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Infants
Alicia E. Leadford, Jamie B. Warren, Albert Manasyan, Elwyn Chomba, Ariel A.
Salas, Robert Schelonka and Waldemar A. Carlo
Pediatrics 2013;132;e128; originally published online June 3, 2013;
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2030
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
located on the World Wide Web at:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/132/1/e128.full.html
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: For preterm infants born in a resourcepoor health facility, placement in a plastic bag at birth can reduce
the incidence of hypothermia at 1 hour after birth.
KEY WORDS
hypothermia/prevention and control, infant newborn, infant
premature, diseases/prevention and control, perinatal care/
methods
abstract
ABBREVIATION
WHOWorld Health Organization
e128
www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2012-2030
doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2030
Accepted for publication Mar 19, 2013
Address correspondence to Waldemar A. Carlo, MD, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, 1700 6th Ave South, 176F Ste 9380,
Birmingham, AL 35249-7335. E-mail: wcarlo@peds.uab.edu
LEADFORD et al
ARTICLE
METHODS
Study Design
In this single-center randomized controlled trial conducted at the tertiary
University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka,
Zambia, a standard thermoregulation care strategy (control group) was
compared with a strategy including
standard thermoregulation care plus
placement of the newborn in a low-cost
polyethylene bag (intervention group).
The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Oregon Health & Science University,
and University Teaching Hospital in
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Per hospital practice, mothers and infants were discharged from the hospital as early as 6 hours postpartum if
the infant was not admitted to the NICU.
If the infants were born in the afternoon,
evening, or night, they were discharged
from the hospital the next morning.
Infants were admitted to the NICU if they
had a birth weight ,1400 g, had respiratory distress, or had other abnormal signs requiring observation
or treatment. Very low birth weight
infants were routinely discharged from
the hospital from the NICU when they
attained a weight of .1500 g and were
otherwise medically stable, including
normal temperatures in an open crib.
Control Groups
Intervention Group
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LEADFORD et al
ARTICLE
RESULTS
Study Participants
Primary Outcome
FIGURE 1
Consort diagram.
2.20 (0.56)
34 (3236)
10 (20)
27 (55.1)
42 (85.7)
14 (28.5)
41 (83.7)
2.11 (0.52)
34 (3136)
14 (29)
28 (50.9)
51 (92.7)
9 (16.4)
45 (81.8)
DISCUSSION
This trial shows that placement of the
trunk and extremities of preterm/low
birth weight infants in a plastic bag
at birth or shortly after birth decreased
hypothermia at 1 hour after birth
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FIGURE 2
Temperature 1 hour after birth in infants randomized to a plastic bag or control group plotted by birth
weight. The dotted lines are the limits of normothermia. More infants randomized to a plastic bag
compared with control infants had normal temperatures. The effect happened across the birth weight
strata. Hyperthermia (.38C) was not seen.
without increasing the risk of hyperthermia. More than 80% of all the
infants in the study were hypothermic
at 10 minutes after birth, when the rst
temperature was taken, documenting
the high prevalence of this problem,
even though most of the infants were
more mature or had a higher birth
weight than infants for whom plastic
bags or wrappings are recommended
based on trials in developed countries
(,29 weeks gestation). Although a reduction in hypothermia was observed,
this resulted from a relatively small
difference in the actual mean temperatures (36.1 vs 36.5C).
A limitation of the trial is the short
duration of the intervention. The duration of the intervention was selected to
prevent hyperthermia, as well as other
unlikely hazards of placement inside
a plastic bag, such as skin damage or
suffocation. Another limitation to this
study is the inaccuracy of pregnancy
dating, which is common in lowresource countries and may explain
the high proportion of infants .2500 g
birth weight. We cannot exclude the
possibility that term infants were enrolled. The trial was not powered to
detect a difference between the groups
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LEADFORD et al
ARTICLE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Monica Collins RN, BSN, MaEd,
and Becky Brazeel, CPS, CAP, from the
University of Alabama at Birmingham;
Clement C. Mwamba and Lydia Mapala
from the University of Zambia; Franco
Mudekwa from the Lusaka Nursing Institute; and all the nurse midwives at
University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka
for their help in completing this project.
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LEADFORD et al
Plastic Bags for Prevention of Hypothermia in Preterm and Low Birth Weight
Infants
Alicia E. Leadford, Jamie B. Warren, Albert Manasyan, Elwyn Chomba, Ariel A.
Salas, Robert Schelonka and Waldemar A. Carlo
Pediatrics 2013;132;e128; originally published online June 3, 2013;
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2030
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