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Bilging

Jonathan Ridley

Bilging
AIMS:
At the end of this section you should be able to:
Calculate the change in draught of a vessel at the LCF
is a compartment is bilged.

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Bilging is the term used to describe a situation where a


compartment is open to the sea, so that water is free to
flow in and out of the compartment.
This is usually due to severe damage.
There are several methods of determining GM of a
vessel after bilging.
The standard IMO method is known as the lost
volume method.
For reasons that will be clearer later, this name is a bit
misleading
.

Bilging
All bilging problems are solved in these stages:
Start

Find parallel
sinkage

Find KB and TCB


or KB and LCB

Find BM or BML

Find GM or GML

Find list or trim

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Bilging

Copyright 2007 Southampton Solent University

Consider a box shaped vessel, as shown below, KG=3m,


with a watertight compartment at amidships:
20m

2m

10m
100m

Parallel Sinkage
If the amidships compartment is bilged, the vessel will
sink lower into the water:
20m

2m

10m
100m

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Parallel Sinkage

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The compartment which has bilged is effectively no


longer part of the vessel we can now consider the
vessel to look like this:

Parallel Sinkage
The vessel has sunk as a result of losing buoyancy from
the bilged compartment. As the vessel sinks down, the
underwater volume, and hence buoyancy, increase
again, until the vessel is in equilibrium.
This happens when the volume gained is equal to the
volume lost.
20m

2m

10m
100m

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Parallel Sinkage

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2m

10m
100m

Parallel Sinkage

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Parallel Sinkage
20m

Copyright 2007 Southampton Solent University

20m
2.5m

10m
100m

20m

2m

10m

100m

Worked Example 1
A box shaped vessel has a length of 80 metres, a beam
of 9 metres and a draught of 4 metres. A full beam
amidships compartment, with a length of 10 metres, is
bilged. Determine the final draught of the vessel.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Parallel Sinkage

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Student Question 1
A box shaped vessel has a length of 60 metres, a beam
of 8 metres and a draught of 3 metres. A full beam
amidships compartment, with a length of 9 metres, is
bilged. Determine the final draught of the vessel.

Sinkage =

LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment T

(L Vessel BVessel ) (LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment )

9 8 3
= 0.529m
(60 8) (9 8)
Final Draught = 3 + 0.529 = 3.529m
Sinkage =

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 2
A box shaped vessel has a length of 50 metres, a beam
of 10 metres and a draught of 2 metres. A full beam
amidships compartment, is bilged. The final draught is
2.857m. Determine the length of the compartment.
Sinkage =
Sinkage =

LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment T

(L Vessel BVessel ) (LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment )


LBilged Compartment 10 2

(50 10 ) (LBilged Compartment 10 )

LBilged Compartment 20

(500 ) (LBilged Compartment 10 )


L Bilged Compartment = 15m

= 0.857m

= 0.857m

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The theory so far assumes that the compartment


completely floods.
In practice, this may not happen, as solid objects such
as machinery, cargo and structure cannot flood.
This is modelled using a factor known as compartment
permeability.
This is a decimal or percentage value which tells us
how much of the compartment floods.
For example, a permeability of 0.6 means 60% of the
compartment can flood.
Permeability has the symbol .
.

Permeability
Permeability affects both the volume flooded and the
waterplane area lost.
This means that we have to adjust the parallel sinkage
formula:

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Permeability

Copyright 2007 Southampton Solent University

A box shaped vessel has a length of 50 metres, a beam


of 6 metres and a draught of 1 metre. A full beam
amidships compartment, with a length of 5 metres, is
bilged. Determine the final draught of the vessel if the
permeability is 95%.

Worked Example 3
A box shaped vessel has a length of 80 metres, a beam
of 12 metres and a draught of 5 metres. A full beam
amidships compartment, with a length of 20 metres, is
bilged. Determine the final draught of the vessel if the
permeability of the compartment is 0.82.

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Worked Example 2

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Student Question 3
A box shaped vessel has a length of 70 metres, a beam
of 10 metres and a draught of 3 metres. A full beam
amidships compartment, 8 metres long, is bilged. The
final draught is 3.302m. Determine the permeability of
the compartment.
Sinkage =

LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment T

(L Vessel BVessel ) (LBilged Compartment BBilged Compartment )

8 10 3
= 0.302m
(70 10 ) (8 10 )
8 10 3 = 0.302 ((70 10 ) (8 10 ))
240 = 211.4 - 24.16
Sinkage =

= 0.80 or 80%
.

Parallel Sinkage
Remember bilging calculations are undertaken in
three stages. The first is parallel sinkage the change in
draught at the LCF.
Even in cases where the vessel will list or trim, parallel
sinkage is still the first stage.
The process of calculation is exactly the same as the
previous cases.

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10

20m

2m

10m
100m

Parallel Sinkage
The parallel sinkage can be complicated by the addition
of watertight flats within compartments.
These restrict flooding vertically, for example, in a
double bottom.
These problems have to be analysed logically look at
the actual lost volume, and look at the final waterplane
area.

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Worked Example 4

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The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships


double bottom compartment. Determine the parallel
sinkage.
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Worked Example 5
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m
100m

10m

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Worked Example 5

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The first step is to determine the lost volume. This is


found from the bilged compartment dimensions.
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Worked Example 5
The next step is to determine the final waterplane
area. You need to carefully consider which
compartments are dry:
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m
100m

10m

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Worked Example 5

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20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 4
The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships
double bottom compartment. Determine the parallel
sinkage.
10m

Initial draught = 1m

0.7m
50m

8m

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Worked Example 5

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Student Question 4
10m

Initial draught = 1m

0.7m

8m

50m

LOST
Final Waterplane Area
10 8 0.7
Sinkage =
= 0.140m
50 8
Sinkage =

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 5
The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships
double bottom compartment. Determine the parallel
sinkage if the compartment permeability is 95%.
15m

Initial draught = 3m

1m
80m

12m

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Student Question 5
15m

Initial draught = 3m

1m

12m

80m

LOST
Final Waterplane Area
15 12 1 0.95
Sinkage =
= 0.178m
80 12
Sinkage =

Parallel Sinkage
When bilging, particularly as a result of damage from
collisions, it is possible to be in a situation where the
vessel is bilged in a compartment above a water tight
flat.
In situations like these, the approach is the same, but
care must be taken with the waterplane area.

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The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships


compartment, above the double bottom. Determine the
parallel sinkage.
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Worked Example 6
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m
100m

10m

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Worked Example 6

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The first step is to determine the lost volume. This is


found from the bilged compartment dimensions.
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Worked Example 6
The next step is to determine the final waterplane
area. You need to carefully consider which
compartments are dry:
20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m
100m

10m

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Worked Example 6

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20m

Initial draught = 2m

1.5m

10m

100m

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 6
The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships
compartment, above the double bottom. Determine the
parallel sinkage.
22m

Initial draught = 3m

2m
80m

9m

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Worked Example 6

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Student Question 6
22m

Initial draught = 3m

2m

9m

80m

Sinkage =

LOST
Final Waterplane Area

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 6
The first step is to determine the lost volume. This is
found from the bilged compartment dimensions.
22m

Initial draught = 3m

2m
80m

LOST = 22 9 1 = 198m3

9m

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Student Question 6
The next step is to determine the final waterplane
area. You need to carefully consider which
compartments are dry:
22m

Initial draught = 3m

2m

9m

80m

Final Waterplane Area = (80 9) (22 9) = 522m2

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 6
22m

Initial draught = 3m

2m
80m

LOST
Final Waterplane Area
198
Sinkage =
= 0.379m
522

Sinkage =

9m

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Student Question 7
The vessel shown below is bilged in the amidships
compartment, above the double bottom. Determine the
parallel sinkage if the permeability of the compartment
is 77%.
25m

Initial draught = 5m

3m

8m

70m

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 7
25m

Initial draught = 5m

3m
70m

Sinkage =

LOST
Final Waterplane Area

8m

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Student Question 7
The first step is to determine the lost volume. This is
found from the bilged compartment dimensions.
25m

Initial draught = 5m

3m

8m

70m

LOST = 25 8 2 0.77 = 308m3

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 7
The next step is to determine the final waterplane
area. You need to carefully consider which
compartments are dry:
25m

Initial draught = 5m

3m

8m

70m

Final Waterplane Area = (70 8) (25 8 0.77) = 406m 2

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Student Question 7
25m

Initial draught = 5m

3m

8m

70m

LOST
Final Waterplane Area
308
Sinkage =
= 0.759m
406

Sinkage =

Bilging
This is the end of the section. You should be able to:
Understand the effects of bilging amidships, end, full
beam and side compartments with permeability.
Be able to calculate the metacentric height of a vessel
with a bilged compartment.

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AIMS:
At the end of this section you should be able to:
Calculate the longitudinal, vertical and transverse
position of the centre of buoyancy of a vessel after
bilging a compartment

Stability After Bilging


Once a compartment has been bilged, it is important to
be able to determine both GM and GML in order to assess
the stability of the vessel.
GM does not always reduce after bilging!
Finding GM involves finding KB, BM and KG.

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Bilging: Centres Of Buoyancy

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Finding KB after bilging requires a table of moments of


volume.
The vessel, in its bilged condition needs to be broken
down into a series of rectangular blocks, and the centre
of each block determined.
Each of these blocks is then put into a table in a similar
way to a loading table, except volume and KB are used
instead of mass and KG.

Worked Example 7
Determine KB for the vessel shown below:
22m

Bilged draught =
3.379m

2m
80m

9m

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KB After Bilging

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A good starting point is to draw the vessel from the


side, in the bilged condition:

Worked Example 7
Then label the intact compartments:
22m

2m
Bilged T = 3.379m

80m

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Worked Example 7

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Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each


of the intact compartments:
22m

AFT

MID

Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

2m

FWD

80m

Length

Breadth

Depth

Volume (m3)

Aft
Mid
Fwd
.

Worked Example 7
Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume
of each of the intact compartments:
22m

AFT

MID

Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

FWD

80m

Depth

Half Depth

Aft
Mid
.

2m

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

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Worked Example 7

Fwd

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Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to


find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Moment
(m4)

Aft
Mid
Fwd
Totals

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 8
Determine KB for the vessel shown below:
15m

Bilged draught = 5m

3m
90m

11m

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Worked Example 7

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Student Question 8
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact compartments:
15m

AFT

MID

Final T = 5m

FWD

3m

90m

Compartment

Length

Breadth

Depth

Volume (m3)

Aft

37.5

11

2062.5

Mid

15

11

495

Fwd

37.5

11

2062.5

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 8
Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume
of each of the intact compartments:
15m

AFT

MID

Final T = 5m

FWD

3m

90m

Compartment

Depth

Half Depth

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

Aft

2.5

2.5

Mid

1.5

1.5

Fwd

2.5

2.5

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Student Question 8
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Moment
(m4)

Aft

2062.5

2.5

5156.25

Mid

495

1.5

742.5

Fwd

2062.5

2.5

5156.25

Totals

4620

KB =

11055

Total Moment 11055


=
= 2.393m
Total Volume 4620

KB After Bilging
If permeability is involved, then the calculation
becomes slightly more complex.
Permeability () is the measure of the amount of the
compartment which floods.
1- is the amount of buoyancy still remaining in the
compartment.
For example, if 95% ( =0.95) of the compartment
floods, 5% must still be providing buoyancy.

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Determine KB for the vessel shown below if the bilged


compartment has a permeability of 70%:
22m

Final draught =
3.379m

2m
80m

Worked Example 8
Again, good starting point is to draw the vessel from
the side, in the bilged condition:

9m

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Worked Example 8

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Then label the intact and permeable compartments:


22m

2m
Final T = 3.379m

80m

Worked Example 8
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact and permeable compartments:
22m

AFT

MID

Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

2m

FWD

80m

Length

Breadth

Aft
Mid
Bilged

Depth

Volume (m3)

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Worked Example 8

Fwd
.

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Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume


of each of the intact compartments:
22m

AFT

MID

Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

2m

FWD

80m

Depth

Half Depth

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

Aft
Mid
Bilged
.

Fwd

Worked Example 8
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment
(m4)

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Worked Example 8

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Student Question 9
Determine KB for the vessel shown below if the bilged
compartment has a permeability of 80%:
10m

Final draught = 4m

1m

12m

90m

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 9
Label the intact and permeable compartments:
10m

AFT
Final T = 4m

MID
90m

1m

FWD

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Student Question 9
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact and permeable compartments:
10m

AFT

MID

Final T = 4m

FWD

1m

90m

Compartment

Length

Breadth

Depth

Volume (m3)

Aft

40

12

1920

Mid

10

12

120

Bilged

10

12

72

Fwd

40

12

1920

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 9
Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume
of each of the intact compartments:
10m

AFT

MID

Final T = 4m

FWD

1m

90m

Compartment

Depth

Half Depth

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

Aft

Mid

0.5

0.5

Bilged

1.5

2.5

Fwd

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Student Question 9
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Moment
(m4)

Aft

1920

3840

Mid

120

0.5

60

Bilged

72

2.5

180

Fwd

1920

3840

Totals

4032

KB =

7920

Total Moment 7920


=
= 1.964m
Total Volume 4032

KB After Bilging
If the compartment is a side or end compartment, the
process is exactly the same, but be careful with the
dimensions.
The fact that the vessel may trim or list as a result of
bilging is not important at this stage.

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37

Determine KB for the vessel shown below if the bilged


compartment has a permeability of 70%:
22m

Final draught =
3.379m

2m
80m

Worked Example 9
Again, good starting point is to draw the vessel from
the side, in the bilged condition:

9m

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Worked Example 9

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Then label the intact and permeable compartments:


22m

2m
Final T = 3.379m

80m

Worked Example 9
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact and permeable compartments:
22m
AFT
Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

FWD

2m

80m

Length

Breadth

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Depth

Volume (m3)

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Worked Example 9

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Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume


of each of the intact compartments:
22m
AFT
Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

FWD

2m

80m

Depth

Half Depth

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 9
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment
(m4)

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Worked Example 9

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40

If the bilged compartment runs all of the way from the


keel to the final waterline (ie, there are no watertight
flats) then there is a shortcut to finding KB for box
shaped vessels.
In these scenarios, KB is equal to half of the final
draught of the vessel.

LCB After Bilging


Finding the LCB after bilging is very similar to finding
KB, however the centres of each compartment are
measured from the aft perpendicular.

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KB After Bilging

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Determine the LCB for the vessel shown below if the


bilged compartment has a permeability of 70%:
22m

Final draught =
3.379m

2m
80m

Worked Example 10
Again, good starting point is to draw the vessel from
the side, in the bilged condition:

9m

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 10

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Then label the intact and permeable compartments:


22m

AFT
Final T = 3.379m

FWD

2m

80m

Worked Example 10
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact and permeable compartments:
22m
AFT
Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

FWD

2m

80m

Length

Breadth

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Depth

Volume (m3)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 10

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43

Calculate the position of the longitudinal centre of


volume of each of the intact compartments:
22m
AFT

FWD

Final T = 3.379m

Compartment

2m

80m

Length

Half Length

Aft End (m
FOAP)

Centre (m
FOAP)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 10
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre (m FOAP)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment
(m4)

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Worked Example 10

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44

If the bilged compartment runs all of the way from the


keel to the final waterline (ie, there are no watertight
flats), and is at the extreme end of the vessel, and there
is no permeability, then there is a shortcut to finding
LCB for boxed shaped vessels.
In these scenarios, the LCB is equal to half of the final
waterplane length of the vessel.

TCB After Bilging


Finding the TCB after bilging is very similar to finding
KB, however the centres of each compartment are
measured from the centreline of the vessel.
Distances to port are treated as positive, distances to
starboard are treated as negative.

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LCB After Bilging

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45

In the bilged condition, the draught of the vessel


below is 4 metres. Determine the TCB if the
permeability is 70%:
100m

2m

10m
8m

Worked Example 11
The first stage is to sketch the vessel from above, and
break the vessel down into simple rectangular sections:

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Worked Example 11

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The volumes of each section are then found:


8m
MID

10m

FWD

AFT
2m
100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m) Draught (m)

Volume (m3)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 11
The centre of each section from the damaged edge is
then found:
8m
10m

MID
FWD

AFT
2m
100m

Width (m)

Width (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
.

Centre From Damaged Edge


(m)

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Worked Example 11

Fwd

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47

The overall centre of volume is found in a moment


table, in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Volume (m3)

Centre From
Damaged Edge (m)

Moment (m4)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Worked Example 11
This value is from the damaged edge of the vessel. TCB
should be quoted from the centreline:

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Worked Example 11

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48

If the bilged compartment runs all of the way from the


keel to the final waterline (ie, there are no watertight
flats) then there is a shortcut to finding TCB for box
shaped vessels.
In these scenarios, TCB is equal to the centre of area of
the waterplane, which will be found later as part of the
BM calculations.

Bilging
AIMS:
This is the end of this section. You should be able to:
Calculate the longitudinal, vertical and transverse
position of the centre of buoyancy of a vessel after
bilging a compartment

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TCB After Bilging

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AIMS:
At the end of this section you should be able to:
Calculate the BM and BML for a bilged vessel.
Combine sections of the theory to calculate the GM
and GML for a bilged vessel.

BM After Bilging
To determine GM, BM is required.
Again, this needs consideration as to what the final
waterplane area looks like.
If the bilged compartment runs right across the vessel,
then determining BM is straight forward.

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Bilging: BM and BML

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Compartment Length

Bilged
Intact

Beam

Length

What is the difference in the underwater volume


before and after bilging?

Worked Example 12
The amidships compartment on the following vessel is
bilged. Determine BM after bilging.
20m

2m

10m
100m

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BM After Bilging

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After bilging, the final waterplane area will be as


shown:

Worked Example 13
The amidships compartment on the following vessel is
bilged. Determine BM after bilging if the permeability is
70%.
10m

3m

12m
80m

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Worked Example 12

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After bilging, the final waterplane area will be as


shown:

BM After Bilging
This process is identical if the full beam compartment
is amidships, at the ends or anywhere along the length
of the vessel.
For side compartments, the process is a bit different.
When a side compartment is bilged, the final
waterplane is asymmetric about the centreline of the
ship.
The ship rolls around an axis which runs through the
transverse centre of the waterplane area.

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Worked Example 13

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Bilged
Intact

BM After Bilging
We cannot directly calculate the transverse inertia
through the new roll axis, as the shape of the
waterplane is irregular.
To solve this we need to calculate the inertia about the
edge of the waterplane, and then use parallel axes
theory to determine the inertia through the centre of
the waterplane (which is the new roll axis).
This is best shown by example

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BM After Bilging

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A vessel with an initial draught of 2 metres is bilged in


a side compartment as shown. Find BM:
20m

10m
4m

100m

Bilged
Intact

Worked Example 14
The first stage is to determine the position of the
centre of the new waterplane area. This is done by
breaking the waterplane down into simple rectangular
sections:

Bilged
.

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Worked Example 14

Intact

55

The areas of each section are then found:


20m

10m

MID
FWD

AFT
4m
100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft
Mid
Fwd
.

Worked Example 14
The centre of each section from the damaged edge is
20m
then found:
10m

MID
FWD

AFT
4m
100m

Width
(m)

Half Width
(m)

Distance From
Centre From
Damaged Edge (m) Damaged Edge (m)

Aft
Mid
Fwd

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Worked Example 14

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56

The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,


in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Centre From
Damaged Edge (m)

Moment (m3)

Aft
Mid
Fwd
Totals

Worked Example 14
This means that the actual centre of the final
waterplane, and hence the roll axis, is 5.261m from the
damaged edge:
20m

10m
4m

5m

100m

Bilged
.

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Worked Example 14

Intact

57

The next stage is to determine the inertia through the


new centre. We cannot do this directly, but we can find
it about the edge, and use the parallel axes theory to
convert it.
To do this, we need to know the inertia of the
waterplane about one edge - this will be a remote
inertia.
For a rectangle, this can be found by formula:

Worked Example 14
The inertia about the damaged edge for the whole
vessel can be found:
20m

10m
4m

100m

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Worked Example 14

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The parallel axes theory can now be used to convert


this remote value to be the centre value:

Worked Example 14
This finally allows BM to be found:

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 14

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Student Question 10
A vessel with an initial draught of 3 metres is bilged in
a side compartment as shown. Find BM:
10m

8m
2m

80m

Bilged
Intact

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 10
The areas of each section are found:
10m

8m

MID
FWD

AFT
2m
80m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft

35

280

Mid

10

60

Fwd

35

280

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Student Question 10
The centre of each section from the damaged edge is
10m
then found:
8m

MID
FWD

AFT
2m
80m

Width
(m)

Half Width
(m)

Distance From
Centre From
Damaged Edge (m) Damaged Edge (m)

Aft

Mid

Fwd

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 10
The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,
in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Centre From
Damaged Edge (m)

Moment (m3)

Aft

280

1120

Mid

60

300

Fwd

280

1120

Totals

620

Overall Centre =

2540

Total Moment 2540


=
= 4.097m
Total Area
620

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Student Question 10
The inertia about the damaged edge for the whole
vessel can be found:
10m

8m
2m

80m

Length Beam3
Compartment Length Compartment Beam3

3
3
3
3
80 8
10 2
=
1
= 13626.667m 4
3
3

InertiaEDGE =
InertiaEDGE
.

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 10
The parallel axes theory can now be used to convert
this remote value to be the centre value:

InertiaREMOTE = Inertia CENTRE + Area Distance 2

13626.667 = Inertia CENTRE + 620 4.097 2


Inertia CENTRE = 3219.713m 4

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Student Question 10
This finally allows BM to be found:

BM =

Inertia Centre 3219.713


=
= 1.677m

80 8 3

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Student Question 10
A vessel with an initial draught of 4 metres is bilged in
a side compartment as shown. Find BM if the
compartment permeability is 82%:
10m

8m
2m

80m
Bilged
.

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Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Intact

63

Student Question 10
The areas of each section are found:
10m
8m

MID
FWD

AFT
2m
80m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft

35

280

Mid

10

60

Bilged

10

3.6

Fwd

35

280

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 10
The centre of each section from the damaged edge is
then found:
10m

MID
FWD

AFT

8m

2m

Width
(m)

Half Width
(m)

Distance From
Centre From
Damaged Edge (m) Damaged Edge (m)

Aft

Mid

Bilged

Fwd

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Student Question 10
The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,
in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Centre From
Damaged Edge (m)

Moment (m3)

Aft

280

1120

Mid

60

300

Bilged

3.6

3.6

Fwd

280

1120

Totals

623.6

Overall Centre =

2543.6

Total Moment 2543.6


=
= 4.079m
Total Area
623.6

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Student Question 10
The inertia about the damaged edge for the whole
vessel can be found:
10m

8m
2m

80m

Length Beam3
Compartment Length Compartment Beam3

3
3
3
3
80 8
10 2
=
0.82
= 13631.467m 4
3
3

InertiaEDGE =
InertiaEDGE

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Student Question 10
The parallel axes theory can now be used to convert
this remote value to be the centre value:

InertiaREMOTE = Inertia CENTRE + Area Distance 2

13631.467 = Inertia CENTRE + 623.6 4.079 2

Inertia CENTRE = 3255.860m 4

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Student Question 10
This finally allows BM to be found:

BM =

Inertia Centre 3255.860


=
= 1.272m

80 8 4

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If the bilged compartment runs all the way vertically


from the keel to the final waterline, then for a box
shaped vessel the TCB will be the same as the centre of
the waterplane.
This can be used to simplify the calculations for the
centre of the waterplane.

BML After Bilging


This process of finding BML is a little similar to finding
BM for the side compartment scenario.
BML requires the longitudinal inertia to be known at the
LCF.
This cannot be directly calculated, and so parallel axes
theory must be used to determine the value based on
remote values that can be calculated.
Again, this is best shown by example

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BM After Bilging

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67

The amidships compartment on the following vessel is


bilged. Determine BML after bilging.
20m

20m

2m

10m
100m

Worked Example 15
The first stage is to determine the shape of the final
waterplane and the position of the LCF. This is similar to
the transverse case, but distances are found relative to
the AP of the vessel:

Bilged
.

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Worked Example 15

Intact

68

The areas of each section are found:


20m
10m

Aft

20m
Fwd

100m

Section

Length (m)

Area (m2)

Width (m)

Aft
Fwd

Worked Example 15
The centre of each section from the AP is then found:
20m
10m

Aft

20m
Fwd

100m

Length
(m)

Half Length
(m)

Aft Bulkhead From


AP (m)

Aft
Fwd

Centre From AP
(m)

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Worked Example 15

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The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,


in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Moment (m3)

Centre From AP
(m)

Aft
Fwd
Totals

Worked Example 15
When the LCF is known, the distance from the LCF to
the centre of each section must be found:
60m

LCF

Aft

20m

20m

Fwd

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Worked Example 15

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The next stage is to find the longitudinal inertia


through the centre of each section. These values are the
inertia through the centre of each section:

Section

Beam (m)

Length (m)

InertiaL CENTRE
(m4)

Aft
Fwd

Worked Example 15
Then the parallel axes theory can be found to find the
inertia of each section through the overall LCF of the
vessel. These are remote inertia values:

Section InertiaCENTRE
(m4)

Area
(m2)

Aft
Fwd
Total

Distance (m to
LCF from section
centre)

InertiaREMOTE
(m4)

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Worked Example 15

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71

The total of the remote values is the total longitudinal


inertia measured at the LCF. This can finally be used to
find BML:

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 11
The amidships compartment on the following vessel is
bilged. Determine BML after bilging.
20m

3m

30m

10m
100m

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Worked Example 15

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72

Student Question 11
The first stage is to determine the shape of the final
waterplane and the position of the LCF. This is similar to
the transverse case, but distances are found relative to
the AP of the vessel:
20m
30m

10m

Aft

Fwd

100m
Bilged
Intact

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 11
The areas of each section are found:
20m
10m

Aft

30m
Fwd

100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft

50

10

500

Fwd

30

10

300

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Student Question 11
The centre of each section from the AP is then found:
20m
10m

30m

Aft

Fwd

100m

Length
(m)

Half Length
(m)

Aft Bulkhead From


AP (m)

Centre From AP
(m)

Aft

50

25

25

Fwd

30

15

70

85

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

Student Question 11
The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,
in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Centre From AP
(m)

Moment (m3)

Aft

500

25

12500

Fwd

300

85

25500

Totals

800

Overall Centre =

38000

Total Moment 38000


=
= 47.5m FOAP
Total Area
800

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Student Question 11
When the LCF is known, the distance from the LCF to
the centre of each section must be found:
50m

LCF

20m

Aft

30m

Fwd

47.5m
25m

37.5m

22.5m
85m

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Student Question 11
The next stage is to find the longitudinal inertia
through the centre of each section. These values are the
inertia through the centre of each section:

BL3
InertiaL =
12
Section

Beam (m)

Length (m)

InertiaL CENTRE
(m4)

Aft

10

50

104166.67

Fwd

10

30

22500

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75

Student Question 11
Then the parallel axes theory can be found to find the
inertia of each section through the overall LCF of the
vessel. These are remote inertia values:

InertiaREMOTE = Inertia CENTRE + Area Distance 2


Section InertiaCENTRE
(m4)

Area
(m2)

Distance (m to
LCF from section
centre)

InertiaREMOTE
(m4)

Aft

104166.67

500

22.5

357291.67

Fwd

22500

300

37.5

444375

Total

801666.67

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Student Question 11
The total of the remote values is the total longitudinal
inertia measured at the LCF. This can finally be used to
find BML:

BM L =

Inertia L 801666.67
=
= 267.222m

100 10 3

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Try this in your own time please ask for help if you need it

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76

The amidships compartment on the following vessel is


bilged. Determine BML after bilging, if the compartment
permeability is 70%.
20m

30m

3m

10m
100m

Worked Example 16
The first stage is to determine the shape of the final
waterplane and the position of the LCF. This is similar to
the transverse case, but distances are found relative to
the AP of the vessel:

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 16

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The areas of each section are found:


20m
10m

Aft

30m
Fwd

100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 16
The centre of each section from the AP is then found:
20m
10m

Aft

30m
Fwd

100m

Length Half Length


(m)
(m)
Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Aft Bulkhead
From AP (m)

Centre From AP
(m)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 16

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78

The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,


in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Moment (m3)

Centre From AP
(m)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Worked Example 16
When the LCF is known, the distance from the LCF to
the centre of each section must be found:
50m

LCF

Aft

20m

30m

Fwd

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 16

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79

The next stage is to find the longitudinal inertia


through the centre of each section. These values are the
inertia through the centre of each section:

Section

Beam (m)

Length (m)

InertiaL CENTRE
(m4)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Worked Example 16
Then the parallel axes theory can be found to find the
inertia of each section through the overall LCF of the
vessel. These are remote inertia values:

Section InertiaCENTRE
(m4)

Area
(m2)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Distance (m to
LCF from section
centre)

InertiaREMOTE
(m4)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 16

Total
.

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80

The total of the remote values is the total longitudinal


inertia measured at the LCF. This can finally be used to
find BML:

BML After Bilging


If the bilged compartment is at the end of the vessel,
and there is no permeability, then a shortcut can be
used to find BML.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 16

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81

Finding KG after bilging is extremely simple.


The lost buoyancy method works by changing the
distribution of buoyancy of the vessel.
This in turn changes the stability of the vessel.
We have seen that overall the total displacement is
constant.
We can make the assumption that the distribution of
mass has not changed the water in the bilged
compartment is not technically adding any mass to the
vessel.

Although there may be a small change due to damage,


we can assume that KG REMAINS CONSTANT.

GM and GML After Bilging


As has been seen, for a variety of situations, KB, BM
and BML can be found, and as KG is constant, GM and
GML can be found.
These can be used to determine the transverse stability
and list, as well as longitudinal stability and trim, after
bilging.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

KG After Bilging

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AIMS:
This is the end of this section. You should be able to:
Calculate the BM and BML for a bilged vessel.
Combine sections of the theory to calculate the GM
and GML for a bilged vessel.

Bilging: List and Trim


AIMS:
At the end of this section you should be able to:
Calculate the list and trim of a vessel after bilging.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Bilging

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83

When a compartment is bilged, the centre of gravity


remains constant.
The centre of buoyancy, which is the centre of the
underwater volume, moves transversely away from the
side compartment if a side compartment is bilged.

List After Bilging


The mass acts down from the centre of gravity, and
the buoyancy acts up through the centre of buoyancy.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

List After Bilging

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84

The vessel heels under the action of the misaligned


forces:

G
B

List After Bilging


The vessel heels until the centres are again aligned:

G
B

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

List After Bilging

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85

The angle of list can be calculated:

Worked Example 17
The vessel shown below bilges the compartment shown.
Determine the transverse stability and the list if the
permeability is 80%, and KG is 4 metres.
20m

3m

2m

10m
100m

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

List After Bilging

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86

20m

3m

2m

10m
100m

Worked Example 17
As the bilging runs all the way from the keel to the
final waterline, the KB in the final condition will be half
draught in the final condition.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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The first stage is to sketch the vessel from above, and


break the vessel down into simple rectangular sections:

Worked Example 17
The volumes of each section are then found:
20m
10m

MID
FWD

AFT
3m
100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m) Draught (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd

Volume (m3)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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The centre of each section from the damaged edge is


then found:
20m
MID

10m

FWD

AFT
3m
100m

Width (m)

Width (m)

Centre From Edge (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 17
The overall centre of volume is found in a moment
table, in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Volume (m3)

Centre From
Damaged Edge (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment (m4)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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89

This value is from the damaged edge of the vessel. TCB


should be quoted from the centreline:

As the bilging runs all the way from the keel to the
final waterline, the centre of the waterplane in the final
condition will be the same as the TCB in the final
condition.
The area of the waterplane still needs to be found.

Worked Example 17
The areas of each section are found:
20m
MID

10m

FWD

AFT
3m
100m

Section

Length (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd

Width (m)

Area (m2)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

Totals
.

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90

The inertia about the damaged edge for the whole


vessel can be found:
20m

10m
3m

100m

Worked Example 17
The parallel axes theory can now be used to convert
this remote value to be the centre value:

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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91

This finally allows BM to be found:

Worked Example 17

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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92

The angle of list can be found:

Trim After Bilging


When a compartment is bilged, the centre of gravity
remains constant.
The centre of buoyancy, which is the centre of the
underwater volume, moves longitudinally away from the
original position, which creates a longitudinal imbalance
between buoyancy and gravity.
The vessel trims as a result of this.

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 17

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93

The trim can be found using:

The MCTC can be found using:

Worked Example 18
The vessel shown below bilges the compartment shown.
Determine the transverse stability and the end draughts
if the permeability is 90%, and KG is 1.4 metres.
20m

2m

1m
100m

5m

10m

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Trim After Bilging

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94

20m

2m

5m

10m

1m
100m

Worked Example 18
Calculate the volume (length x beam x depth) of each
of the intact and permeable compartments:

Compartment

Length

Breadth

Aft
Mid
Bilged

Depth

Volume (m3)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

Fwd
.

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Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume


of each of the intact compartments:
20m

AFT

MID

Final T = 2.220m

Compartment

FWD
1m

100m

Depth

Half Depth

Base Above
Keel

Centre
Above Keel

Aft
Mid
Bilged
.

Fwd

Worked Example 18
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre Above Keel


(m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment
(m4)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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Calculate the position of the vertical centre of volume


of each of the intact compartments:
20m

AFT

MID

Final T = 2.220m

Compartment

FWD
1m

100m

Length

Half Length

Aft end
FOAP

Centre
FOAP

Aft
Mid
Bilged
.

Fwd

Worked Example 18
Use the centres and volumes of each compartment to
find the overall centre:
Compartment Volume (m3)

Centre FOAP (m)

Aft
Mid
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Moment
(m4)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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After bilging, the final waterplane area will be as


shown:
20m
5m

2.22m

1m
100m

Worked Example 18

10m

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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98

The areas of each waterplane section are found:

10m

Aft

20m

5m

Bilged

Fwd

100m

Section

Length (m)

Width (m)

Area (m2)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
.

Worked Example 18
The centre of each section from the AP is then found:

10m

Aft

20m

5m

Bilged

Fwd

100m

Length Half Length


(m)
(m)

Aft Bulkhead From


AP (m)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Centre From
AP (m)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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99

The overall centre of area is found in a moment table,


in a similar way to KB and KG:
Section

Area (m2)

Centre From AP
(m)

Moment (m3)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd
Totals

Worked Example 18
When the LCF is known, the distance from the LCF to
the centre of each section must be found:
75m

10m

LCF

Aft

20m

5m

Bilged

Fwd

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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100

The next stage is to find the longitudinal inertia


through the centre of each section. These values are the
inertia through the centre of each section:

Section

Beam (m)

Length (m)

InertiaL CENTRE
(m4)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Worked Example 18
Then the parallel axes theory can be found to find the
inertia of each section through the overall LCF of the
vessel. These are remote inertia values:

Section InertiaCENTRE
(m4)

Area
(m2)

Aft
Bilged
Fwd

Distance (m to
LCF from section
centre)

InertiaREMOTE
(m4)

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

Total
.

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101

The total of the remote values is the total longitudinal


inertia measured at the LCF. This can be used to find
BML:

Worked Example 18

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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The values found so far can be used to determine the


MCTC:

Worked Example 18
The values found so far can be used to determine the
trim:

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WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

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Copyright 2007 Southampton Solent University

WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

WARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY SOUTHAMPTON SOLENT UNIVERSITY

Worked Example 18

104

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