Experience: Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these

occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example,
surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven
years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.

Education: A bachelor's degree is the minimum formal education required for

these occupations. However, many also require graduate school. For example,
they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law
degree).

Training: Employees may need some on-the-job training, but most of these
occupations assume that the person will already have the required skills,
knowledge, work-related experience, and/or training.

Cosmologist Jobs
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Cosmologist Job Description

Cosmologists use ground based and space borne telescopes to make observations of and obtain data
on various properties of astronomical objects such as motion, physical properties, distance, size and
brightness. The data obtained through observation is used to create and test theories about
phenomenon such as the material components and origin of the universe and the features of gravity.
The work of cosmologists also has practical applications; it may also lead to advances in areas such
as energy, electronics, communications, navigation, and medical technology.

Cosmologist Job Duties

Observe astronomical bodies by using ground based and space borne telescopes as well as other
scientific instruments
Obtain and thoroughly analyze data
Create and test theories relating to the nature and origin of astronomical bodies and the universe
Do complex mathematical calculations to analyze physical and astronomical data
Design scientific equipment, such as telescopes and lasers
Develop computer software to analyze and model data
Present research findings at scientific conferences and lectures
Ensure accuracy when performing calculations
Produce original research for publication in scholarly journals
Plan and implement the use of new instruments

Education Needed to Become a Cosmologist

Earning a bachelors degree in physics, astronomy, astrophysics, mathematics, or engineering with a
focus in a relevant area such as aerospace engineering is typically the minimum requirement to get
an entry-level job in cosmology, such as Research Assistant.

The coursework offered by the aforementioned degree programs will help you develop a core set of
skills in the laws of physics and provide you with a highly applicable set of skills in mathematics, both
of which will be necessary for a career as a cosmologist.
If you want to become a cosmologist that completes your own research projects, directs others in
applied research, or teach at the college or university level, you will likely need a masters or doctoral
degree in physics, mathematics, astronomy, astrophysics, or a closely related field such as aerospace
engineering. Many students will also complete post-doctorate work in an area of cosmology in which
they seek to specialize.

Cosmologist Salary
The salary level of cosmologists can vary depending on factors such as their level of education, their
level of experience, where they work, the specific responsibilities of their job, and many others.
Cosmologist Salary Alberta: According to the 2011 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey, Albertans
working as part of the Physicists and Astronomers occupational group earn an average of $51.74 per
hour.
Cosmologist Salary Canada: According to Service Canada, the salary level of workers in
the Physicists and Astronomers occupational group is $66,968 per year.
Cosmologist Salary United States: According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics the
median salary level of workers in the Physicists and Astronomers occupational group is $105,430 per
year.

Who Hires Cosmologists?

Cosmologists are hired by public and private organizations involved in the creating, testing or
explaining theories relating to the origin and contents of the universe. They may also be employed in
academia, and by other organizations, such as that develop astronomical equipment.

Organizations that hire Cosmologists include:

Space centres
Space physics laboratories
Space applications centres
Private aerospace companies
Non-profit organizations, such as amateur astronomer associations
Colleges and universities
Commercial and non-commercial research organizations
Astronomical equipment manufacturers, such as telescope manufacturers
Observatories
Planetariums

Skills and Traits Needed to Become a Cosmologist

In order to become competent in a career as a cosmologist, you need to posses a certain set of skills
and personality traits. These skills and traits will not only help you perform you job duties with
competence; they will also allow you to maintain a positive attitude towards, and a deep interest in,
your work.
A keen interest in the universe, including its origins and its contents
Passion, patience, and dedication towards work activities
Solid grounding in the fundamental laws of physics
Ability to use specialized equipment
Ability to use specialized software
A natural aptitude, and advanced education in mathematics
Must be able to carefully evaluate your own work and the work of others

 Must be precise in data analysis, as even small errors can invalidate research
Able to work well with others towards a common goal
Must have excellent writing skills; used for preparing grant proposals and writing research reports

Careers Similar to Cosmologist

Listed below are careers in our database that are similar in nature to Cosmologist, as they may
involve many of the same skills, competencies and responsibilities.

How to Become a Geophysicist - Geophysicist Career

How to Become a Physicist - Physicist Career
How to Become an Astronaut - Astronaut Career
How to Become an Astronomer - Astronomer Career
How to Become an Astrophysicist - Astrophysicist Career

References: How to Become a Cosmologist

Please use the references below to find more information on the various aspects of a career as a
cosmologist.
Alberta Learning and Information Services website: alis.alberta.ca
Service Canada website: www.servicecanada.gc.ca
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics website: www.bls.gov
University of Newcastle, Australia website: www.newcastle.edu.au

Scholarships for Becoming a Cosmologist

Scholarships listed for majors that apply to becoming a Cosmologist can be found on our Physics
Scholarshipspage.
Success Tip: Be sure to apply for any scholarships that you even barely qualify for, as there are
millions of dollars of scholarships that go unused every year due to a lack of applicants!

Becoming a Cosmologist: Applicable Majors

Studying one of the university majors listed below is an excellent starting point to becoming a
cosmologist, as they can provide you with the necessary skills, knowledge and competencies to
succeed in this career. Click on the links to find out what else you can do with these majors!

Education Needed to Become an Astrophysicist

In order to qualify for entry-level jobs in astrophysics, you typically need a
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in astronomy, astrophysics or physics.

A Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in astrophysics is required for most research

assistant and consulting positions.

A doctoral (Ph.D.) degree in astrophysics is needed if you want to work for a

college or university as a teacher or a researcher.

You will also need a Ph.D. to work in most federal government research positions.
Many astrophysicists who have doctoral degrees work as post-doctoral fellows for
3-6 years before finding permanent employment.

Opportunities for Astronomy & Astrophysics study are available in the universities and autonomous
research institutions.

Universities that offer Astronomy & Astrophysics specialization at M.Sc., and in

some cases, a Ph.D. programme are
Punjabi University, Patiala, Osmania University - Full M.Sc. Course in Astronomy & Astrophysics,
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Allahabad, Bangalore, Burdwan, Kolkata, Delhi, Gauhati,
Gorakhpur, Gujarat, Indian Institute of Science, Jadavpur, Kashmir, Kumaon, Lucknow, Madurai
Kamaraj University, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Pune, Punjab, Pandit Ravi Shankar
Shukla University, Roorkee, Swami Ramanand Teerth University, Nanded.

Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)

IIA has a full-time Ph.D. programme for which the students are selected through an entrance
exam, followed by an interview. The exam is conducted in November every year and the is
advertised around September. Students are also selected through Joint Entrance Screening Test,
conducted annually in the month of February, followed by an interview. The advertisement appears
in all leading newspapers. Posters are sent to various institutions, universities and colleges all over
India. Highly motivated candidates with a M.Sc. degree in Physics / Maths or M.Tech. in
Engineering & exceptional candidates with B.E. /B.Tech. degree and a good background in physics
are eligible to apply for admission to the Ph.D. programme.

Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA)

IUCAA has a regular Ph.D. programme for which applications are invited every spring from
students who either possess an M.Sc. in Physics / Applied Mathematics / Astronomy / Computer
Science or a Bachelor's or Master's degree in engineering or technology with adequate background
in physics and mathematics or are expected to qualify for these degrees. Selection is made in July
through a written test and an interview. Selected candidate is required to clear the CSIR / UGCNET / GATE exam within one year of admission to the Ph.D. if he/she has not done so already.

Joint Entrance Screening Test (JEST)

Joint Entrance Screening Test (JEST) is conducted at an all India level every year in the month of
February for admission to Ph.D. programme. The advertisement appears in all the leading
newspapers and posters are sent to various institutions, colleges, universities all over India inviting
applications. The institutions participating in this programme are : Harish- Chandra Research
Institute (Formerly Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics & Mathematical Physics); Indian
Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore; Institute of Physics (IOP), Bhubhaneswar; Institute for
Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar; Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics
(IUCAA), Pune; Inter-University Consortium for DAE Facilities (IUC-DAEF), Indore; Jawaharlal
Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore; National Centre for Biological
Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore; National Centre for Radio
Astrophysics (NCRA), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune; Physical Research Laboratory
(PRL), Ahmedabad; Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bangalore; S N Bose Centre for Basic Natural
Sciences (SNBNCBS), Kolkata; The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc.), Chennai. The
pattern for JEST exam consists of multiple choice objective-type questions, with negetive marks
for wrong answers. Candidates who are successful in the entrance exam are called for an interview

and depending upon their performance, are selected as Junior Research Fellows for Ph.D.
programme.

Joint Astronomy Programme

This course is of one year duration, conducted at Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore,
jointly by IISc., IIA, RRI, TIFR. M.Sc., B.E., & B.Tech. degree holders are invited to apply in the
spring of the year for selection in July through an interview. After the completion of the course,
candidates are offered the opportunity for completing their Ph.D. at one of the participating
institute.

Autonomous Research Institutes

These offer a Ph.D. programme after a selection through interviews, usually in July every year.
Advertisements appear in spring. The institutions are : RRI, NCRA, TIFR, PRL, UPSO, ISRO.
For details on "Career in Astronomy", please
visit http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/beastronomer.html

Related Careers: Tier 1

The following careers are Highly related to this major:

Astronomers

Natural Sciences Managers

Physics Teachers, Postsecondary

Related Careers: Tier 2

The following careers are Somewhat related to this major:

Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians

Atmospheric and Space Scientists

Civil Drafters

Electrical Engineering Technicians

Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education

First-Line Supervisors of Animal Husbandry and Animal Care Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers

Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers

Hydrologists

Industrial Safety and Health Engineers

Management Analysts

Mechanical Engineers

Nuclear Monitoring Technicians

Nursery and Greenhouse Managers

Occupational Health and Safety Specialists

Orthotists and Prosthetists

Physicists

Surveyors

Related Careers: Tier 3

The following careers are Marginally related to this major:

Administrative Services Managers

Appraisers, Real Estate

Aquacultural Managers

Architectural and Engineering Managers

Architectural Drafters

Biological Technicians

Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products

Cartographers and Photogrammetrists

Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary

Civil Engineering Technicians

Civil Engineers

Commercial and Industrial Designers

Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists

Computer Numerically Controlled Machine Tool Programmers, Metal and Plastic

Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers

Construction and Building Inspectors

Dietetic Technicians

Dietitians and Nutritionists

Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment

Electrical Drafters

Electronic Drafters

Electronics Engineering Technicians

Environmental Compliance Inspectors

Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers

Farm and Ranch Managers

Fire Inspectors

Fire Investigators

Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers

First-Line Supervisors of Agricultural Crop and Horticultural Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Aquacultural Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand

First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Logging Workers

First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers

Forensic Science Technicians

Foresters

Freight and Cargo Inspectors

Geological Sample Test Technicians

Geophysical Data Technicians

Industrial Engineering Technicians

Industrial Production Managers

Instructional Coordinators

Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education

Landscape Architects

Librarians

Mapping Technicians

Marine Architects

Marine Engineers

Materials Engineers

Materials Scientists

Mechanical Drafters

Medical Appliance Technicians

Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers

Model Makers, Metal and Plastic

Museum Technicians and Conservators

Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians

Petroleum Engineers

Photographers

Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education

Private Detectives and Investigators

Product Safety Engineers

Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers

Purchasing Managers

Range Managers

Recreation Workers

Set and Exhibit Designers

Soil and Water Conservationists

Surveying Technicians

Teacher Assistants

Traffic Technicians

Training and Development Managers

Training and Development Specialists

Summary Description

Perform engineering duties in planning and designing tools, engines, machines,

and other mechanically functioning equipment. Oversee installation, operation,
maintenance, and repair of equipment such as centralized heat, gas, water, and
steam systems.

Sample Job Titles

1.

Air Conditioning Engineer

2.

Auto Research Engineer

3.

Automation Engineer

4.

Body Engineer

5.

Brake Engineer

6.

Car Designer

7.

Chassis Systems Engineer

8.

Combustion Engineer

9.

Commissioning Engineer

10.

Computer Aided Engineering Engineer (CAE Engineer)

11.

Cooling and Heating Systems Design Engineer

12.

Cryogenics Engineer

13.

Design Engineer

14.

Design Maintenance Engineer

15.

Diesel Engineer

16.

Diesel Retrofit Designer

17.

Distribution Engineer

18.

Dust Control Engineer

19.

Electro-Mechanical Engineer

20.

Engine Designer

21.

Equipment Engineer

22.

Erecting Engineer

23.

Facilities Engineer

24.

Facilities Mechanical Design Engineer

25.

Failure Analysis Technician

26.

Field Service Engineer

27.

Geothermal Power Generation Mechanical Engineer

28.

Heating and Cooling Systems Engineer

29.

Heating Engineer

30.

HVAC Engineer (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning Engineer)

31.

HVAC Engineer (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Engineer)

32.

HVAC Sensor and Digital Control Designer (Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning Sensor and Digital Control Designer)

33.

Hydraulic Engineer

34.

Hydroelectric Plant Mechanical Engineer

35.

Industrial Engineer

36.

Industrial Green Systems Designer

37.

Industrial Retrofit Designer

38.

Installation Engineer

39.

Internal Combustion Engineer

40.

Machine Design Engineer

41.

Machine Tool Designer

42.

Machining Engineer

43.

Manufacturing Applications Engineer

44.

Manufacturing Engineer

45.

Mechanical Design Engineer

46.

Mechanical Design Facilities or Products Engineer

47.

Mechanical Development Engineer

48.

Mechanical Engineer

49.

Mechanical Engineer HVAC Design

50.

Mechanical Equipment Test Engineer

51.

Mechanical Research Engineer

52.

Mechanical Systems Engineer

53.

Motorcycle Designer

54.

Plant Engineer

55.

Plant Equipment Engineer

56.

Powertrain CAE Engineer (Powertrain Computer Aided Engineering Engineer)

57.

Process Engineer

58.

Product Engineer

59.

Production Specialist

60.

Products Mechanical Design Engineer

61.

Project Engineer

62.

Refrigeration Engineer

63.

Roller Coaster Designer

64.

Roller Coaster Engineer

65.

Servomechanism Designer

66.

Sheet Metal Engineer

67.

Solar Energy Systems Designer

68.

Solar Engineer

69.

Stress Analyst

70.

Supplier Quality Engineer (SQE)

71.

Systems Engineer

72.

Test Engineer

73.

Test Inspection Engineer

74.

Textile Engineer

75.

Tool and Die Engineer

76.

Tool Design Engineer

77.

Tool Designer

78.

Tool Designer Apprentice

79.

Tool Engineer

80.

Tooling Engineer

81.

Utilization Engineer

82.

Ventilating Engineer

83.

Ventilating Expert

84.

Weapons Designer

85.

Weapons Engineer

86.

Wind Turbine Mechanical Engineer

Job Tasks

Read and interpret blueprints, technical drawings, schematics, or computergenerated reports.

Assist drafters in developing the structural design of products using drafting tools
or computer-assisted design (CAD) or drafting equipment and software.

Research, design, evaluate, install, operate, and maintain mechanical products,

equipment, systems and processes to meet requirements, applying knowledge of
engineering principles.

Confer with engineers or other personnel to implement operating procedures,

resolve system malfunctions, or provide technical information.

Recommend design modifications to eliminate machine or system malfunctions.

Conduct research that tests or analyzes the feasibility, design, operation, or

performance of equipment, components, or systems.

Provide feedback to design engineers on customer problems or needs.

Oversee installation, operation, maintenance, or repair to ensure that machines

or equipment are installed and functioning according to specifications.

Investigate equipment failures and difficulties to diagnose faulty operation, and

to make recommendations to maintenance crew.

Develop and test models of alternate designs and processing methods to assess
feasibility, operating condition effects, possible new applications and necessity of
modification.

Develop, coordinate, or monitor all aspects of production, including selection of

manufacturing methods, fabrication, or operation of product designs.

Perform personnel functions such as supervision of production workers,

technicians, technologists and other engineers, or design of evaluation
programs.

Specify system components or direct modification of products to ensure

conformance with engineering design and performance specifications.

Solicit new business and provide technical customer service.

Apply engineering principles or practices to emerging fields, such as robotics,

waste management, or biomedical engineering.

Research and analyze customer design proposals, specifications, manuals, or

other data to evaluate the feasibility, cost, or maintenance requirements of
designs or applications.

Write performance requirements for product development or engineering

projects.

Estimate costs and submit bids for engineering, construction, or extraction

projects, and prepare contract documents.

Establish or coordinate the maintenance or safety procedures, service schedule,

or supply of materials required to maintain machines or equipment in the
prescribed condition.

Study industrial processes to determine where and how application of equipment

can be made.

Design test control apparatus or equipment or develop procedures for testing

products.

Calculate energy losses for buildings, using equipment such as computers,

combustion analyzers, or pressure gauges.

Design integrated mechanical or alternative systems, such as mechanical cooling

systems with natural ventilation systems, to improve energy efficiency.

Direct the installation, operation, maintenance, or repair of renewable energy

equipment, such as heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) or water
systems.

Evaluate mechanical designs or prototypes for energy performance or

environmental impact.

Recommend the use of utility or energy services that minimize carbon footprints.

Select or install combined heat units, power units, cogeneration equipment, or

trigeneration equipment that reduces energy use or pollution.

Work Activities

Importance Work Activity

88
Interacting With Computers Using computers and computer systems (including
hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data,
or process information.

use computer aided drafting or design software for design, drafting, modeling, or
other engineering tasks

use computer graphics design software

use computers to enter, access or retrieve data

use relational database software

use spreadsheet software

use word processing or desktop publishing software

develop or maintain databases

78
Getting Information Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information
from all relevant sources.

collect scientific or technical data

read blueprints

read schematics

read technical drawings

read vehicle manufacturer's specifications

78
Making Decisions and Solving Problems Analyzing information and evaluating
results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

use intuitive judgment for engineering analyses

resolve engineering or science problems

77
Analyzing Data or Information Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or
facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.

analyze engineering design problems

analyze scientific research data or investigative findings

evaluate costs of engineering projects

evaluate engineering data

evaluate manufacturing or processing systems

evaluate tool designs

provide analytical assessment of engineering data

analyze technical data, designs, or preliminary specifications

analyze project proposal to determine feasibility, cost, or time

analyze test data

analyze engineering test data

76
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates Providing information
to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, email, or in person.

confer with engineering, technical or manufacturing personnel

73
Processing Information Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating,
tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.

compile numerical or statistical data

develop tables depicting data

compute production, construction, or installation specifications

72

Documenting/Recording Information Entering, transcribing, recording, storing,

or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

72
Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings Monitoring and reviewing
information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess
problems.

68
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs,
resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

bid engineering, construction or extraction projects

estimate cost for engineering projects

estimate time needed for project

estimate time or cost for installation, repair, or construction projects

66

Thinking Creatively Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas,

relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.

design control systems

design tools or mechanical devices

design engineered systems

design electronic equipment

design machines

design power equipment

design manufacturing processes or methods

design transporting processes

improve test devices or techniques in manufacturing, industrial or engineering

setting

create mathematical or statistical diagrams or charts

develop mathematical simulation models

design electro-mechanical equipment

determine specifications

66
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge Keeping up-to-date technically and
applying new knowledge to your job.

use drafting or mechanical drawing techniques

use government regulations

use pollution control techniques

use quality assurance techniques

use research methodology procedures within manufacturing or commerce

use scientific research methodology

follow safe waste disposal procedures

use technical information in manufacturing or industrial activities

use technical regulations for engineering problems

follow manufacturing methods or techniques

use biological research techniques

use knowledge of investigation techniques

use mathematical or statistical methods to identify or analyze problems

use project management techniques

use quantitative research methods

use library or online Internet research techniques

use robotics systems technology

follow statistical process control procedures

66
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events Identifying information by
categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting
changes in circumstances or events.

understand engineering data or reports

recognize characteristics of metals

66
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work Developing specific goals and plans
to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

plan production processes

plan testing of engineering methods

65

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards Using

relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or
processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

inspect facilities or equipment for regulatory compliance

examine engineering documents for completeness or accuracy

65
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships Developing
constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining
them over time.

work as a team member

62
Communicating with Persons Outside Organization Communicating with
people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the
public, government, and other external sources. This information can be
exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

communicate technical information

60
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment
Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell
others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated,
constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.

draw prototypes, plans, or maps to scale

write product performance requirements

calculate engineering specifications

59
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material Inspecting equipment,
structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or
defects.

conduct performance testing

59
Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People Assessing the value,
importance, or quality of things or people.

evaluate product design

59
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others Translating or explaining
what information means and how it can be used.

explain complex mathematical information

54
Provide Consultation and Advice to Others Providing guidance and expert
advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related
topics.

advise clients or customers

advise clients regarding engineering problems

recommend purchase, repair, or modification of equipment

recommend materials for products

49
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others Getting members of a group to
work together to accomplish tasks.

coordinate engineering project activities

coordinate production maintenance activities

direct and coordinate activities of workers or staff

oversee testing or construction of prototype

48
Scheduling Work and Activities Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as
well as the work of others.

44
Training and Teaching Others Identifying the educational needs of others,
developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or
instructing others.

43
Developing Objectives and Strategies Establishing long-range objectives and
specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.

develop safety regulations

write business project or bid proposals

develop policies, procedures, methods, or standards

develop plans for programs or projects

42
Developing and Building Teams Encouraging and building mutual trust,
respect, and cooperation among team members.

lead teams in engineering projects

41

Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates Providing guidance and

direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and
monitoring performance.

direct personnel in support of engineering activities

delegate authority for engineering activities

supervise production workers

use total quality management practices

41
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others Handling complaints, settling
disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with
others.

39
Coaching and Developing Others Identifying the developmental needs of
others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their
knowledge or skills.

36

Controlling Machines and Processes Using either control mechanisms or direct

physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or
vehicles).

35
Assisting and Caring for Others Providing personal assistance, medical
attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers,
customers, or patients.

32
Performing Administrative Activities Performing day-to-day administrative
tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.

prepare reports

prepare technical reports or related documentation

prepare contract documents

29
Monitoring and Controlling Resources Monitoring and controlling resources and
overseeing the spending of money.

29

Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment Running, maneuvering,

navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts,
passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.

Nature of the Work

(Abstract from Career Articles)

Mechanical Engineers
Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines.
Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal
devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Read More >>

Working Conditions

(Abstract from Career Articles)

Mechanical Engineers
Mechanical engineers generally work in professional office settings. They may
occasionally visit worksites where a problem or piece of equipment needs their

personal attention. Mechanical engineers work mostly in engineering services,

research and development, manufacturing industries, and the federal
government.

Read More >>

<< Previous Page Next Page >>

Source: MyPlan.com, LLC, 2014; includes information from the O*NET 16.0
database, 2011, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. O*NET is a trademark of the
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Summary Description

Conduct research into physical phenomena, develop theories on the basis of

observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply physical laws and
theories.

Sample Job Titles

1.

Aerodynamicist

2.

Aerophysicist

3.

Astrophysicist

4.

Atmospheric Physicist

5.

Atomic Spectroscopist

6.

Biophysics Scientist

7.

Cloud Physicist

8.

Consultant Electronics

9.

Electro Optical Engineer

10.

Electro-Optical Engineer

11.

Electrodynamicist

12.

Experimental Physicist

13.

Fluid Dynamicist

14.

Health Physicist

15.

Laser Engineer

16.

Mass Spectroscopist

17.

Mathematical Physicist

18.

Medical Physicist

19.

Molecular Physicist

20.

Molecular Spectroscopist

21.

Nanotechnologist

22.

Nuclear Physicist

23.

Nuclear Scientist

24.

Nuclear Spectroscopist

25.

Optical Instrument Specialist

26.

Optical Scientist

27.

Physical Aerodynamicist

28.

Physicist

29.

Physics Professor

30.

Radiation Control Health Physicist

31.

Radiation Protection Technician

32.

Research Consultant

33.

Research Physicist

34.

Research Professor

35.

Research Scientist

36.

Rheologist

37.

Rocket Scientist

38.

Scientist

39.

Scientist Electronics

40.

Space Physicist

41.

Theoretical Physicist

42.

Thermodynamic Physicist

43.

Thermodynamicist

44.

Weapons Designer

45.

Weapons Engineer

Job Tasks

Perform complex calculations as part of the analysis and evaluation of data,

using computers.

Direct testing and monitoring of contamination of radioactive equipment, and

recording of personnel and plant area radiation exposure data.

Describe and express observations and conclusions in mathematical terms.

Analyze data from research conducted to detect and measure physical

phenomena.

Observe the structure and properties of matter, and the transformation and
propagation of energy, using equipment such as masers, lasers, and telescopes,
in order to explore and identify the basic principles governing these phenomena.

Develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and
apply these theories and laws to problems in areas such as nuclear energy,
optics, and aerospace technology.

Teach physics to students.

Report experimental results by writing papers for scientific journals or by

presenting information at scientific conferences.

Design computer simulations to model physical data so that it can be better

understood.

Collaborate with other scientists in the design, development, and testing of

experimental, industrial, or medical equipment, instrumentation, and procedures.

Develop manufacturing, assembly, and fabrication processes of lasers, masers,

infrared, and other light-emitting and light-sensitive devices.

Conduct application evaluations and analyze results in order to determine

commercial, industrial, scientific, medical, military, or other uses for electrooptical devices.

Develop standards of permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in liquids and

gases.

Conduct research pertaining to potential environmental impacts of atomic

energy-related industrial development in order to determine licensing
qualifications.

Advise authorities of procedures to be followed in radiation incidents or hazards,

and assist in civil defense planning.

Work Activities

Importance Work Activity

94
Thinking Creatively Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas,
relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.

develop new products based on scientific research results

design manufacturing processes or methods

develop mathematical ideas or interpretations

develop mathematical simulation models

develop scientific or mathematical hypotheses, theories, or laws

design equipment, apparatus, or instruments for scientific research

90
Interacting With Computers Using computers and computer systems (including
hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data,
or process information.

use computers to enter, access or retrieve data

use relational database software

use spreadsheet software

use word processing or desktop publishing software

develop or maintain databases

85
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others Translating or explaining
what information means and how it can be used.

explain complex mathematical information

write scholarly or technical research papers

present research papers or dissertations on physical science issues

85
Processing Information Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating,
tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.

develop tables depicting data

classify plants, animals, or other natural phenomena

84
Making Decisions and Solving Problems Analyzing information and evaluating
results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

make decisions

resolve engineering or science problems

84
Getting Information Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information
from all relevant sources.

collect scientific or technical data

collect statistical data

study structure or properties of submicroscopic matter

83
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge Keeping up-to-date technically and
applying new knowledge to your job.

use government regulations

use hazardous materials information

use oral or written communication techniques

use scientific research methodology

follow safe waste disposal procedures

use teaching techniques

use knowledge of investigation techniques

use knowledge of materials testing procedures

use mathematical or statistical methods to identify or analyze problems

use physical science research techniques

use quantitative research methods

use library or online Internet research techniques

81
Analyzing Data or Information Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or
facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.

analyze scientific research data or investigative findings

conduct field research or investigative studies

conduct laboratory research or experiments

conduct nuclear research

conduct standardized qualitative laboratory analyses

conduct standardized quantitative laboratory analyses

evaluate manufacturing or processing systems

analyze ecosystem data

perform statistical analysis in physical science or geological research

forecast or predict phenomena based upon research data

conduct analyses to determine physical properties of materials

conduct research on astronomical phenomenon

conduct research into the relationship between time or space

75
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates Providing information
to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, email, or in person.

confer with research personnel

confer with engineering, technical or manufacturing personnel

72
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information
Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs,
resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

71
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events Identifying information by
categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting
changes in circumstances or events.

identify type of radiation

71
Communicating with Persons Outside Organization Communicating with
people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the
public, government, and other external sources. This information can be
exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

communicate technical information

make presentations

confer with scientists

70
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships Developing
constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining
them over time.

work as a team member

67
Provide Consultation and Advice to Others Providing guidance and expert
advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related
topics.

advise clients or customers

provide expert testimony on research results

advise authorities in procedures for radiation incidents or hazards

recommend further study or action based on research data

advise governmental or industrial personnel

58
Developing Objectives and Strategies Establishing long-range objectives and
specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.

write research or project grant proposals

write business project or bid proposals

develop policies, procedures, methods, or standards

develop plans for programs or projects

58
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others Getting members of a group to
work together to accomplish tasks.

direct and coordinate scientific research or investigative studies

direct and coordinate activities of workers or staff

direct implementation of new procedures, policies, or programs

58
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work Developing specific goals and plans
to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.

plan scientific research or investigative studies

56
Documenting/Recording Information Entering, transcribing, recording, storing,
or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.

record test results, test procedures, or inspection data

56
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards Using
relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or
processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

adhere to safety procedures

ensure prescribed safe radiation levels are maintained

53
Scheduling Work and Activities Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as
well as the work of others.

51
Developing and Building Teams Encouraging and building mutual trust,
respect, and cooperation among team members.

50
Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings Monitoring and reviewing
information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess
problems.

monitor operating procedures of radiation producing equipment

47
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others Handling complaints, settling
disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with
others.

45
Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People Assessing the value,
importance, or quality of things or people.

45
Performing Administrative Activities Performing day-to-day administrative
tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.

prepare reports

prepare technical reports or related documentation

prepare environmental impact or related environmental reports

44
Selling or Influencing Others Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or
to otherwise change their minds or actions.

43
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates Providing guidance and
direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and
monitoring performance.

42
Training and Teaching Others Identifying the educational needs of others,
developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or
instructing others.

39
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material Inspecting equipment,
structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or
defects.

36
Coaching and Developing Others Identifying the developmental needs of
others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their
knowledge or skills.

33
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public Performing for people or
dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants
and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

32
Controlling Machines and Processes Using either control mechanisms or direct
physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or
vehicles).

operate high energy linear accelerator

use laboratory equipment

29
Monitoring and Controlling Resources Monitoring and controlling resources and
overseeing the spending of money.

28
Assisting and Caring for Others Providing personal assistance, medical
attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers,
customers, or patients.

Nature of the Work

(Abstract from Career Articles)

Physicists and Astronomers

Physicists and astronomers study the ways in which various forms of matter and
energy interact. Theoretical physicists and astronomers may study the nature of
time or the origin of the universe. Physicists and astronomers in applied fields
may develop new military technologies or new sources of energy, or monitor
space debris that could endanger satellites.

Read More >>

Working Conditions

(Abstract from Career Articles)

Physicists and Astronomers

Physicists and astronomers spend much of their time working in offices, but they
also conduct research in laboratories and observatories. Most physicists and
astronomers work full time.

Read More >>

<< Previous Page Next Page >>

Source: MyPlan.com, LLC, 2014; includes information from the O*NET 16.0
database, 2011, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. O*NET is a trademark of the
U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Physicists and Astronomers

Significant Points

Physicists and astronomers study the ways in which various forms of matter and
energy interact. Theoretical physicists and astronomers may study the nature of

time or the origin of the universe. Physicists and astronomers in applied fields
may develop new military technologies or new sources of energy, or monitor
space debris that could endanger satellites.
Physicists and astronomers spend much of their time working in offices, but they
also conduct research in laboratories and observatories. Most physicists and
astronomers work full time.
Physicists and astronomers need a Ph.D. for most research jobs. Many physics
and astronomy Ph.D. holders typically begin their careers in temporary
postdoctoral research positions.
In May 2012, the median annual wage for physicists was $106,840. The median
annual wage for astronomers was $96,460 in May 2012.
Employment of physicists and astronomers is projected to grow 10 percent from
2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Expected growth
in federal government spending for physics and astronomy research should
increase the need for physicists and astronomers, especially at colleges and
universities and national laboratories.

Job Requirements

Experience: Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these
occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example,
surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven
years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.

Education: A bachelor's degree is the minimum formal education required for

these occupations. However, many also require graduate school. For example,
they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law
degree).

Training: Employees may need some on-the-job training, but most of these
occupations assume that the person will already have the required skills,
knowledge, work-related experience, and/or training.