip flooring to allow the garden to
re-open more quickly after rain. The roof garden has
glass barriers for safety and shelter.
Planting Mainly coastal, draught resistant plants, eg
cliff-dwelling sea pinks.
Page/48
3 . 4 C A S E S T U D Y A N A LY S I S
The case studies in this report imply that urban growing is a relatively new concept generally led by communities, or businesses, with their
main intensions being to grow produce for the benefit of the environment and the local people. These projects tend to evolve from the desire
to contribute to sustainable urban living. Often landscape architects work alongside artists and ecologists in a multidisciplinary arrangement,
collaborating to create multifunctioning green spaces that can thrive and be aesthetically pleasing.
Three different types of urban green spaces were studied, in a variety of locations around the world, these include; rooftop farming, forest
gardens, and hospital gardens.
Many of these projects have used the practical location of a rooftop for growing plants and food, often because ground space can be very
limited in the urban environment. These spaces have the added benefits of providing great habitats for wildlife, good sunlight for food growing,
can reduce surface water run-off by storing water and also provide insulation for the building below. A number of different designs have been
created on these rooftops, from a simple sedum covering to an accessible visually appealing, multifunctioning garden. Vegetation grown includes
salads, herbs and vegetables.
Forest gardens are created as a practical way to yield fruit and nuts from native trees and plants, in an urban environment where food growing
is limited. They are often designed to provide a food source for the benefit of local communities and they support a closed loop permaculture
system, making them generally self-sufficient. Planting examples from these case studies include berries, apples trees and strawberries.
The Hospital gardens studied in this report range from rooftops to large woodlands but they all aim to create spaces that focus on the
importance of health and wellbeing. Offering horticultural therapy in order to aid recovery, with many growing medicinal herbs such as thyme
and lavender. Some also serve as a place for exercise and social cohesion. They create safe environments for patients, staff and visitors to escape
the hospital environment. Many of these green spaces also provide habitats for wildlife, such as bees, to encourage pollination and produce
honey.
Page/49
4 /
d e s i g n s
Page/50
4.1 DESIGN BRIEF

To investigate and develop design ideas and strategies for three new productive green spaces located at St. James hospital,
Leeds. The designs are driven by the value of green space on health and its relevance to any hospital environment, as well as
its function as part of a wider Continuous Productive Urban Landscape.
Aims
P roduce a variety of fruit, vegetables and medicinal herbs for patients, staff and visitors;
B e educational to its users;
C reate new habitats for biodiversity, such as bees, butterflies and birds.
B e an important place for relaxation, and recreation.
C ontribute to the cities green infrastructure and support climate change.
P romote healthy eating.
Apothecary garden
Forest garden
Roof garden
Page/51
4 . 2 S I T E A N A LY S I S
4.2.1. Context
This site is located on the North-east
side of the city of Leeds, in the North of
England. The hospitals history stretches
back to 17th century, originally built as
a work house, and gradually converted
to a hospital by 1925. The hospital
then expanded in 1948 as a result of
the National Health Service. The study
area lies adjacent to a main access road
into the city centre. This urban location
is surrounded by a number of green
spaces, including a registered park/
garden. There is also a mix of residential,
commercial and industrial areas. The site
is a known habitat for the Grey Partridge
and is oppostie a decidous woodland.
G re e n S p a c e s M A P
www.urbal.tv
Fo o d G ro w i n g M A Ps
Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes MAP

Page/52
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
4.2.2. Photo Analysis

H
G
KEY
STUDY AREA
VEHICLE ACCESS
EXISTING
GREENSPACE
HOSPITAL
BUILDINGS
HARDSCAPE
X
F
B
I
PHOTO
VEIWPOINT
D
A
C
I M
G
P
K
N
O
H
L
Page/53
Page/53
4 . 2 S I T E A N A LY S I S
4 .42..22..3L. aLnadn dU sUes e/ &

A cAc ec cs es s s
1:2500
HAREHILLS
LANDUSE & ACCESS MAP

STUDY AREA
VEHICLE ACCESS
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
HOSPITAL BUILDINGS
HOSPITAL HARDSCAPE
EXISTING HOSPITAL
GREEN SPACE
POTENTIAL GREEN ROOFS
POTENTIAL GREENSPACE
TO BE DEVELOPED
POTENTIAL GREEN WALLS
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
RECREATIONAL
CAR PARKING
SURROUNDING GREENSPACE
TO LEEDS
CITY CENTRE
Page/54
Page/54
Page/54
4.3 THE APOTHACARY GARDEN

Illustration of the proposed apothacary
garden outside the exsiting Bexley wing
at St. James hospital, Leeds.
Page/55
4.3 THE APOTHECARY GARDEN

4.3.1 Site Analysis
The Bexley wing is part of the latest
development at St. James Hospital,
opened in 2007, this very busy Oncology
unit is located opposite the hospitals
multi-storey car park. The current open
space at the entrance to this building is
predominantly hard surface, it is used by
vehicles and ambulances to drop patients
north view
birds eye view
west view
north view
off directly outside. Pedestrians currently

walk in all directions across the site.
1:2500
south-west view
south-west view
Page/56

4.3.2 Site Design
south - west view
south view
The current central hard

surface area has been
replaced with a variety of
herbal planting and some
seating to provide a place for
patients, staff and visitors. Also
incorporated into the design is
a wide porous pathway made
from recycled glass to lead
people safely to the front door.
The herbs demonstrated in
this design are all considered
medicinal and are available
for anyone to pick as desired.
Informative signs will be
included to indicate what
can be picked and when.
north view
south view
Page/57

N
4.3.3. Planting Plan

Access path
Elder Trees
Small Fruit Trees
1:250
Paths for easy

access to plants
Potted Herbs
Wild flower
24
Medicinal Plants
Mixed herbs
New path
CARAWAY
CHAMOMILE
COMFREY
CORIANDER
ECHINACEA
sections of herb planting for

patients and staff to 'help
themselves' with clear signage
Raised planter
seating
Entrance to
Bexley Wing
18
2
11
16
13
13
FENNEL
GARLIC
HEATHER
HEDGE WOUNDWORT
LAVENDER
4
17
15
8 12
19 10 5
14
LEMON BALM
LEMON VERBENA
MARIGOLD
MARJORAM
MARSHMALLOW
21
20
18
22 4
23
MINT
OREGANO
PARSLEY
RHUBARB
ROSEMARY
SAGE
TARRAGON
Multi-storey
carpark
THYME
Page/58
WOODRUFF

4.3.4. Planting
C AR AWAY
Carum car v i
It prevents or relieves
flatulence, i.e. stomach gas.
Improves your breath as
well as your digestion.
C HA M OMIL E
C h a m om i l l a r ec u t i ta
For general calming,
irritability & nervousness
in children, for teething,
insomnia and digestion.
EL D ER
Sambucu s
Good for flu, coughs and

colds and also tonic to the
blood and helpful for gout,
rheumatism and nerve pains
COMFREY
Sy m p hy t u m o f f i c i n a l e
Healer of connective
tissues. For skin problems,
bruising,sprains and external
wounds.
Foen ic u lu m v u l g a r i s
It is widely popular as a
gastro-intestinal remedy to
relieve flatulence and colic,
and to improve appetite.
CO RI AN DER
C o r i andr um sati vum

A digestive aid and for
urinary infections and for
many functions relating to
the stomach.
GARL IC
Allium sativum
It benefits digestion, the

lungs, circulation of blood,
lowers blood cholesterol,
works as an anti-microbial
combating diseases.
ECH I N ACEA
Echi nacea pur pur ea
Improves resistance to
infection. For colds, flu,
blood poisoning, bites,
gangrene, v.d and abscesses.
9
FE NN EL
H EAT H ER
HEDGE WOUNDWORT
Good for kidney and lower

urinary tract conditions,
prostate enlargement, fluid
retention, gout, & arthritis.
Healing to the tissues, it also

arrests bleeding and is an
antiseptic. Used for cramps
and aching joints.
C al l una vul gar i s
S tachys syl vati ca
Page/59

4.3.4. Planting
continued...
11
10
L AV E N DE R
Lavandula angustifolia
for headaches, migraine,
nervousness, insomnia,
depression, indigestion and
palpitations.
15
MA RS HMA LLOW
Althea of ficin a lis
Soothes coughs, sore

throats and inflammations
of the digestive and urinary
systems.
LE MON BAL M
LEMON VERBENA
soothes nervous indigestion,

palpitations, insomnia,
headaches and stress; it also
helps fevers, colds and flu
for nervous indigestion, mild

depression and anxiety. Its
both relaxing to the nerves
and uplifting to the spirits.
Melis s a o f f i c i n a l i s
16
A l oy s i a tr i p hy l l a
m e nt h a p i p er i ta
For fevers and colds, a useful remedy for concentration

and mental focus, cooling
and anaesthetic to the skin.
M ARIG O LD
C al endul a o f fi ci nal i s
Relieves lymphatic congestion, stimulates liver and

gallbladder function , helps
heal stomach ulcers
OREGAN O
Origanum vulgare
To treat the symptoms of

colds, flu and coughs. Also
helps digestion.
M ARJ O RAM
O r i ganum mar j o r ana

To treat the symptoms of
colds, flu and coughs. Also
helps digestion.
19
18
17
MIN T
14
13
12
PARSLEY
Petr o sel i num cr i spum

For water retention,
urinary infections, to help
dissolve kidney stones,
relieve painful periods and
flatulence.
RH U BARB
genus R heum
Its a strong purgative and

laxative, though in smaller
doses its an astringent tonic
to the digestive system.
Page/60

4.3.4. Planting
continued...
21
20
RO S EMA RY
Rosmarinus officinalis
For digestive problems;
headaches, depression;
circulation to the brain;
releaves muscular tension.
rheumatic pain.
22
SAG E
Sa lv ia o f f i c i n a l i s
helpful in depression,
exhaustion, digestive
complaints and respiratory
complaints. Sooths sore
throats.
23
TARRAGON
Artemisia dracunculus
stimulates appetite, reduces
nausea and helps flatulent
indigestion. useful in gout
and rheumatic complaints.
24
T H YM E
Thymus vul gar i s
For disinfecting the airways and relaxing bronchial

spasm, and as an expectorant to purge phlegm.
WO O DRU F F
G al i um o do r atum
To remove obstructions of
the liver and spleen and to
aid digestion.
When to sow:
Autumn
Winter
Spring
Summer
Caraway, Comfrey, Lemon balm, Rosemary, Sage, Echinecea, Lemon Verbena, Marshmallow
Parsley, Elder, Heather
Coriander, Fennel, Garlic, Thyme, Lavendar, Marigold, Marjoram, Mint, Oregano, Rhubarb
Chamomile, Woodruff, Tarragon, Hedge Woundwort
Page/61
4.4 THE FOREST GARDEN
Illustration of the proposed forest

garden outside the chapel at St. James
hospital, Leeds.
Page/62

4.4.1
Site Analysis
The second site chosen for development

at St. James Hospital is the existing
green space located in front of the
hospitals chapel which was built in
1848. This is fairly central within the
hospital site, with many people walking
and driving by it daily. The space is
currently just a patch of mowed lawn
north view
birds eye view
north-west view
north view
surrounded by a few Betula Pendula and

a perennial border.
1:2500
north-east view
north-west view
Page/63
4.4.2 Site Design
south-east view
north-east view
This site has been designated as the location for a new forest garden. Largely
because there is plenty of space to plant a variety of trees and shrubs, and also
its central location will make it a convenient place for recreation and relaxation
by staff and patients of the hospital. The site will lend itself to a 7-layered
system, from large fruit trees, down to root vegetables. Everything grown on this
plot will either provide foraging for humans or animals with little maintenance
north-west view
required due to its self-propogating, permacultural nature. The site also has
seating made from sustainable locally sourced timber, and a porous pathway.
north view
south-west view
Page/64
1:250
LAYER 1 :
Large Fruit Trees
LAYER 2 :
Small Fruit Trees
LAYER 3 :
Shrubs
P
C EDE
FR RO ST
HO OM SSIN RIAN
G
TO SP
CH ITA
AP L
EL
LAYER 4 :
Herbaceous
ITAL
HOSP EL
CHAP
LAYER 5 :
Ground Cover
LAYER 6 :
Root Vegetables
Existing Trees (Betula
Pendula)
FOR FULL LIST OF SPECIES SEE REPORT
P
C EDE
FR ROS STR
O
H M SIN IAN
G
TO OSP
CH ITA
AP L
EL
Page/65
4 . 4 . 3 . P l a nt i n g P l a n..

S m a l l F r u i t Tre e s
Flowering: Spring
Fruit: late Summer
Height: 12m
Type: Deciduous
Flowering: April
Fruit: August
Height: 12m
Type: Deciduous
M alu s Dom est ica
Prunus padus
L AY E R 2
BIRD CH ERRY
P y r u s co mmuni s
Mal us syl vestr i s
L AY E R 4
A P PLE T R E E
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
H e l i a nth u s tuber o sus
DAYLI LY
PEAR T REE
Flowering: Spring
Planting: Winter
Height:12m
Type: Deciduous
CRAB AP P LE
Flowering: Spring
Fruit: Autumn
Height: 10m
Type: Deciduous
Herbaceous
Shrubs
L AY E R 3
L a rge F r u i t Tre e s
L AY E R 1
4.4.4. Planting examples
R E D CURR E NTS
BL ACK BERRIES
Planting: Nov-March
Prune: In Winter
Fruit: Summer
Height: 1m
Flowering:Late Spring
Planting: 3m apart
Height: 5m
Pruning: regular
Rib es r u b r u m
Ru b u s u r s i n u s
Planting: 10cm depth

Height: 3m cut back at 1.5m
in mid summer
Type: perennial
Hemer o cal l i s
Flowering:Summer
Planting: spring or autumn
Height: 1.5m
Page/66
Type: perennial

Ro o t Ve ge ta b l e s
continued...
W I LD ST R AWBE R R I ES
JAPAN ESE WIN EBERRIES
Fruit: summer
Planting: spring
Height: 10
Flowering: late spring

Fruit: summer
Height: 2m
Ru b u s p h o e n i co l a s i u s
v i n e s & c l i m b e rs
L AY E R 7
Fraga r ia v irg in ia n a
L AY E R 6
G ro u n d C o ve r
L AY E R 5
TU RN I P
BEET RO OT
Planting: in Spring
Harvest: Mid Oct onwards
when size fo golf ball
Type: biennial
Planting: mid spring

Harvest: when golf ball size
roughly 90 days after sowing
Type: edible / medicinal
B o l r a s si ca r apa
K I WI
A c ti ni di a
Fruit: 3-4 yrs after sowing

Planting: Late Autumn
Height:9m
Harvest: before frost
Aspect: south west
Beta vul gar i s
SWEET P EA
Lathyr us o do r atus
Flowering: Late Spring
Aspect: full sun
Height: 2.5m
Type: Annual climber
Page/67
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN
Illustration of the proposed roof

garden on top of the Chancellors
wing at St. James hospital, Leeds.
Page/68
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN

4.5.1 Site Analysis
third site
chosen
forfor
development
The second
site
chosen
development
is on
of the
Chancellors
wing. This
at
St. top
James
Hospital
is the current
green
building
was chosen
hashospitals
a large flat
space
located
in frontasofitthe
roof with
easy
access.
It is also
located
chapel.
This
is fairly
central
within
the
adjacentsite,
to the
Bexley
wing
which
is a
hospital
with
many
people
walking
much
taller by
building
and
driving
it daily.and
Thetherefore
space is can
benefit from
overlooking
the garden.byThe
currently
a lawned
area surrounded
front view
has a door
both sides
aroof
fewcurrently
Betula Pendula
and on
a perennial
birds eye view
to provide access to the air conditioning

border.
units.
1:2500
west view
south view
east view
Page/69
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN

4.5.2 Site Design
This roof top location has been divided into two sections due to its existing
layout. The west side of the roof gives access to a number of bee hives that
will be used to collect honey for use in the hospital kitchens, or collected and
sold in the gift shop. This part of the roof also has a large wildflower meadow
with many nectar rich plants that will bloom throughout the year to attract
bees, birds and other pollinators. There is also a bug house for any species
that make it on to the roof.
west view
The other side of the roof is designed to support the urban farming trend with
the addition of a large number of raised beds for growing crops that can be
used in the kitchen. A roaming space for chickens has also been created, as a
means of producing eggs. A seating area has been provided for patients and
staff, and behind the chicken coop is a compost area at the rear of the roof for
kitchen and garden waste.
birds eye view
north-west view
south-east view
south-west view
Page/70
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN

4.5.3. Planting Plan..
URBAN WILDFLOWER MEADOW

with flowers that bloom and produce
nectar at different times of the year to
attract wildlife.
1:500
ROCKET
CUCUMBER
KALE
BUG HOUSE
ACCESS
GROUND
LEVEL
COURTYARD
LETTUCE
a multi-tiered habitat
for insects and small
mammals
COURGETTES
TOMATOES
RAISED PLANTERS FOR

GROWING CROPS
made from recycled
wood with informative
signage
BEES HIVES
A habitat for bees

and place honey
production for use in
the kitchens / sell in
the shop
GROUND
LEVEL
COURTYARD
WILDFLOWER
POTTED TREE
CLIMBERS e.g. IVY
SOLAR
PANELS
GROUND
LEVEL
COURTYARD
GROUND
LEVEL
COURTYARD
ACCESS
SEATING
AREA
CHICKENS
STORAGE
&
COMPOST
AREA
Open space for free range

chickens to roam and lay eggs
for use in the hospital kitchens
RUNNER BEANS
Page/71
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN

R U N N ER BEA NS
Phaseolus cocc in eu s
ROCK ET
Er u cca s a t i v a
CUCUM BER
C u c u m i s sati vus
K ALE
Br assi ca o l er acea
Harvest: July - Oct, when pods are

20cm long.
Pests: Slugs and Blackfly
Notes: mulch in June, keep soil
moist
Harvest: 4 weeks after sowing,

April - Nov.
Pests: Flea beetle
Notes: keep weed free & soil moist.
Edible flowers, easy to grow.
Harvest: July - Sept, cut fruits when

20cm long
Plant: early June
Pests: Whitefly
Notes: use canes, keep moist
Harvest: Dec - April, 10-15cm long

Plant: 45cm apart
Notes: net against birds, tolerates
cold weather
L E T T UC E
COURGET TE
TOM ATO ES
WI LDF LOWER M IX
Harvest: June - Oct by cutting

Plant 30cm apart
Pests; protect from sparrows
Notes: water when dry
Harvest: when 10cm long

Plant: 90cm apart
Notes: easy to grow, keep moist
L actuca s a t iv a
Cucurbitula
Ly co p e r s i can escul entum
Harvest: June - Oct

Plant: 60cm apart
Notes: use vertical cane. Remove
side shoots regularly, keep moist.
eg. Lindum Wildflower &

Perennial Turf.
A valuable nectar source, and a
biodiverse and colourful visual
display.
Page/72
4.5 THE ROOF GARDEN

4.5.5. Details
BEES
The roof garden will feature just one or two bee hives in the
first year, with space to add additional hives if the location
proves popular. Each hive can house up to about 35,000 bees
in the summer, and on average one hive will produce about
25lb of honey, up to 60lb in a good season. Any excess honey
produced by the bees will be collected and used by the kitchen
staff at the hospital, or sold in the gift shop. Honey has many
health properties, such as being an antiseptic remedy for sore
throats, and helping to heal cuts and burns.
The bees will fly up to a radius of 3 miles from this point
collecting nectar and hopefully helping to pollinate the
vegetables and plants within the hospital grounds. They
are particularly attracted to dandelions so these are will be
included in the wildflower meadow mix,
and bees also like Ivy, so climbers have
been incorporated throughout the roof
garden design.
ENERGY
A number of solar panels have been included in this roof
garden design as a means of generating power for the building.
The cooling effect of a green roof can lead to performance
improvements with the PV cells working at a higher efficiency.
LOADING
Before designing any roof garden it is essential to find out
how much weight the roof can take by a chartered structural
engineer. However, for the purpose of this exercise the
weight limits of this building have not been surveyed prior
to its designs, therefore we will assume that it can either
take the additional weight or be reinforced where necessary.
Commercial buildings like this are usually designed to be able
to manage a crowd load of 5kN/m,as well as a dead load of 1
or 2kN/m for items like furniture.
I R R I G AT I O N
Intensive roof gardens like this design require an additional irrigation system, to aid the productive growing all year
round. One resourceful
method for watering
the plants would be to
harvest rain water
from the higher level
roofs via a drainpipe
outlet into a storage
barrel, to avoid having
to use the mains where
possible.
Page/73
4.6 FUTURE PROOFING

When designing any new productive urban landscape it is important to not only consider the short term, but also the long
term, which includes thinking about how it can adapt to prosper especially with regards to the primary threat of climate
change.
Adapt
The green spaces in this project have been designed to provide produce for as long as possible with varying degrees of
management. However, the variety of products grown will need to adapt in order to cope with the effects of global warming.
The vegetables and fruit that thrive in the north of England in 2014 may not necessarily grow so well in 20 years time.
Therefore it is important to keep introducing new species and more varieties of food on to the sites.
Maintain
Any maintenance will need to be carried out by local voluteers and hospital staff continuously on a regular basis especially
with the vegetable growing and bee keeping on the roof top garden.
Educate
All users should be educated in the skills of food growing, to avoid mistakes being made, such as harvesting too early. This
will be done through the use of signs and clear instructions.
Integrate
Intergration with the wider environment will need to occur to encourage the connection of CPULs throughout the rest of the
city and support sustainability of the sites.
Page/74
REFERENCES
Sherman, S. et al,. (n.d) Landscape and Urban Planning. 73. 167-183.
Books / Journals:
Ulrich, R. S., (n.d) View Through a Window May Influence Recovery From Surgery in
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(2012)
Juniper, T (2013). What Has Nature Ever Done For Us?. London: Profile Books.
Velarde, D. et al (2007). Health effects of viewing landscapes landscape types in environLandscape Institute (2013) Green Infrastructure, an integrated approach to land use. Land-
mental psychology. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 6:4.
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Whitehouse, S. et al,. (2001) Evaluating a Childrens Hospital garden environment: utilizaHickman, C (2006) Therapeutic Gardens: An Overview of the History of Hospital Gardens in
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England from 1800.

Websites:
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: towards an integrated framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 15. 169-182. Quoted in:Munoz, S.A, & Nimegeer, A (2012)
Brenneisen, S. (2006). Space for Urban Wildlife: Designing Green Roofs as Habitats in
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[Accessed 30th Dec 2014].
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Build a bug mansion (2013) Available from: http://www.wildaboutgardens.org.uk/thingsto-
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Parsons, R. (1991) The potential influences of environmental perception on human health.
Churchill, J. (2013). Bees at UHSM - Britains greenest hospital just got greener. Available
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continued..
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The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS.(n.d) Available from: http://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/pa-
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Franklin, D. (2012). How Hospital Gardens Help Patients Heal. Available from: http://www.
Welcome Trust. (2013). Why every hospital should have a garden. Available from: http://
scientificamerican.com/article/nature-that-nurtures/. [Accessed 30th Dec 2014].
blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2013/11/08/why-every-hospital-should-have-a-garden/. [Accessed
30th Dec 2014].
Green Roof Guide.(n.d) Design considerations. Available from: http://www.greenroofguide.

co.uk/design/. [Accessed 10th Jan 2014].
Case Studies;
Brooklyn Grange. (n.d). About. Brooklyn Grange, Available from: http://brooklyngrangefarm.
Hickman, C. (2014). Hospitals with gardens could aid recovery. Available from: http://www.
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Unicorn. (n.d). Our living roof. Available from: http://www.unicorn-grocery.coop/living_roof.
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Green Roofs. com (n.d) Fairmont Royal York. Available from: http://www.greenroofs.com/
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PRODUCTIVE URBAN GREEN SPACES

Katie Ruffles 703 Cities Alive 02

As recently as 2007, for the

1.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

1.1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

The role of green infrastructure in addressing the challenges

The World population is now over 7 billion

BENEFITS OF FOOD GROWING IN CITIES:

which encourage humans and wildlife to move

SOCIAL - Encourages community engagement.

through the city, from rural to urban, via an

ECONOMIC - Money saving, and job opportunites.

uniterrupted corridor of green spaces.

ECOLOGICAL - Good for biodivesity.

Think globally, act locally

1.3 LOCAL FOOD GROWING

Leeds city council

its principles continue to become known internationally.

In dense urban environments designers

1.4 URBAN GREEN ROOFS

1.4 URBAN GREEN ROOFS

Health & social:

1.4 URBAN GREEN ROOFS

A northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) on the green roof in

1.4 URBAN GREEN ROOFS

Green roofs can

Green roof should have:

Ability to take the load;

to leave a 0.5m vegfree zone around the

1.5 FOREST GARDENS

The primary aims for this system are:

designed to propagate themselves, and be highly abundant in

The key features of this system are:

1.5 FOREST GARDENS

Dogwood and Mountain ash.

due to light limitations.

The Ground Cover layer Low ground hugging

plants that offer food and habitat, including

strawberries. These plants play an important

role in weed prevention.

The Root Layer Here root vegetables can

be grown below the soil, preferably shallow

rooted veg such as onions and potatoes.

The Vine Layer The final layer is for climbing

plants that will wind up tree trunks, these can

include very important food plants for wildlife.

Without pollinators, most ecosystems

an attractive habitat for insects and

1. Viewing nature has been shown to improve concentration, support

Clear signage and maps;

Lighting and wide paths for safety.

Also important is just the knowledge of the existence

Health benefits specifically applicable to hospital

twentieth century. (Hickman, 2006)

Hospital gardens began to lose their significance towards the end

Ipswich hospital gardens, early 1960s.

will be viewed as more of a luxury in the future. Although due to lack

CRITERIA FOR A HOSPITAL GARDEN:

Keep it real - Abstract scupltures can have

Keep it interesting - attract wildlife and

Engage multiple senses - seeing,

Other features considered important are the additions of small private

soothing, but avoid really strong odours;

Wide paths - to enable wheelchair uses to