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REFERENCES
[1] N. Adams, Analytical Methods of Electroacoustic
Music. Routledge, 2006, ch. Visualization of Musical Signals, pp. 1328.
[2] S. Barrass, Auditory information design, Ph.D.
dissertation, The Australian National University,
Canberra, Australia, 1997.
[3] J. L. Bentley, Multidimensional binary search trees
used for associative searching, Communications of
the ACM, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 509517, 1975.
[4] G. Coleman, Mused: Navigating the personal
sample library, in Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC 2007).
Copenhagen, Denmark: Ann Arbor, MI: Scholarly
Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library,
2007.
[14] T. L. Hubbard, Synesthesia-like mappings of lightness, pitch, and melodic interval, The American
Journal of Psychology, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 219238,
1996.
[15] A. Hyvarinen, Survey on independent component
analysis, Neural Computing Surveys, vol. 2, pp.
94128, 1999.
[16] W. Kohler, Gestalt psychology.
Liveright, 1929.
Oxford, England:
[17] L. E. Marks, On cross-modal similarity: The perceptual structure of pitch, loudness, and brightness,
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 586
602, August 1989.
[18] , On perceptual metaphors, Metaphor and
Symbolic Activity, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3966, 1996.
[20] E. Pampalk, A. Rauber, and D. Merkl, Contentbased organization and visualization of music
archives, in MULTIMEDIA 02: Proceedings of the
tenth ACM international conference on Multimedia.
New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2002, pp. 570579.
[7] M. Ferreira de Oliveira and H. Levkowitz, From visual data exploration to visual data mining: A survey, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 378394, 2003.
[8] K. Giannakis, Sound mosaics, Ph.D. dissertation,
Middlesex University, London, UK, October 2001.
[9] , A comparative evaluation of auditoryvisual mappings for sound visualisation, Organised
Sound, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 297307, 2006.
[10] L. Ginsberg, A case of synaesthesia, The American
Journal of Psychology, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 582589,
October 1923.
[11] T. Grill, Constructing high-level perceptual audio
descriptors for textural sounds, in Proceedings of
the 9th Sound and Music Computing Conference
(SMC 2012), Copenhagen, Denmark, July 2012,
forthcoming.
[12] T. Grill, A. Flexer, and S. Cunningham, Identification of perceptual qualities in textural sounds using
the repertory grid method, in Proceedings of the
6th Audio Mostly Conference, ser. AM 11. New
York, NY, USA: ACM, 2011, pp. 6774.
[13] S. Heise, M. Hlatky, and J. Loviscach, SoundTorch:
Quick Browsing in Large Audio Collections, in
Proceedings of the 125th Convention of the Audio
Engineering Society, San Francisco, CA, USA, October 2008.
_596
Daniele Gabrielli
Universit`a di Macerata,
Macerata, Italy
_597
to possibly lead to a better understanding of the effect of acoustic pollution and environment acoustics
to psychological and physiological effects in human
subjects.
_598
(1)
with p(t) being the instantaneous pressure level. Incidentally, in the fluctuation generating any audible phenomenon, the pressure p(t) expands and contracts, thus
varying between two opposite polarities. The more the
energetic this variation is, the more the loud a sound is
perceived. Highly energetic sounds are regarded as Yang
(Yang is generally associated with Energy), as opposed to
weak sounds (silence is regarded as Yin).
As explained before, Yin is here regarded as the principle of expansion and Yang as the principle of contraction. Therefore, it can be assumed that a signal s(t) that is
compact in time can be seen as a Yang sound, while one
that is extended in time is more Yin. In the field of signal processing and analysis, the time localization[6] of a
signal and the choice of a compact yet optimal[27] basis
function used for the analysis is a classical topic2 . Following what has been stated, it can be said that a perfect
Yin sound cannot exist in reality, as it would extend indefinitely in time, spanning the whole universe history. The
same stands for a perfect Yang sound, which would be a
perfect Dirac impulse, which is impossible to have due
to the natural low-pass nature of physical systems, whose
convolution brings to a smeared version of any perfect
pulse. Although mathematical abstractions such as the indefinitely extended in time or frequency are conceivable
and useful to gather a first discrimination of Yin and Yang,
they are of no use in reality just as the Fourier transform
as a mathematical operator3 As will be discussed in more
detailed below, the perfect Yin or perfect Yang are noncochlear entities and cannot be experienced.
To further clarify this first step in extending the Yin
Yang theory to acoustics, the spectrogram in Figure 1 depicts two different (orthogonal) signals such as a long sine
wave (extremely compact in frequency) and a Dirac pulse
(extremely compact in time) and a possible transition between the two.
2 It must be noted that the first work in this field is probably by Dennis
Gabor, well known to the computer music community for the inspirational effect of Gabor atoms described in his Nature article [10]. These
are said to have inspired early formulation of granular synthesis, but they
are almost unknown to other fields such as communication theory or digital signal processing because of the infinitely extended support of their
Gaussian basis functions that makes their use unpractical. In practical
signal processing compact basis functions (or more simply, windows)
are needed, as the ones used in the Wavelet Transform [6].
3 Gabor himself criticized the direct use of the Fourier operator on
real-life signals Though mathematically this theorem is beyond reproach, even experts could not at times conceal an uneasy feeling when
it came to the physical interpretation of results obtained by the Fourier
method.[9].
Dance Music
_599
to possibly lead to a better understanding of the effect of acoustic pollution and environment acoustics
to psychological and physiological effects in human
subjects.
_598
(1)
with p(t) being the instantaneous pressure level. Incidentally, in the fluctuation generating any audible phenomenon, the pressure p(t) expands and contracts, thus
varying between two opposite polarities. The more the
energetic this variation is, the more the loud a sound is
perceived. Highly energetic sounds are regarded as Yang
(Yang is generally associated with Energy), as opposed to
weak sounds (silence is regarded as Yin).
As explained before, Yin is here regarded as the principle of expansion and Yang as the principle of contraction. Therefore, it can be assumed that a signal s(t) that is
compact in time can be seen as a Yang sound, while one
that is extended in time is more Yin. In the field of signal processing and analysis, the time localization[6] of a
signal and the choice of a compact yet optimal[27] basis
function used for the analysis is a classical topic2 . Following what has been stated, it can be said that a perfect
Yin sound cannot exist in reality, as it would extend indefinitely in time, spanning the whole universe history. The
same stands for a perfect Yang sound, which would be a
perfect Dirac impulse, which is impossible to have due
to the natural low-pass nature of physical systems, whose
convolution brings to a smeared version of any perfect
pulse. Although mathematical abstractions such as the indefinitely extended in time or frequency are conceivable
and useful to gather a first discrimination of Yin and Yang,
they are of no use in reality just as the Fourier transform
as a mathematical operator3 As will be discussed in more
detailed below, the perfect Yin or perfect Yang are noncochlear entities and cannot be experienced.
To further clarify this first step in extending the Yin
Yang theory to acoustics, the spectrogram in Figure 1 depicts two different (orthogonal) signals such as a long sine
wave (extremely compact in frequency) and a Dirac pulse
(extremely compact in time) and a possible transition between the two.
2 It must be noted that the first work in this field is probably by Dennis
Gabor, well known to the computer music community for the inspirational effect of Gabor atoms described in his Nature article [10]. These
are said to have inspired early formulation of granular synthesis, but they
are almost unknown to other fields such as communication theory or digital signal processing because of the infinitely extended support of their
Gaussian basis functions that makes their use unpractical. In practical
signal processing compact basis functions (or more simply, windows)
are needed, as the ones used in the Wavelet Transform [6].
3 Gabor himself criticized the direct use of the Fourier operator on
real-life signals Though mathematically this theorem is beyond reproach, even experts could not at times conceal an uneasy feeling when
it came to the physical interpretation of results obtained by the Fourier
method.[9].
Dance Music
_599
sharp
smooth
compact
wide
aperiodic
periodic
rich
poor
high
low
high
low
(4) Yin and Yang cannot be tore apart or exist as separate entities: a sound that is perfectly Yin or Yang
cannot exist in reality as it would have infinite extension in time or in frequency. This is also reflected in the analysis of any signal: analyzing the
(1) Yin and Yang stem from the same source: a fluctuation of a physical quantity, which bears both the
two opposites at the same time in a specific ratio.
5 However it can be argued that a perfectly uncorrelated sound is impossible to find in nature as even when digitally designed to be so in
propagating through a physical systems it gains a slight correlation.
_600
two opposite aspects of sound, i.e. time and frequency, cannot be arbitrarily perfect. The resolution
of one dimension in a space-phase representation of
the signal, such as the spectrogram, cannot be arbitrarily high without affecting the resolution of the
other dimension. This is formalized in the indeterminacy principle exposed by Gabor in [9], which in
turn relies on the similar principle by Heisenberg in
quantum physics.
1
td
|TC |.
td
2
(2)
_601
sharp
smooth
compact
wide
aperiodic
periodic
rich
poor
high
low
high
low
(4) Yin and Yang cannot be tore apart or exist as separate entities: a sound that is perfectly Yin or Yang
cannot exist in reality as it would have infinite extension in time or in frequency. This is also reflected in the analysis of any signal: analyzing the
(1) Yin and Yang stem from the same source: a fluctuation of a physical quantity, which bears both the
two opposites at the same time in a specific ratio.
5 However it can be argued that a perfectly uncorrelated sound is impossible to find in nature as even when digitally designed to be so in
propagating through a physical systems it gains a slight correlation.
_600
two opposite aspects of sound, i.e. time and frequency, cannot be arbitrarily perfect. The resolution
of one dimension in a space-phase representation of
the signal, such as the spectrogram, cannot be arbitrarily high without affecting the resolution of the
other dimension. This is formalized in the indeterminacy principle exposed by Gabor in [9], which in
turn relies on the similar principle by Heisenberg in
quantum physics.
1
td
|TC |.
td
2
(2)
_601
New York:
[13] R. Lerman, The macrobiotic diet in chronic disease, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, vol. 25, no. 6,
p. 621, 2010.
[14] D. Levitin and A. Tirovolas, Current advances in
the cognitive neuroscience of music, Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1156, no. 1, pp.
211231, 2009.
[15] J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China.
Cambridge University Press, 1956.
[16] M. Nguyen, D. Shi, and J. Fu, An online bayesian
Ying-Yang learning applied to fuzzy CMAC, Neurocomputing, vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 562 572, 2008.
[17] G. Ohsawa, Zen macrobiotics: the art of rejuvenation and longevity. GOMF, 1965.
[4] , The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. Anchor Books, 1997.
[5] D. Chu, Tai chi, qi gong and reiki, Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 15, pp. 773782, 2004.
[6] I. Daubechies, The wavelet transform, timefrequency localization and signal analysis, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 36, no. 5,
pp. 9611005, 1990.
_602
[19] H. Palmqvist, The effect of heartbeat sound stimulation on the weight development of newborn infants, Child development, pp. 292295, 1975.
[20] M. Pianesi, Le 5 diete Ma-Pi.
Italy, 2009.
LChi, Macerata,
[21] R. Plutchik, The effects of high intensity intermittent sound on performance, feeling and physiology.
Psychological Bulletin, vol. 56, no. 2, p. 133, 1959.
[36] W. Zhang and K. Peace, Yin Yang mental squaresan equilibrium-based system for bipolar neurobiological pattern classification and analysis, in 7th
IEEE Int. Conf. on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, 2007, pp. 12401244.
Europ. Bil-
_603
New York:
[13] R. Lerman, The macrobiotic diet in chronic disease, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, vol. 25, no. 6,
p. 621, 2010.
[14] D. Levitin and A. Tirovolas, Current advances in
the cognitive neuroscience of music, Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1156, no. 1, pp.
211231, 2009.
[15] J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China.
Cambridge University Press, 1956.
[16] M. Nguyen, D. Shi, and J. Fu, An online bayesian
Ying-Yang learning applied to fuzzy CMAC, Neurocomputing, vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 562 572, 2008.
[17] G. Ohsawa, Zen macrobiotics: the art of rejuvenation and longevity. GOMF, 1965.
[4] , The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. Anchor Books, 1997.
[5] D. Chu, Tai chi, qi gong and reiki, Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, vol. 15, pp. 773782, 2004.
[6] I. Daubechies, The wavelet transform, timefrequency localization and signal analysis, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 36, no. 5,
pp. 9611005, 1990.
_602
[19] H. Palmqvist, The effect of heartbeat sound stimulation on the weight development of newborn infants, Child development, pp. 292295, 1975.
[20] M. Pianesi, Le 5 diete Ma-Pi.
Italy, 2009.
LChi, Macerata,
[21] R. Plutchik, The effects of high intensity intermittent sound on performance, feeling and physiology.
Psychological Bulletin, vol. 56, no. 2, p. 133, 1959.
[36] W. Zhang and K. Peace, Yin Yang mental squaresan equilibrium-based system for bipolar neurobiological pattern classification and analysis, in 7th
IEEE Int. Conf. on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, 2007, pp. 12401244.
Europ. Bil-
_603