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Lecture 6
33
We shall consider some special types of rst-order partial dierential equations whose
solutions may be obtained easily by Charpits method.
Type (a): (Equations involving only p and q)
If the equation is of the form
f (p, q) = 0
(1)
(2)
1
a.
(3)
34
(4)
where a is an arbitrary constant. Solving (3) and (4) for p and q, we obtain
q = Q(a, z) = p = aQ(a, z).
Now
dz = pdx + qdy
=
dz
= ax + y + b,
Q(a, z)
(5)
Now,
q 2 (1 + a2 z 2 ) = 1
q = (1 + a2 z 2 )1/2 .
(
p = (1 q )/z = 1
2
=
=
1
(1 + a2 z 2 )
)(
1
z2
a2
1 + a2 z 2
p = a(1 + a2 z 2 )1/2 .
p2 =
(1 + a2 z 2 )1/2 dz = adx + dy
}
1 {
az(1 + a2 z 2 )1/2 log[az + (1 + a2 z 2 )1/2 ] = ax + y + b,
2a
35
(6)
That is, a PDE in which z is absent and the terms containing x and p can be separated
from those containing y and q. For this type of equation, Charpits equations become
dy
dz
dp
dq
dx
=
=
=
=
.
fp
gq
pfp qgq
fx
gy
From the last two relation, we obtain an ODE
dp
dx
dp fx
=
=
+
=0
fx
fp
dx fp
(7)
g(y, q) = a
and then use the relation dz = pdx + qdy to determine a complete integral.
EXAMPLE 3. Find a complete integral of p2 y(1 + x2 ) = qx2 .
Solution. First we write the given PDE in the form
p2 (1 + x2 )
q
=
(separable equation)
2
x
y
It follows that
p2 (1 + x2 )
ax
= a2 = p =
,
2
x
1 + x2
where a is an arbitrary constant. Similarly,
q
= a2 = q = a2 y.
y
Now, the relation dz = pdx + qdy yields
ax
a2 y 2
dz =
dx + a2 ydy = z = a 1 + x2 +
+ b,
2
1 + x2
where a and b are arbitrary constant, a complete integral for the given PDE.
36
(8)
1
,
p+q
(9)
1
,
a+b
Practice Problems
Find complete integrals of the following PDEs.
1. p + q = pq
2.
p+ q =1
3. z = p2 q 2
4. p(1 + q) = qz
5. p2 + q 2 = x + y
6. z = px + qy + 1 + p2 + p2
7. zpq = p2 (xq + p2 ) + q 2 (yp + q 2 )