Evolution of Modern

Wireless Communication
Systems

Prof. Dr. Said E. El-Khamy,

Life Fellow IEEE

Email: elkhamy@ieee.org

1. Needs and Limitations of

Wireless Multimedia
Communication Systems

Needs of Future Wireless

Communications
Wireless communications is attracting an increasing
interest and investigations due to:
Rapid growth of the number of wireless voice subscribers and the
internet.
Quickly increasing use of portable devices.

Wireless internet multimedia access is expected to rise

rapidly over the next few years.
This increases the growing demand for reliable high data
rate multimedia services .
3

Limitations

The wireless channel impairments

The large needed bandwidth

Interference

Security issues

Wireless Channels
Impairments
Fading.
Channel-induced ISI (multipath).
Co-Channel and Multi-User interference.
Intended Interference, (Jamming in Radars).
5

Fading
Fluctuation in the received signal
amplitude

Multipath Propagation

Interference

Mutiple-Acess
Interference in
Multipath Environment

Co-Channel Interference
in Cellular Systems
8

Bandwidth Limitations:
A Large bandwidth is needed to support multimedia
signals (voice, images, video, data, ).
Multimedia Requirements
Voice

Data

Video

Delay

<100ms

<100ms

Packet Loss
BER

<1%
10-3

0
10-6

<1%
10-6

Data Rate

8-32 Kbps
Continuous

1-100 Mbps
Bursty

Traffic

1-20 Mbps
Continuous
9

2. Duplexing Techniques (FDD-TDD)

10

TDD or FDD ?

11

3. Multiple-Access Techniques
OFDMA versus TDMA & CDMA

12

Evolution In View of
Multiple Access Methods

13

4. 2G SYSTEMS

14

Examples of Modern Wireless

Communication Systems (2G)
Fixed Wireless Access
Home RF
Wide Area Wireless Data Services
Cellular Mobile Systems
Cordless Telephones
Wireless LANs
Satellite Systems
Paging Systems
Bluetooth
and more!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15

Wireless Local Area Networks

(WLANs)
01011011

0101

1011
Internet
Access
Point

WLANs connect local computers (100m range)

Breaks data into packets
Channel access is shared (random access)
Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

16

Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (2G)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
Frequency hopped spread spectrum (or DS SS)
1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

802.11a (2+ G) -WiFi

Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)

OFDM with time division
20-70 Mbps, variable range
Similar to HiperLAN in Europe

802.11g (Emerging Generation)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
OFDM
Speeds up to 54 Mbps

802.11n (New Standard)

17

Wi-Fi Architecture

18

Bluetooth
Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
2.4 GHz band (crowded)
1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and
consumer electronics companies
Interesting applications starting to emerge
19
8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98

CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS

CELLULAR NETWORK COMPONENTS

It consists of:
Base Station Controller ( BSC)
Base Transceiver Stations (BTS(

20

GSM Specifications-1
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz

GSM Specification-II

Carrier Separation : 200 Khz

Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz
No. of RF carriers : 124
Access Method
: TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method : GMSK
Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps

Characteristics of GSM Standard

Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.

TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.

8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio
path.
Full international roaming capability.
Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
Compatibility with ISDN.
Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

Evolution Of GSM
2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
HSPSD (High Speed packet Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps

5. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR 3G

AND 4G SYSTEMS

25

Transmit-Receive Diversity ( MIMO)

Why MIMO ?

TMTR

RCVR

Frequency and time processing

are limited!
Space processing is
interesting because it does not
increase bandwidth
MIMO systems is a viable
approach to provide significant
capacity improvement

26

Smart Antennas
Smart Arrays:
Employ more than one antenna
element and exploit the
spatial dimension in signal
processing to improve some
system operating parameters:
Capacity, Quality, Coverage,
and Cost.

27

OFDM, OFDMA & SOFDMA

OFDM Basics
guard
x

X1
X N1-

e
x

Serial to Parallel

X1

X N1e

j 0

j 1

xn

Add
Guard

x
jN

IFFT

xn

N 1

Xne

frequency

2 kn

k 0

802.11a Example
52 Orthogonal carriers
(48 Data + 4 Pilots)

Input symbols are divided into parallel

streams

Each Stream multiplied by an orthogonal

carrier

Each carrier is narrow

band

Process performed using IFFT

Easier to equalize against

fading channels

Guard added to protect against ISI

28

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each user has a subset of subcarriers for a few slots
OFDM systems use TDMA
OFDMA allows Time+Freq DMA 2D Scheduling

29

6. 3G Systems
30

WiMAX
Features:
High data rate
Over large distance:
few kilometers
For large number of
users: stationary,
mobile
Alternative to DSL or
T1 lines

Big brother of WiFi

DSL Service
To business
Suburban
home

WLAN
Hot Spots

WiMax Tower

WLAN
Homes

WiMAX Service
Model
31

WiMAX Service Models

Switch &
Data Base

WiMAX Fixed

WiMAX Mobile

32

Evolution of 2G Cellular Systems

to 2.5G, 3G & 4G
CDMA

GSM/UMTS

2G

CDMA
(IS-95A)

GSM

2.5G

CDMA
(IS-95B)

GPRS

cdma
2000

E-GPRS
EDGE

3G

3.5G

1xEV-DO
Rev 0/A/B

3.9G
(4G)

UMB

HSDPA
FDD/TDD

LTE

IEEE Cellular

TDMA
IS-136

IEEE
802.16

IEEE LAN
IEEE
802.11

802.11g

WCDMA
FDD/TDD

TD-SCDMA
LCR-TDD

HSUPA
FDD/TDD

HSPA+

802.11a

Fixed WiMAX
802.16d

WiBRO

Mobile WiMAX
802.16e

802.11g

802.11n

33

3G Mobile Communication Standards

(CDMA Based)
IMT-2000 in 1996
Japan: WCDMA became central technology
in 1997.
Europe:WCDMA (UMTS) (FDD model) and
TD-CDMA (TDD).
America: CDMA-2000 Phase II
China: TD-SCDMA(1998)

34

UMTS: Modulation & Data Rates

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is used in UMTS as
the modulation technique.
It Provides different data rates like:
144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor
384 kbits/s urban outdoor
2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor
USES OVSF Codes for multirate multimedia
transmission

35

Optional Features of 3G PHY

Optional Turbo Coding
Considerable performance improvement at the expense of
latency and complexity

Space Time Codes (MIMO)

Achieving antenna diversity through multiple transmit and
receive antennas

Adaptive Antenna Systems

Directing beams towards one or more user

36

7. 4G SYSTEMS

37

OFDMA technology is the cost-effective, next generation broadband solution

with Public Safety features and in-building coverage
38

LTE
3GPP Long Term Evolution systems
3GPP LTE systems will provide higher data rate services with better
QoS than the current 3G systems.
This requires reliable and high-rate communications over timedispersive (frequency-selective) channels with limited spectrum and
inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multi-path fading.
OFDMA was chosen as the downlink air interface of 3GPP LTE
systems due to its several advantages:
high spectral efficiency,
simple receiver resign,
and robustness in a multi-path environment.

39

WiMAX mobile, IEEE 802.16e

Adds mobility to WiMAX
Mobility Support features:

Based on Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA)

128, 512, 1024 or 2048 subcarriers (instead of 256)
Uplink open and closed loop power control
Support for hard and soft handoff
Support for sleep mode
Better support for MIMO and adaptive antenna systems using
more mid-ambles

40