Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Marcantonio Catelani1, Lorenzo Ciani1, Loredana Cristaldi2, Marco Faifer2, Massimo Lazzaroni3, Paola Rinaldi4
1
I.
INTRODUCTION
RPN = S O D
where S (Severity) represents the estimate of how strongly
the effects of a failure impacts on the system or user
(personnel or customer for example) and its related to the
defined boundaries of the analyzed system; O (Occurrence)
represents the probability that a failure mode will be
manifested in a determined time that usually coincides with
the useful life of the component under examination. At this
aim, it is necessary to have access to detailed information
regarding the reliability of components/devices utilized, for
example the failure rate or field data feedback. The parameter
D (Detection) is the estimate of the possibility of
identifying/diagnosing and eliminating/preventing the onset of
a breakdown before its effects are manifested on the system or
personnel. This number is usually ranked in reverse order
from the severity or occurrence numbers: the higher the
detection number D, the less probable is the possibility of
identifying the failure and vice versa. Starting from these
considerations the lower probability of detection leads to a
higher RPN; this indicates the necessity to resolve the failure
mode with maximum priority and speed.
For each of these indices (S, O, D) it is necessary a
detailed analysis in order to identify their appropriate values,
related to the type of application and the operating
environment. The indices assessment for the PV module under
examination can be summarized as shown in Table I.
TABLE I.
Occurrence
(O)
Improbable:
Unlikely to occur
in the life of the
system
Remote:
Occurs 1 time in
a maintenance
cycle
Occasional:
Occurs 2 times in
a maintenance
cycle
Probable:
Occurs 3 times in
a maintenance
cycle
Frequent:
Likely to occur at
least once a
month in the
operating life of
the system
Severity
(S)
Insignificant
Marginal:
Low produced
power decreasing
Detection
(D)
Automatic
detection
with
warning
Automatic
detection
without
warning
Score
1-2
3-4
Critical:
High produced
power decreasing
Detected
by the
operator
5-6
Very critical:
temporary block of
the PV system
Impossible
to detect
by the
operator
7-8
Catastrophic:
possible injuries of
the user or operator
Impossible
to detect
9-10
III.
Module
It
Failure
mode
Possible
Failure
cause
Detected
symptom
Final
effect
Compensating
provision
against failure
RPN
Recommendation
Non
conformity of
front glass
(scratch ,
bubble,
intrusion)
Sandwich closing
in not correct way
Aging of
elements inside
the sandwich and
reduction of the
long term
reliability
Produced
power
decreasing
Support
structure
maintenance
60
Open circuit
PV cell fracture
Produced power
lowering
100
Laying care
Absorbed power
lowering
Annual
inspection of
the PV module
Spear parts
change
Aging of contact
between PV panel
Produced
power
decreasing
Produced
power
decreasing
80
Periodic
maintenance of
the contacts
Short circuit
Misalignment
between PV cell
string
Out of service of
a part of the PV
module
Produced
power
decreasing
144
Heart failure
Sandwich
insulation fault
Plant out of
service
90
Welding not
correct
Shadowing and
by-pass diode
failure
90
Powder
Atmospheric
event
Junction
perforation with
localized
overheating and
PV module
damage
Produced power
decreasing
Periodic
inspection of
the plant
PV panel
installation in
area without
continuous
shadowing
Hot-spot
Produced
power
nulling
Produced
power
decreasing
Structure
maintenance
252
Connection
box defective
Clamp/Terminal
damaged
Produced power
decreasing
Produced
power
decreasing
Produced
power
decreasing
Spear parts
change
150
Protection
systems
Monthly cleaning
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
PV
230
Load
Power ratio
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
220
Radiation (W/m2)
IV.
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
-10.5
10.5
Position (cm)
PV Panel active area
Center of PV panel
V.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
350
450
550
650
750
Wavelenght (nm)
Fig. 2: Power spectrum of the LED.
Pmax
Vpm
Ipm
Voc
Isc
: PV PANEL CHARACTERISTICS
5W
17.5 V
0.285 A
21.3 V
0.31 A
45
35
Clean
40
Powder 4 g/m2
Current (mA)
30
Powder 20 g/m2
25
20
Powder 40 g/m2
15
10
5
45
0
0
40
10
Current (mA)
35
20
Fig. 6: PV2 panel: experimental results for cleaned and not cleaned panel.
30
25
20
600
15
15 days after cleaning
10
5
Powder 4 g/m2
Clean
500
Clean
0
10
15
20
Voltage (V)
Fig. 4: I-V characteristic of PV1 panel.
600
Power (mW)
400
Powder 20 g/m2
300
200
Powder 40 g/m2
500
Power (mW)
15
Voltage (V)
100
Clean
400
0
0
300
200
10
Voltage (V)
15
20
Fig. 7: PV2 panel: experimental results for clean and not clean panel.
0
0
10
15
20
Voltage (V)
(b)
Fig. 5: P-V characteristic of PV1 panel.
MPP Reduction %
100
-5
-10
-20
-27
-30
-40
-51
-50
-60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
VI.
0
230
5
10
190
15
Radiation
170
20
150
25
130
30
110
Powder (g/m2)
Radiation (W/m2)
210
35
90
Powder
70
40
50
45
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
MPP (mW)
[1]
[2]
[3]
CONCLUSIONS
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]