CAD + GIS EN Tutorial

Tutorial
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent any commitment on the part of
Pythagoras BVBA. Software described in this document, which has been developed by Pythagoras BVBA, may not be copied
by or for third parties without the prior written authorization of Pythagoras BVBA.
Pythagoras CAD+GIS V12.00

July 2010
Trademarks
Microsoft, MS-DOS and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
(C) Copyright Pythagoras BVBA. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any
language in any form by any means without written permission of Pythagoras BVBA.
Table of Contents
INSTALLATION ...................................................................................... I
INTRODUCTION: PYTHAGORAS CAD+GIS ....................................................................... 1
ABOUT PYTHAGORAS CAD+GIS .......................................................................................... 1
HOW TO USE THE PYTHAGORAS MANUALS? ......................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1:
MICROSOFT WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT ............................................. 3
GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 3

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ................................................................................................. 3
CONFIGURING THE PYTHAGORAS INSTALLATION ................................................................... 4
STARTING PYTHAGORAS ..................................................................................................... 5
TUTORIAL ............................................................................................. 7
ABOUT THIS TUTORIAL......................................................................................................... 9
TOPICS NOT COVERED IN THIS TUTORIAL ............................................................................. 9
HOW TO USE THIS TUTORIAL ............................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 1:
GETTING ACQUAINTED ...................................................................... 11
STARTING, VIEWING AND TERMINATING .............................................................................. 11

Starting Pythagoras ..................................................................................................................... 11
Opening an Existing Drawing ...................................................................................................... 12
Viewing a Drawing ...................................................................................................................... 12
Terminating the Drawing Session ............................................................................................... 14
DRAWING AREA ................................................................................................................ 15

THE CONTROL PANEL ....................................................................................................... 16
Scale and Coordinate System .................................................................................................... 16
Local - Page Coordinate System ................................................................................................ 18
Toolbox Buttons, Tools Menu and Cursor .................................................................................. 18
Position Indicators ....................................................................................................................... 19
Distance Indicators ...................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 2:
DEFINING OBJECTS ........................................................................... 23
SIMPLE OBJECTS .............................................................................................................. 23
Defining and Checking Points ..................................................................................................... 23

Defining and Checking Lines ....................................................................................................... 24
Connecting Points and Lines with the "Sight" ............................................................................. 25
SELECTING, CLEARING AND UNDO-ING ............................................................................... 27

Selecting a Single Object ............................................................................................................ 27
Selecting Multiple Objects ........................................................................................................... 27
Selecting a Group of Objects ...................................................................................................... 28
Selecting all (similar) Objects ...................................................................................................... 28
Clearing Objects .......................................................................................................................... 29
Undo-ing Actions ......................................................................................................................... 30
COMPOUND OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 30

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines................................................................................................. 30
Arcs ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Circles .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Parallel Objects ........................................................................................................................... 33
Exercise With Objects .................................................................................................................. 33
Polygons ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Title and Object Texts ................................................................................................................. 35
Dimensions en Annotations ......................................................................................................... 36
User Coordinate Systems ........................................................................................................... 37
Curves ......................................................................................................................................... 37
CHANGING THE FORMAT OF OBJECTS ................................................................................ 38

CHAPTER 3:
CREATING A NEW DRAWING ............................................................. 39
STEP 1: SELECT A PRINTER OR PLOTTER ........................................................................... 39

STEP 2: SET UP THE DRAWING TO THE PAGE CONSTRAINTS ................................................ 40
STEP 3: DESIGNATE AND CHECK THE DRAWING DEFAULTS .................................................. 41
Splitting up a Drawing in Layers .................................................................................................. 42
Checking Other Defaults ............................................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER 4:
SAVING AND PRINTING OR PLOTTING ............................................. 43
SAVING, CLOSING OR QUITTING ......................................................................................... 43

Saving a New Drawing ................................................................................................................ 43
Saving an Existing Drawing ......................................................................................................... 44
PRINTING OR PLOTTING ..................................................................................................... 44

Printing or Plotting a New Drawing .............................................................................................. 44
Adapting an Existing Drawing to the Active Printer or Plotter ..................................................... 45
CHAPTER 5:
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ............................................................... 47
CREATING A TERRAIN MODEL ............................................................................................. 48
CONTOUR LINES................................................................................................................ 49
VOLUMES ......................................................................................................................... 50
CROSS SECTIONS ALONG PATH ...................................................................................... 51
CROSS SECTIONS - PERPENDICULAR TO PATH ................................................................... 52
3D-VIEW .......................................................................................................................... 56
COLORIZED MAP OF A TERRAIN MODEL ............................................................................... 57
SLOPE INTERCEPT............................................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER 6:
THEMATIC MAPS................................................................................. 63
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 63
First example ............................................................................................................................... 63
Second example ......................................................................................................................... 65
Third example ............................................................................................................................. 66
Fourth example ........................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 7:
DATABASES IN PYTHAGORAS .......................................................... 69
CREATING A TABLE ........................................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER 8:
COORDINATE AND POLYGON LIST .................................................. 72
CREATING COORDINATE LIST ............................................................................................. 72

CREATING POLYGON LIST.................................................................................................. 74
CHAPTER 9:
GOOGLE EARTH ................................................................................. 76
EXPORT .KML .................................................................................................................. 76

VIEW DRAWING DIRECTLY FROM PYTHAGORAS IN GOOGLE EARTH ....................................... 78
CHAPTER 10:
ROAD DESIGN TUTORIAL .................................................................. 81
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 81
TECHNIQUE ...................................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 11:
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ....................................................................... 100
DRAWING INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 100

IMPORT & EXPORT .......................................................................................................... 100
OBJECT INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 101
DEFAULT SELECTIONS ..................................................................................................... 101
DISPLAY AND PRINT OPTIONS .......................................................................................... 102
COPY AND PASTE ........................................................................................................... 102
CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................... 103

PRINT SHEET MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 104
Installation
Introduction: Pythagoras CAD+GIS

About Pythagoras CAD+GIS
Pythagoras is the ideal Computer Aided Design tool for land surveyors, civil engineers, design
firms, utility companies and construction companies.
Pythagoras runs on the following operating systems:
Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows Vista
Microsoft Windows 7
How to Use the Pythagoras Manuals?

All user information about Pythagoras is brought together in three volumes.
First, Pythagoras must be installed on your computer. This is explained in this first volume: the
Installation Manual.
The second volume, the Tutorial, is made for all novices to Pythagoras. Its language and tone
is such that new computer users quickly will be on the move. But also connoisseurs of
computers and CAD programs will gain time by catching the rhythm of Pythagoras this way.
Detailed and complete information on all functions of Pythagoras can be found in the third
volume: the Reference Manual.
Finally the appendices to the Reference Manual provide information on advanced functions as
well as the file formats used by Pythagoras.
Installation
Introduction: Pythagoras CAD+GIS 1
Chapter 1:
Microsoft Windows Environment
General Information
The following minimum system specifications are needed:
a Pentium or higher processor
Minimum 128 Megabyte RAM memory
Windows XP, Vista or 7
Any printer or plotter supported by the Operating system(s) above may be

used.
Installation Procedure
WARNING!
USB key:
We recommend that you first install the software, and then restart the
PC, before connecting the USB security key.
Caution:
Windows needs you to be logged on as "Administrator".
1. Download Pythagoras 12 from our website www.pythagoras.net under
Downloads.
2. Fill in the form
And click on Download
Installation
3. Click on Download US English (or UK English)
4. Double click on SETUP.EXE.

5. Click OK in the RUN dialog box
6. Follow the instructions on your screen.
The installation program will automatically detect an older version of Pythagoras and will
delete it. If you have installed Pythagoras 11, you can keep this version if you specify
another folder.
The next installation of Pythagoras 12 will first delete all older versions (also V11)!
7. Restart your computer.
Configuring the Pythagoras Installation

The actual operating size of the Pythagoras program is defined by three
parameters. These parameters have default values which can be changed
by the
Pythagoras Configuration program
This program has the name "Configure" in your Windows Applications
window.
At any time, if you try to start Pythagoras and you have trouble opening
Pythagoras, double click on the Configure icon and change one or all of the
three following parameters:
Number of objects per drawing
Each object, be it a point, a line or whatever occupies some space in
memory. When Pythagoras runs, it reserves memory space for the
number of objects indicated here.
4 Microsoft Windows Environment
Installation
The maximum number of objects is limited to 4 million objects per

drawing. As a default, this value is set to 65000.
We advise you not to set the max. number of objects higher than
necessary. The higher the number, the more memory Pythagoras will
use.
Image cache (in MB)
This is the maximum size of RAM space reserved by Pythagoras to
speed up the display of images. When you set the image cache too small
(for example 0MB), Pythagoras will always need to read the image from
disk to display it. When the image is smaller then the size of the Image
cache, it will be read only once and kept in memory.
When a drawing contains several images, or there are several drawings
open containing images, the image cache will be used for all images.
When the cache is not large enough to keep all images, Pythagoras will
retain the most recently used information in the image cache.
The maximum size of the image cache is 128MB. It is obvious that the
size of the image cache should not be made larger then what is really
required. Consult the reference manual "Import of images" to make an
estimate of the size.
Automatic save:
When automatic save is activated, a value can be entered which
represents a time interval (expressed in minutes) between each
automatic save. While working in Pythagoras, you will get the choice
whether you want to save your drawing automatically or not.
Automatic backup
When activating automatic backup, Pythagoras will create a backup copy
of the drawing you are opening. This backup copy will be saved in the
same folder as your original, but the filename starts with ~$.
Starting Pythagoras
Starting Pythagoras is as easy as starting any other application on your
computer.
Pythagoras
If you want to start Pythagoras the first time, turn to the Tutorial and follow
the guidelines of the "Getting Acquainted" chapter.
Note:
Installation
If you have not read the preceding section on "Configuring the

Pythagoras Installation", do it anyway. It will save you a lot of
time if you run into starting problems.
Tutorial
About this Tutorial

This tutorial introduces you to Pythagoras, your new collaborator for your
drawing work. As you read through the tutorial and perform the exercises,
you will catch the rhythm of Pythagoras.
We suggest you make a quick start first with chapter 1. With the following
chapters you will learn gradually more about all basic Pythagoras functions
without the need to digest it all at once.
It will take a few hours, but meeting Pythagoras this way will prove, even for
the experienced computer user, worthwhile. At the end you have touched
every basic function and you are able to "feel" where to look for a particular
function you want to activate.
It is necessary to have a basic knowledge of the graphic environment in
which you work. In particular, having a good feel for handling the mouse is
essential.
Before you can use it, Pythagoras must be installed on your computer of
course. This is explained in the Installation Manual.
Detailed and complete information on all functions of Pythagoras can be
found in the third volume, the Reference Manual. This manual can be
downloaded from our website www.pythagoras.net or you can find it on the
installation cd.
Topics Not Covered in this Tutorial

Although you can always use the three dimensions, exercises on objects are
explained with a two dimensional coordinate system in mind. This option was
taken because it simplified the exercises.
If you like, do all exercises with three dimensions. Just enter a value for the
third coordinate also. A line with an elevation can be used as a reference to
define other objects, such as parallel or perpendicular lines.
This tutorial does not cover the more complex functions. We trust that once
you have read this manual and performed the exercises, your surveying
knowledge combined with the easy Pythagoras user interface and the
explanations in the Pythagoras Reference Manual will enable you to uncover
them yourself.
How to Use this Tutorial

If you are completely new to Pythagoras then Chapter 1 is essential. It
makes a quick tour through the basic concepts of Pythagoras.
Chapter 2 is the most important chapter. It brings exercises on all objects
that you will use very soon in every new drawing.
In Chapter 3 you will find very useful hints to create a new drawing. Among
other topics, it explains the use of layers to structure your drawing.
Tutorial
Chapter 4 explains you how to save your valuable work and how to make a
hard copy from it.
Chapter 5 introduces some applications of the module Digital Terrain
Models.
In Chapter 6 you will be introduced to Thematic Maps
Chapter 7 explains you how to set up an internal Database in Pythagoras.
Chapter 8 shows the creating of coordinate and polygon lists.
Chapter 9 will shown the link between Pythagoras and Google Earth
In Chapter 10 you will be introduced to the Road Design module.
To be complete, chapter 11 summarizes the special functions not covered in
this tutorial. These functions are not considered essential for your very first
drawings. More detail on them can be found in volume three, the Reference
Manual.
Each chapter is made so that you can work through it section by section, at
your own pace. Each exercise takes only a few minutes.
In addition to the material covered in this tutorial, we would also like to
recommend that you check out our Web site www.pythagoras.net. Under the
sections Downloads and Support you will find numerous extra material
such as training movies, a document that summarizes the Toolbox items,
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), etc. These documents are invaluable
during the learning process. Therefore, we recommend that you take a close
look at those documents.
We are sure that Pythagoras will delight you and we hope that this tutorial
will help you to discover its power in the fastest way possible.
Thank you.
10
Tutorial
Chapter 1:
Getting Acquainted
Starting, Viewing and Terminating

Starting Pythagoras
To begin, double-click on the Pythagoras icon with the mouse button.
Now, you see the Pythagoras screen with its four main parts:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pythagoras
The control panel

The menu bar
The drawing area
The toolbar
The Windows version of Pythagoras shows an empty drawing in here.
Menu bar
Control panel
Toolbar
Drawing area
The control panel and the toolbar can be moved anywhere on

the screen. Pythagoras will remember their position the next
time it starts.
Tutorial
Getting Acquainted
11
Opening an Existing Drawing
1.
2.
3.
Select Open in the File menu or click on

in the toolbar.
The file selection window pops up.
In the Examples (a folder that you will find inside the folder in
which
you
installed
Pythagoras)
directory/folder
Windows/Macintosh respectively), select a sample drawing from
the list by clicking on its name.
Click on the Open button. The file selection window disappears.
A new window appears with the selected drawing. The complete
drawing will be visible in the drawing area.
Notes:
The easiest way to start Pythagoras and open an existing

drawing is to double-click on the drawing icon or name.
More than one drawing may be open at the same time (see
also "Configuring the Installation of Pythagoras" in the other
Pythagoras manual volumes). In the View menu the list of all
activated drawings can help you to jump from one drawing to
another.
Viewing a Drawing
Actual Size
Select Actual Size in the View menu. The drawing will be displayed in its actual
size.
Overview
Select Fit in Window in the View menu. The complete drawing becomes visible
in the drawing area.
Zooming In Further and Further
1. Make the drawing fit in window again (see Overview section above).
2. Select Zoom In in the View menu. The mouse pointer becomes a
magnifying glass with a plus sign at the center.
3. Place the mouse pointer above and to the left of the point you want to
zoom in on.
4. Press and hold the mouse button while moving the mouse to the right
and downwards. A rectangle appears and grows or shrinks as you move
the mouse.
5. Make the rectangle surround the entire area you want to zoom in on,
then release the mouse button. The indicated area fills the drawing area
completely.
The zoom factor (top line of control panel) shows its corresponding
value.
12 Getting Acquainted
Tutorial
Note: You may zoom in with a factor 2 when you just click the mouse button
on the position where you want to zoom in.
6. Go back to the first step of this procedure and repeat it step by step until
the Zoom In field of the View menu becomes gray.
This is the point where zooming in is no longer possible -- zooming in can be
done until a factor 1000 of the actual scale.
7. Continue with the next procedure.
Notes:
You can cancel zooming in any time by pressing the Escape key on the
keyboard.
To define the "zoom in" area (in step 4. above), the rectangle can be
made to grow in any of four directions.
Zooming Out
1. Select Zoom Out in the View menu. The previous view from the "zoom in"
procedure re-appears.
2. Go back to step 1 of this procedure and repeat it until Zoom Out in the
View menu becomes gray. Now the drawing "Fits in the Window" again.
Notes:
As you zoom in, Pythagoras keeps track of the successive zoom factors.
Of course, at any point during your drawing work you can select any one
of the fields of the View menu to return to the view you like best. You can
even do this during the construction of objects (lines, arcs, circles, ...).
Zooming using the Scroll-Wheel
If your mouse has a Scroll-Wheel, you can use the wheel to zoom in or out.
That is as long as you did not set up the wheel to perform scrolling (refer to
Appendix C for the setup). Simply turn the Scroll-Wheel to zoom in our out.
While zooming in, the position of the cursor is important: it determines the
part of the drawing that will be placed in the center of the screen after
zooming in.
Tutorial
Getting Acquainted
13
Terminating the Drawing Session

At this point, we do not want to save a drawing; we simply want to leave
Pythagoras. Notice however that Pythagoras always warns you if you try to quit
and some work has not been saved.
You can terminate Pythagoras in one of two ways:
Select Quit in the File menu.

Use the short cut key combination indicated in the
Quit field of the File menu (CTRL-Q).
If you have not created new objects in the sample drawing, then this is all there
is to it.
If not, quitting results in a pop-up menu which leaves you the choice to save the
file or not.
In it, you must select one of 3 buttons:
Don't Save
Pythagoras terminates without saving &anything. Take this option if you
do not want to change the sample drawing.
Cancel
Pythagoras does not terminate -- you can continue your work.
OK
All modifications to the indicated drawing are saved to the indicated file
and Pythagoras terminates.
Note: If more than one drawing is open and if necessary, Pythagoras asks
you to save the modifications on each of these drawings.
Tutorial
Drawing Area
The background color of the drawing area can be changed into black or
white. This setting can influence the visibility of certain symbols, lines texts
and hatches.
Using the short-key SHIFT + B allows you to change the background color.
1. Open the drawing Example.pyt
2. Hold down the SHIFT button while pressing the letter B
3. The background color changes into black. The black lines are shown
in white now.
4. Double click a line in the drawing. The dialog window Edit Object
pops up. The color of line did not change
5. Use the short-key SHIFT + B again to change the background color
into white.
Tutorial
Getting Acquainted
15
The Control Panel

The special window at the left side of your Pythagoras screen is the control
panel. It acts as your dashboard while you run Pythagoras. In it, you find
essential information and entering fields and also toolbox buttons for the
most important functions.
To illustrate the explanations in this section:

1) Load the drawing "EXAMPLE.pyt".
2) Select Actual Size in the View menu.
Scale and Coordinate System

The top line of the control panel shows the scale of your drawing. By selecting
the menu View-Actual size you will see the real size of your drawing. You will
see the scale changing as you zoom in or zoom out (see also upper
paragraph about Viewing your drawing). The maximum zooming factor is
1000 times the actual scale.
Just below the scale, you will find the Unit of Measure menu button. This
determines the unit of measure that is currently being used. The values in
the control panel are expressed in the unit of measure that is shown here.
Below the Unit of Measure button, all information on the coordinate systems is
brought together under three buttons.
Tutorial
The following procedures clarify the meaning of these buttons:

Coordinate System Display Button
1) Make your drawing Fit in Window.
2) Move the mouse pointer to the square with the coordinate cross in it. This
square is the Coordinate System Display button.
3) Press and hold the mouse button. See the actual coordinate system
appear on your drawing.
Note: While you hold the mouse button you still can move the mouse
pointer to any position on your drawing.
4) Release the mouse button. The coordinate system lines disappear from
your drawing.
Coordinate System Notation Button

1. Move the mouse pointer to the menu button to the left of the Coordinate
System Display button. This is the Coordinate System Notation button.
2. Press and hold the mouse button. You can select now one of the four three
dimensional entering methods for the definition of a point: Cartesian -indicated by NEZ or XYZ, polar -- indicated by HDZ, HVD or HVS (see
Notes below).
If you like, play around a bit with this menu and see how each change is
reflected on the 3 position indicators underneath while you move the mouse
around in the drawing area.
Coordinate System Name Button

1) Make sure that NEZ or XYZ is selected before you continue.
2) Move the mouse pointer to the third and lowest of the three menu buttons
of the coordinate system. This is the Coordinate System Name button.
Note: On it, you will always see at first the name "Local", referring to the
Local Coordinate System (see Notes below).
3) Press and hold the mouse button. Now, you see other coordinate system
names appear -- apart from the Page Coordinate System, these are User
Coordinate Systems (see Notes below).
4) Select one of these other coordinate systems. The name appears on the
Coordinate System Name button and the Coordinate System Display
button changes.
5) Click on the Coordinate System Display button again. See where the
selected user coordinate system originates (except for the Page
Coordinate System; see Notes below).
Notes:
The values displayed in the "Position Indicators" (see further) are the
coordinates of the mouse pointer with regard to the currently selected
coordinate system.
The first part of the name of a User Coordinate System is the identifier of
the origin point of the UCS. The second part, after the hyphen, is the
identifier of a point on the X-axis (or N-axis). A section of the "Defining
Objects" chapter explains how you can create user coordinate systems.
For more details on NEZ (North, East and elevation Z), XYZ (X, Y and
elevation Z), HDZ (Horizontal angle, horizontal Distance and elevation Z),
HVD (Horizontal and Vertical angle and horizontal Distance), HVS
(Horizontal and Vertical angle and Slope distance) and CDZ (cumulated
distance, distance and elevation) see the section on Coordinate Systems
in the Reference Manual.
Under Preferences in the Defaults menu, you can make your choice
between NEZ and XYZ and even change the angle units.
Tutorial
Getting Acquainted
17
Local - Page Coordinate System

The Local Coordinate System
All objects of a drawing are stored internally in the Local Coordinate System.
By selecting the menu item "Select Print Area", in the "File" menu, the
position and the angle of the local coordinate system relative to the page can
be defined.
The Page Coordinate System
This system is used to draw page related information. It has its origin
invariably fixed to the bottom left corner of the page and the page edges are
its axis lines. The scale of this coordinate system is independent of the scale
of the drawing. You can change it using the Defaults menu.
Toolbox Buttons, Tools Menu and Cursor

Now look at the 33 toolbox buttons at the bottom of the control panel.
Click on them alternately. See how they highlight when you select them.
With these buttons you may either select an existing object in a drawing or
define a new object.
These same functions and a few more are available using the Tools menu.
Select the Tools menu and choose every possibility. By most of the choices,
the corresponding icon lights up and the cursor will have its corresponding
appearance.
The chapter on Defining Objects and the Reference Manual give details on
all these objects.
Try this exercise to get acquainted with the toolbox buttons, the Tools menu
and the Cursor:
1. Click on one of the toolbox buttons. The button highlights.
2. Move the mouse pointer over the drawing area. See how the mouse
pointer has changed into a different Cursor.
3. Select the Tools menu. The corresponding Tools name is flagged now.
4. Select, in the Tools menu, another tool. See how the corresponding
toolbox button highlights.
5. Move the mouse pointer over the drawing area. See how the mouse
pointer has changed again to a cursor specific to this tool.
6. Go back to step 1 and continue this exercise until you feel acquainted with
the Tools names, their buttons and their pointers.
TIP:
An extensive description of each of these buttons can be found on our Web
site. Go to www.pythagoras.net and then to the Downloads-section. Select
Toolbox Quick Reference Guide and click on Download for the language of
your choice.
Tutorial
Position Indicators
While you were moving the mouse pointer around the drawing, you probably
noticed also all these changing numbers in the control panel.
The three equally sized fields under the Coordinate System Name button are
the position indicators. They continually display the current position of the
mouse pointer on the drawing relative to the origin of the active coordinate
system.
In the Cartesian notation the Position Indicators are (from top to bottom):
The "North" or "X" coordinate

The "East" or "Y" coordinate
The "Z" coordinate (elevation)
Notes:
The unit of measure can be changed using the Defaults/Preferences
menu.
You can indicate your preference on the XYZ or NEZ notation through
the Defaults/Preferences menu (see the "Creating a New Drawing"
chapter).
Note:
In the NEZ-system, the N-axis indicates the reference direction.
In the XYZ-system, the X-axis indicates the reference direction.
In the HDZ, HVD and HVS notation the Position Indicators reflect the
respective distance or angle position values.
The Position Indicators may also be used as fields for manually entering the
exact coordinates of a point. The "Defining Objects" chapter explains this
further.
If you want to get a feel for how the numbers in the Position Indicators react
to mouse movements, do the following exercise:
1. Quit Pythagoras completely or alternatively use Close in the File menu to
remove all active drawings.
2. Start Pythagoras again by double clicking on the Pythagoras icon or
alternatively select New in the File menu. Pythagoras starts with a new
empty drawing.
3. Make the drawing Fit in Window using the View menu.
4. Move the mouse pointer to the Coordinate System Display button.
5. Press and hold the mouse button. The active coordinate system appears
on the drawing.
6. Move the mouse pointer to the origin of the coordinate system in the
drawing.
7. Release the mouse button. Look at the values in all three Position
Indicators as they are all close to zero now.
8. Make little movements with the mouse. See how all three indicator values
follow these movements.
Distance Indicators
The Distance Indicators occupy the area of the Control Panel between the
Position Indicators and the Toolbox buttons.
Tutorial
Getting Acquainted
19
These indicators do not display absolute coordinate information like the

position indicators. Instead they give distances relative to already defined
points and lines. This is why you see their values only when the mouse
pointer comes close enough to an existing point or line.
1. Open the sample drawing you used before in the section "Viewing a
drawing".
2. Move the mouse pointer around the drawing area, approaching points and
lines.
Watch the Distance Indicators continuously change, appearing only when
you approach existing points and lines.
The 4 Distance Indicators give (from top to bottom):
Field A
When the cursor is on an approached object, Field A contains information
about the object:
a) For a number: the name of the point and the information.
b) For a line either:
The length
The oblique length
The elevation between the endpoints
The bearing of the line relative to the N or Y axis of the currently
selected coordinate system
The gradient
Use the TAB key to select information to be displayed.
c) For an arc either:
The length
The radius
The angle at the center
The oblique length
The elevation between the endpoints
The gradient
Use the TAB key to select information to be displayed.
d) For a polygon:
The surface
The length of the outline
The oblique length of the outline
e) For a path:
the length
the slope length
the difference in elevation between the end points
the slope.
f) For a spiral (clothod):
the length
the K-factor (clothod parameter)
the start radius R1
the end radius R2
the slope distance
the difference in elevation between the end points
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the slope.
For lines and arcs, the length will be displayed when the mouse is near the
object. Use the TAB key to display the next available information about the
object.
Field B
The distance from the mouse pointer to the starting point of the approached
line.
Field C
The distance from the mouse pointer to the end point of the approached line.
Field D
This field contains either:
a) L: value where value is the distance from the mouse pointer relative to
the starting point of a line being created (thus corresponding with its
developing length).
b) R: value where value is the radius of a circle or arc being created.
c) D: value where value is the distance from the mouse pointer relative to
the reference line or arc when a parallel line or arc is created.
d) B: value where value is the bearing of the line being created.
Note: The first three indicators are visible while moving around in an existing
drawing; the last one comes up only when you create a new line, arc or
circle object (see the "Defining Objects" chapter).
To further illustrate the use of Position and Distance Indicators, repeat the
procedures from the section on "Viewing a drawing". This time, however, pay
special attention on the Position and the Distance Indicators.
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Getting Acquainted
21
Chapter 2:
Defining Objects
Simple Objects
Defining points, lines, circles and arcs: that's what it is all about. Once you
have let Pythagoras help you do this, you never think of doing it any other
way again.
In this chapter, it is assumed that you are familiar with some of the basic
principles of Pythagoras. If not, read the "Getting Acquainted" chapter first.
NOTE: While you define objects, you can always abandon this action by
hitting the ESC key. You can also click on the Cancel button if it
appears in the Control Panel.
Defining and Checking Points

Defining a Point by its Coordinates
Define the point (10,20,0) in NEZ coordinates:
1. Start Pythagoras with a new empty drawing.

2. Click on the point button in the control panel.
3. Move the pointer to anywhere within the drawing area.
Notice also the point form of the pointer.
4. Click the mouse button. The coordinate system lines pop up in the
drawing area. The N-position indicator in the control panel highlights: it
has become an entering field. The OK and Cancel buttons can now be
used to confirm or cancel the action.
5. Type the value 10 but do not press the Enter key.
6. Hit the Tab key. The E-position indicator highlights.
7. Enter the value 20.
8. Hit the Enter key or click on the Ok button. The coordinate system
disappears and the point (10,20,0) is defined.
Notes:
If you make a mistake while you enter values, you can always return
to the field with the wrong value by hitting the Tab key several times and
then correcting the error.
You can also click on the Cancel button or hit the Esc key to abandon
entering.
In a new empty drawing the elevation value for Z equals 0 on start up.
You can do this exercise also with any other coordinate system
notation (XYZ, HDZ, ...).
If you press the Shift Lock (or Caps Lock) key before the coordinates
of a point are confirmed, Pythagoras will keep on prompting you to enter
the coordinates of a next point immediately after each confirmation. After
entering a few points you can abandon this situation with the Esc key.
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Defining Objects
23
Checking the Coordinates of a Point

1. Click on the Select Object button in the control panel.
Note: You can also press the SPACEBAR key to toggle between the "select
mode" and the previously selected mode.
2. Move the pointer slowly towards the defined point.
Watch all position indicators change continuously.
At once, the position indicators stop changing -- they hold the coordinate
values (10,20,0) now and keep holding these values as long as the pointer
remains close enough to the point.
As long as the position indicators are stable, you can see underneath them,
at the left, the name of the point between 2 hyphens and when available
the object comment (if codes were used to identify points and lines while
collecting data in the field, the code will be shown here).
In Pythagoras terms, all this means:
"The point has come into the Sight"
3. Repeat the procedures in the previous section (starting with step 2)
several times and then continue with the one above and play around a
bit.
Notice that it is not necessary to keep on entering exact coordinate values.
You can simply click on a few points. Each time the OK and Cancel buttons
pop up, click on the OK button or the Enter key and a new point is defined.
Defining and Checking Lines

Because a line is defined by its starting and end point, you create a line by
simply defining the two points.
Defining a Line using its Coordinates
To create a line with starting point (10,20,0) and end point (-10, -20,0) in
XYZ:
1. Start Pythagoras with a new empty drawing.
2. Click on the line button in the control panel. The line button highlights.
3. Move the pointer to anywhere into the drawing area. Notice the crosshair
shape of the pointer.
4. Click the mouse button. You can enter the coordinates of the starting
point now.
5. Type the value 10; hit the tab key; enter the value 20; hit the enter key.
The coordinate cross disappears and the starting point of the line is
defined.
6. Move the mouse around in all directions. You see a line growing,
diminishing and turning around the starting point.
7. Click the mouse button. You can enter the coordinates of the end point
now.
8. Type the value -10; hit the tab key; enter the value -20; hit the enter key.
The coordinate cross disappears and the line is defined.
24 Defining Objects
Tutorial
Checking the Coordinates of a Line

You can check the line with the mouse in the same way as you checked the
coordinates of a point before.
1. Click on the Select Object button.
2. Move the pointer slowly towards the end points of the line. Watch the
starting point of the line "coming into the Sight". Watch the end point of
the line "coming into the Sight".
3. Make the pointer follow the line. Watch the line "remain in the Sight", i.e.:
Points of the line are continually displayed in the position indicators. The
length of the line (A) and the distance of the pointer from the starting (B)
and the end (C) point are continually indicated in the distance indicators.
Connecting Points and Lines with the "Sight"

The previous paragraphs explained what is meant by "an object coming into
the Sight". In this paragraph, the power of this statement gets clearer:
"The Sight becomes visible".
Defining a Line between Two Existing Points
If you do not have two points somewhere on your drawing, define them first
as you did before.
1. Click on the line button.
2. Move the pointer to the first target point: the starting point of the new line.
As the pointer approaches the target point a Sight appears on this point
and the position indicators stabilize.
3. Click the mouse button and then move the mouse.
The Sight disappears. A line appears which originates in the "clicked
point" and which follows the pointer everywhere.
The bottom distance indicator receives the name "L:" and its value
changes continuously, displaying the varying length of the new line.
4. Move to the second target point: the end of the new line. As the pointer
approaches, the growing line is sucked to the target point. The Sight
appears again.
5. Confirm the line by clicking the mouse button. The new line is created.
Defining a Point on a Line

If you feel unfamiliar with the following procedure, review the procedures in
previous sections.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on the Point button.

Move the pointer towards the target line. A Sight appears on the line.
Click the mouse button.
Enter the distance from the starting or the end point of the line.
Notes:
With the Tab key you can jump to the other distance field if
necessary.
With the Shift Lock (or Caps Lock) key down, you can quickly define
multiple points on the same line.
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Defining Objects
25
Defining a Line Originating on another Line

If you feel unfamiliar with the following procedure, review the previous
sections.
Select the Line button.
Define the starting point like you did define the point in the previous
procedure.
Define the end point. Just click the mouse button and enter its
coordinates; or, first move to another existing point and then click the
mouse button.
Defining a Line with End Point on another Line

sections.
1. Select the Line button.
2. Define the starting point either by defining its coordinates or by selecting
an existing point.
3. Move towards the target line. The Sight appears on the line.
4. Click the mouse button.
5. Either enter:
The distance to one of the endpoints of the target line.
The length of the new line.
The bearing of the new line.
Notes:
With the Tab key you can jump to another field.
When you move the mouse near the point where the new line is
perpendicular to the existing line, a special Sight will appear on the
object.
Defining a Line with a Given Length and Bearing

sections.
2. Define the starting point -- anyhow, by its coordinates or as an existing
point.
3. Move the mouse in any direction.
5. Enter the length of the new line.
6. Enter the bearing of the new line.
Defining a line with given elevation difference (dZ) between the beginning
and the end of the line or with a given gradient (%)
2. Define the starting point -- anyhow, by its coordinates or as an existing
point.
3. Move the mouse in any direction.
5. Enter the length of the new line.
6. Hit the TAB key a few times
7. Enter the elevation height (dZ) between the beginning and the end of the
line
OR
Enter a gradient (%)
26 Defining Objects
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Selecting, Clearing and Undo-ing

Selecting an object can serve several purposes:
Clear the object

Change the attributes of the object
Move the object to a different layer
Obtain or enter or export information about the object
Move the object
Rotate the object
With the undo function, most actions that have been done can be undone.
For now, we will discuss only how you can clear and eventually restore
selected objects.
To do the exercises of this section, you need a drawing with a few points and
lines in it.
Selecting a Single Object

To select an object, you need to place Pythagoras in its selecting mode and
then indicate the object.
1. Click on the Select Object button in the control panel (alternatively you
can select "Select Object" in the Tools menu, or press the SPACEBAR).
2. Click on different points. See how each one, in turn, is shown in reverse
video.
3. Click on different lines. See how the lines are highlighted.
Sometimes a drawing area is crowded with objects and then it is difficult to
select an object. You could zoom in to solve this problem. But Pythagoras
can help you in another handy way.
While you move the mouse, press one of the following keys on the keyboard:
P-key:
L-key:
T-key:
O-key:
X-key:
only points can be selected

only lines, arcs or circles can be selected
only text objects can be selected
only polygons can be selected
only paths can be selected
Try this out with the points and lines on your drawing. Notice the difference
in the Distance Indicators with and without pressing one of the keys while
you move the pointer towards all types of objects.
Notes:
When you click on a line, only the line will be selected. If you want to
select the line and its end points, press the ALT or CTRL key on the
keyboard while you click on the line.
For the use of the CTRL-, ALT- and SHIFT key: consult the
introduction in Appendix B.
Selecting Multiple Objects

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Defining Objects
27
2. Select a point, line, arc or circle. Watch the object turning in reverse
video.
3. Press and hold the Shift key on the keyboard.
4. Select one or more points or lines. See how these objects become
highlighted too.
Notes:
You can hold down the Shift key while also pressing the P, L, T, O or
X key of the previous section.
You can deselect one of the selected objects when you click on the
selected object while you press the Shift key on the keyboard.
Selecting a Group of Objects

Selecting in a rectangular area
2. Place the mouse pointer above and to the left of the group of objects you
want to select.
3. Press and hold the mouse button while moving the mouse to the right
and downwards. A rectangle appears and grows or shrinks as you move
the mouse.
4. Make the rectangle surround the entire group you want to select, then
release the mouse button. All objects, which are completely in the area,
will be selected.
Selecting in a random area

1. Click on the Select Object button in the control panel while you hold down
the CTRL key.
2. Place the mouse pointer somewhere in the drawing to select the group of
objects you want to select.
3. Press and hold the mouse button while you draw a random zone.
A random shape appears.
4. Make the shape surround the entire group you want to select, then
release the mouse button. All objects, which are completely in this area,
will be selected.
Notes:
You can combine holding the Shift key with holding the P, L, T, O or X
key of the previous section.
You can deselect one of the selected objects when you click on the
selected object while you press the Shift key on the keyboard.
If you hold the CTRL key down when selecting, the objects that cross
the rectangle will also be selected.
Selecting all (similar) Objects

If you want to select "All Points" or "All Lines" at once, this is possible too, for
example:
1. Select "Select" in the Edit menu. A sub menu opens.
2. Select in the sub menu for example "All Points". See how all lines are
selected at once.
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Notes:
To undo the selection, just click on another object or somewhere in the
drawing area where there is no object.
As you probably noticed, other types of objects or all objects can be selected
at once too.
This selection can be combined with the Shift key function of the previous
section.
Selections based on more criteria can be executed using the Findcommand.
Clearing Objects
Once you have selected one or more objects, it is possible to delete them.
1. Select a line.
2. Select Clear in the Edit menu or press the Delete or Backspace key on
the keyboard.
The line is removed from the drawing.
Practice the same procedure with a point, "All Object Types" or "All Points"
or "All Lines".
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Defining Objects
29
Undo-ing Actions
If you have accidentally cleared an object, this object can be restored, but
only if this was one of your last actions.
The first field of the Edit menu lets you undo your last action. If this action
has been a "Clear" then this field becomes an "Undo Clear" field.
As an exercise, select some objects, clear them, and then click on Undo
Clear in the Edit menu to restore them.
In addition to the menu-items, the buttons
They are used to undo and redo.
and
in the menu can be.
Notes:
Even the last Undo action can be undone. If that is necessary, simply
select the second field of the Edit menu; it says "Redo..."
If the last action was the definition of a Point or Line for example then
the Undo field in the Edit menu becomes an "Undo Point" or an "Undo
Line" field respectively.
The number of undos or redos is 25.
Compound Objects
Up to this point we have only discussed simple objects: points and lines.
Compound objects differ from the simple objects in that they depend for their
creation on existing points and lines.
Once you have created an object, its relation to other objects is lost. This
means that parallel and perpendicular lines are simply lines and that all title,
object, measurement or annotation texts have become simply texts.
Like points and lines, compound objects can also be defined in a very
straightforward manner.
We strongly advise you to perform the following exercises and to play
around with the compound objects as you read through.
To do the exercises of this section, you need a drawing with a few points and
lines in it.
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Creating a Line Parallel to an Existing Line
1. Select the Parallel Line button in the control panel.
When within the drawing area, the pointer changes into two small parallel
lines.
2. Click on an existing line. The Parallel Line icon remains fixed on the line
and the pointer becomes a crosshair.
3. Define the starting point of the parallel line by clicking on an existing point
or clicking on an approximate position (on a line or not).
30 Defining Objects
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3a. If you have chosen an approximate position, define it more accurately now
by entering values in the Position Indicators or enter the distance from the
reference line in the bottom Distance Indicator. Validate the starting point.
4. Move the mouse. A growing or shrinking line, parallel to the first one, can
be seen as you move the mouse. Intersections with other lines, arcs or
circles will be indicated. A sight appears on the object.
5. Define the end point of the parallel line by clicking when another object is
in the sight or clicking at an approximate position.
5a. If you have chosen an approximate position, the bottom Distance
Indicator in the control panel is activated. Enter the correct length of the
parallel line and validate.
Notes:
- Notice that it is possible to cancel the definition of a parallel line during the
drawing procedure by clicking another toolbox button in the control panel
or ultimately by clicking the Cancel button or hitting the Escape key on the
keyboard.
- If, when indicating the reference object, you click on an arc or circle
instead of on a line, a tangential line to the arc or circle will be created.
Creating a Line Perpendicular to an Existing Line

To define a perpendicular line, use a similar procedure to the one in the
previous section. This time, select the Perpendicular Line button in the
Control Panel. The pointer has its own adapted shape.
Arcs
To create an arc with Pythagoras, you must first have a set of points, lines or
arcs on the drawing.
Creating an Arc through 3 Points
Start with a drawing containing at least 3 points.
1. Click on the button presented beside
The pointer becomes an "Arrow with a P".
2. Consecutively click on:
The starting point of the arc
An intermediate point of the arc
The endpoint of the arc
The arc is drawn.
in
the
control
panel.
Creating an Arc Tangential to an Existing Line

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select the Tangential Arc button in the control panel.

Move the pointer towards the target line. A Sight appears on the line.
Enter the distance from the starting or the end point of the line.
Move the mouse around in different directions. You will see an arc
tangential to the line, varying in radius and length.
Note: When the arc has the wrong direction, first move the mouse close to the
starting point and then move the mouse in the correct direction.
The direction of the arc will change.
6. Define the end point of the tangential arc by clicking when another object
is in the sight or by clicking at an approximate position.
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6a.
If you have chosen an approximate position, the Angle Indicator and

the Radius Indicator in the control panel will be activated.
Either enter the arc angle and arc radius, or the coordinates of the end
point, and confirm.
Notes:
When you move the mouse near a line, arc or circle, a Sight appears
on the object. When the new arc you are creating is nearly tangential to
the object in the Sight, a special Sight will appear on the object.
Click the mouse button. An arc tangential to the two objects will be
created.
The point where the arc is perpendicular to another line will be indicated
with a special Sight.
Notice that the starting point of a tangential arc may be:
A point on an existing arc

The end point of an existing arc or line.
The starting point and the endpoint of the arc can have different
elevations. The elevations of points placed on the circular curve will
correspond to the elevations of the projections of these points on the
chord of the circular curve.
Creating an Arc Tangential to Two Lines/arcs or line and arc

1. Click on the button represented beside in the control panel.
The pointer changes in 2 parallel lines.
2. Consecutively click on 2 existing lines/arcs.
3. Move the mouse. A growing or shrinking arc will be drawn tangential to
both lines.
5. Either enter the coordinates of a point on this arc, or the radius of the arc,
and confirm.
Circles
Start with a drawing containing at least 3 points, a few lines and a few arcs.
Creating a Circle Through 3 Points
1. Place 3 points on the screen
2. Click on the button presented beside in the control panel.
3. Consecutively click on 3 points. The circle is drawn.
Creating a Circle Defining the Center and the Radius

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
32 Defining Objects
Click on the button presented beside in the control panel.

Click on an existing point. This point will be the center of the circle.
Move the mouse. A growing or shrinking circle will be drawn.
Enter either the radius of the circle, or the coordinates of a point on the
circle, and confirm.
Tutorial
Note: When moving the cursor near other objects, a Sight will be displayed.
The Sight indicates whether:
- The circle goes through an existing point
- A point of the circle is on an existing line
- The circle is tangential to an existing line, arc or circle.
Parallel Objects
You may use the "Parallel Objects" tool to create:
A circle with the same center point but a different radius.
A line parallel to an existing line but having the same length
An arc parallel to an existing arc and having the same aperture angle.
A polygon parallel to an existing polygon
A polygon parallel to an existing path
1. Click on the Parallel Object button in the control panel.
2. Click on an existing arc.
3. Move the mouse. An arc parallel to the first arc and having the same
aperture angle will be drawn.
5. Enter either the distance or the radius, and confirm.
Note: You can do this exercise with lines, circles, polygons and paths.
Exercise With Objects

This tutorial does not cover all possible combinations when creating objects.
We strongly advise that you try the following exercises to get a better feel for
the way Pythagoras supports you in creating drawings.
Note: For none of these exercises you need to construct temporary objects.
They all can be done using one very simple operation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Draw a line perpendicular to an existing arc.

Draw a line tangential to an existing circle.
Draw an arc tangential to 3 existing lines.
Draw an arc tangential to the endpoint of an existing arc, and
perpendicular to an existing line.
5. Draw a line tangential to 2 circles.
Hint: - Select the Parallel Line button in the control panel and click the
mouse button on a circle.
- Move the mouse around (go also inside the circle) and move the
mouse near the tangential point of a second circle.
6. Draw a line tangential to an arc and perpendicular to a line.
Hint: - See exercise 5, but move the mouse near the point where the
new line is perpendicular to the existing line.
Polygons
To create a polygon with Pythagoras, you must first have a set of points on
the drawing. The polygon is then created by identifying these points as its
vertices.
Start with a drawing containing at least a dozen points.
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1. Click on the Polygon button in the control panel.

The pointer becomes an "Arrow with a P".
2. Consecutively click on each vertex point, which is part of the polygon.
Each line, which is part of the polygon, appears. Notice also the
benefits of the Sight here.
Note: You cannot click twice on the same point an error beep will notify
you , unless it is the starting point.
3. Finally, click on the starting point again. The polygon is closed and its
perimeter remains indicated by a bold line, which means that the
polygon is still selected.
4. Select the "Polygon Pattern" menu in the Format menu. Select one of
the patterns in this sub menu. The polygon is filled with the selected
pattern and the polygon remains selected.
5. Confirm the polygon by clicking on one of the buttons at the bottom of
the control panel.
6. Click on the Select Object button and reselect the polygon:
Move the pointer approximately to the center of the polygon (hold the
O-key on the keyboard while you search for the center). There, a Sight
with the shape of a square with the letter P in it pops up. Click on it.
The perimeter of the polygon re-appears.
7. Double click the Polygon Center, then select the INFO tab and you will
see a list of all the polygon vertices.
The area and perimeter are indicated in the Info dialog.
Notes:
If the polygon consists of more than 10 points, then you will see two
arrow buttons at the right hand side. Click on these buttons to scroll
up and down through the list.
To include an arc in a polygon, click on the arc after clicking the
starting point of the arc.
While creating the polygon, you can use the BACKSPACE key to
remove the last point or arc from the polygon.
Creating a polygon is a great deal more effective when the points are
connected by lines. Then there are 3 ways to create a polygon.
1. Click on a point that belongs to the polygon. Then, click, in
sequence, on each line/arc that is a part of the polygon. Clicking the
last line segment (which connects the last point with the first point of
34 Defining Objects
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the polygon) closes the polygon. The perimeter of the polygon will
be highlighted with a black line.
2. Click on a point that belongs to the polygon. Then, double-click on
the first line/arc segment that departs from that point and that
belongs to the polygon. The polygon will find its own way,
connecting all sequential line/arc segments until the starting point
has been reached. This closes the polygon and the perimeter of the
polygon will be highlighted with a black line.
Note : if the polygon perimeter goes through a point from which 2

lines depart, the automatic creation of the polygon will pause in
order to allow you to select the appropriate line segment. Simply
double-click the line segment, and the polygon will continue to find
its way around the perimeter.
3. Click anywhere inside an area that is surrounded by lines or arcs.
Pythagoras will search for the boundaries and will create a polygon
from this area. Note : if you would like Pythagoras to exclude islands
inside the polygon, hold down the CTRL-key while creating the
polygon.
Title and Object Texts

Title Text is a row of words, numbers or signs, which is defined parallel to
the horizontal borders of the drawing paper. If you rotate the drawing with
regard to the border of the paper, the text remains horizontal.
Object Text on the other hand is defined parallel to an existing line, arc or
circle object and thus rotates with the drawing. Even when the referenced
object is subsequently cleared, object text keeps its original direction in the
drawing.
You define both types of text in the same way:
1. Select the Text button in the Control Panel. The pointer changes its
shape.
1a. For Object Text, click on the desired reference object. The reference
object remains indicated by the icon and the pointer changes its
shape again.
2. Move the pointer to the desired position of the text.
3. Click on that position: an Edit-window appears.
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4. Enter the text and confirm it with the OK button. The buttons in the
Edit Text window can be used to change the aspect of the text (see
Notes below).
Notes:
In the rectangle of the Edit Text pop up window the actual text can be
edited.
The Point size defines the height of the characters (it is expressed in
1/72t of an inch). If you click on this button a submenu with all
possible values becomes visible.
The Weight submenu lets you choose between Light, Medium, Bold
and Extra Bold characters.
With the Alignment submenu you can modify the horizontal (left, right
or centered) and vertical (top, middle or bottom) alignment of the text
You can always select the text (with the Select Object button active)
afterwards and then drag it to another position on the drawing or even
modify its format by double clicking on it.
Dimensions en Annotations
A dimension or annotation is really just a special type of text object. The only
difference with a "regular" text object is the way you create the text object.:
1. In the Tools menu, select "Dimension. The cursor will change into an "arrow
with an M" (for Measurement).
2. Move the cursor to an object -- a line or a polygon. You can verify whether you
have selected the right object by keeping an eye on the control panel. You can
also press and hold down a key (L for line, O for polygon) while moving the
mouse around.
3. Click the object. The length of a line, for example, will be shown parallel to the
line.
Annotations (also in the Tools Menu) are special dimensions. You can create
annotations in the exact same way. Please also refer to the Reference
manual.
36 Defining Objects
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Note:
The length of a line is simple text object.

The format and position of a dimension can always be modified
(e.g. by double clicking the text object), just like any other text
object.
You can define the format for all new measurements in the
menu Defaults - Preferences (refer to the chapter "Creating a
new drawing").
User Coordinate Systems

All objects in a drawing are not necessarily defined with respect to the same
coordinate system. Therefore you can define User Coordinate Systems.
1. Select User Coordinate System in the Tools menu. The pointer turns into
an "Arrow with CS" when within the drawing area.
2. Move to an existing point, which must become the origin of the coordinate
system and click on it. Note the benefit of the Sight here.
3. Move to a second point. This point must be a point, which is situated on
the N-axis (in NEZ coordinates) of the desired user coordinate system.
Click on the second point. The Coordinate System Display button in the
control panel shows the new coordinate system and the Coordinate
System Name button underneath it indicates the two defining points.
4. Click on the Coordinate System Display button and hold down the mouse
button.
The user coordinate system axis lines are displayed in the drawing area.
5. Click on and hold the Coordinate System Name button in the control
panel. Drag the selection bar to "Local". The local coordinate system is
active again.
Note:
You can return to the new defined user coordinate system the same
way.
Notes:
All positions indicated in the control panel are displayed with respect
to the active coordinate system.
When a User Coordinate System is active, it can be deleted, no
matter what objects have been defined with it. Simply select Delete
Coordinate System in the Edit menu and release the mouse button.
The Page Coordinate System is not a User Coordinate System. See
the "Getting Acquainted" chapter under section The Control Panel.
Curves
In Pythagoras it is possible to create 2 kinds of curves: the open and the
closed curve.
To create a curve, the points must already exist. If they dont, youll need to
create them using the point tool.
1. Select the curve tool (open/closed)
2. Click all the points that need to be part of the curve. When
finishing the curve, click the first point again. An open curve will
remain open; a closed curve will be closed.
Curves are often used to create contour lines and such.
Tutorial
Defining Objects
37
You can change the elevation of a curve by holding down the CTRL-key and
double clicking the curve.
Changing the Format of Objects

At any time, the format of:
A point
A line
A text
A polygon
can be changed, i.e. its attributes can be changed.

In principle only a few steps are necessary:
1. Select the object. The object is highlighted.
2. Open the Format menu.
3. All non-relevant items in the menu are in gray, meaning that you cannot
select them.
4. Drag the pointer to the desired menu item. The submenu opens up.
5. Select the desired formatting attribute. The object changes and remains
selected, enabling you to change other attributes (go back to step 2).
Notes:
38 Defining Objects
"Text Content" in the Format menu causes an "Edit Text" window to pop
up. In this window all formatting items of the text, including the text
contents can be changed.
All objects have a default format. You can change this default format
with the Defaults or with the Defaults/Preferences menu (see the
"Creating a New Drawing" chapter).
Tutorial
Chapter 3:
Creating a New Drawing

One of the main advantages of a Pythagoras drawing compared to a
drawing by hand is that you can change every object or parameter
afterwards without the need to redraw everything all over again.
Nevertheless, it remains good practice to think about the way your drawing
must be set up. Pythagoras does not change the truth that a good start is
half the work.
If for some reason, you are uncertain about the way to tackle a problem, do
not hesitate. Make a choice; optimizing it afterwards is a piece of cake.
In this chapter, you find some indications to help you make a good start for a
new drawing.
Step 1: Select a Printer or Plotter

When you save a Pythagoras drawing the information about the active
printer or plotter is saved with it.
If you start with a wrong printer or plotter, you will be forced to adapt your
drawing before you print (see the "Saving and Printing or Plotting" chapter).
Your graphic environment has its own way to activate a printer or plotter. If
you do not know how to do it, consult its manual.
Here are some indications:
Tutorial
39
Step 2: Set Up the Drawing to the Page Constraints

Selecting Preferences
1. Start Pythagoras with a new empty drawing. It automatically has the
name "Untitled 1".
2. Select Preferences in the Defaults menu.

3. Check if the units for "Distance" and the units and direction for "Angle"
are in accordance with your requirements. If you use the Cartesian
coordinate system, select North East or X-Y in the CS field.
4. Make any necessary changes and make sure you click on the OK button
afterwards.
Important notice:
You may use multiple units in a Pythagoras drawing, e.g. some dimensions
are entered in US survey feet and others in meters. In order to allow
Pythagoras to do correct conversions, you need to change the actual
settings in the Preferences dialog box.
For example: if the project data is available in US Feet, set the preferences
in Pythagoras to US Feet. If you need to add additional data in meter, switch
to meters and data can be added.
Pythagoras stores all data internally in meters and converts the input and
output data to the actual units. Data on the Pythagoras clipboard is always
converted to meters. So if one project has been entered in meters and
another project in feet, the copy-paste function will work correctly between
both drawings. The conversion is also applicable for import and export of
data (DXF, List of Coordinates, Data collector, etc.)
40 Creating a New Drawing
Tutorial
Setting Up the Page

1. In the File menu, select Printer. A list of available printers will be shown.
Select the printer and click "Setup". In the window that pops up you can
make miscellaneous settings (dependent on your printer), such as page
size, portrait or landscape, etc. Pythagoras takes these parameters into
account.
2. Choose the desired printer or plotter parameters and click on the OK
button.
The Select Print Area window pops up. In this window you define the
Scale, rotation Angle and Position of the Local Coordinate System with
respect to the Page Coordinate System.
Note: The Page Coordinate System invariably has its origin in the bottom left
corner of the page; its X-axis corresponds with the bottom edge and its
Y-axis with the left edge of the page.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Type in the appropriate Scale value and hit the Tab key.
Type in the desired rotation Angle and hit the Tab key.
Type in the value for the horizontal translation "x" and hit the Tab key.
Type in the value for the vertical translation "y" and hit the Tab key.
Hit the Enter key or click on the Preview button. Now, you see a preview
of the drawing with the origin of the Local Coordinate System clearly
indicated with regard to the printed page.
8. If you are satisfied with all values, click on the Ok button. If not, keep on
hitting the Tab key to return to the desired field and change it.
While you are in "Select Print Area", you can drag the page over the drawing
by using the mouse. When you do this while you keep the CTRL-key down,
the page will move horizontally or vertically.
You can rotate the page relative to the drawing by moving the mouse to the
corner of the page. The shape of the cursor will change, and subsequently
you can rotate the page using the mouse.
You are ready to draw now, unless you want to change some more default
values (see next section).
Notes:
The Fit on Page and Center buttons in the Select Print Area window have
no meaning yet. The drawing is still empty and thus no objects can be
centered or made to fit on the page.
Anytime later, you can check the position of the Local Coordinate
System. Make your drawing "Fit in Window" with the View menu and hit
the Coordinate System Display button in the Control Panel. When you do
this, "Local" must be active on the Coordinate System Name button
Step 3: Designate and Check the Drawing Defaults

Although you can always change every object until you are satisfied with the
result, it is a good idea to make up kind of a drawing plan before you define
all objects.
Tutorial
41
Splitting up a Drawing in Layers

Layers are used to give complex drawings a structure and/or to combine
different views on the same drawing. You can think of layers as transparent
overhead projection sheets.
One layer could hold the basic overview drawing, a second one more detail
on some parts and the third, for example, most of the measurement
information. Still another one could hold information, which is prescribed by
legislation.
You can split up your drawing in up to 4096 layers. Later on, you can recombine these layers to have certain views on your drawing. You can also
print these combined views.
You can give each layer its own special name. This name is then used in the
toolbar and in all Pythagoras menus and pop up windows.
Select Display Options in the View-menu. Under the tab Layers at the
bottom you will see all the names of the existing layers and/of layer groups
displayed in a column. By (un)checking the checklist box you can make
layers visible or invisible.
In the Toolbar you activate a certain layer in order to "connect" new objects
to this layer.
You can choose layers in other menus too:
Edit menu: to select objects from one layer only.
Format menu: to move an object from one layer to another.
Defaults menu: to choose the Default layer when you start Pythagoras.
Finally layer names are used when you want to print. Before you start you
have the chance to change the selection of the layers that need to be
printed.
Checking Other Defaults

Some other default parameters are worth checking before you start drawing.
Although the list hereafter contains items, which are not discussed in this
tutorial, they are given here in an attempt to be complete. In the Reference
Manual you find more information on them.
Check:
In the Control Panel: the kind of coordinate system you use NEZ (or
XYZ), HDZ, HVD or HVS.
In the Defaults menu: the Point, Line and Text attributes; the selected
ones have a check mark in the sub menus.
In the Defaults menu: "Preferences" in order to define the way you
identify points (Point Identifier), enter values (Decimal Sign and Places)
and annotate objects.
In the Defaults menu: "Preferences" Data collector - Tolerance
Stationfor the Station Accuracy.
42 Creating a New Drawing
Tutorial
Chapter 4:
Saving and Printing or Plotting

If you have spent a few hours making a new drawing, you probably cannot
wait to make a hard copy of it.
It is always good practice to save your valuable work first. You never know
what can go wrong -- certainly if you are going to print or plot for the first
time.
Saving, Closing or Quitting

Depending on what you want to happen afterwards, you can choose several
ways to save your drawing:
If you want to continue to work with the same drawing, you must use the
"Save" or "Save As..." command in the File menu. You can also use the
-icon in the Toolbar.
If you want to save and abandon the active drawing and continue with
another one, you can choose the Close command in the File menu or
click on the Close button of the drawing window.
If you also want to leave Pythagoras choose the Quit command in the
File menu.
The Close and Quit commands give you the option to save all your work
before you abandon the drawing completely. If you choose to save your
changes to the drawing, Pythagoras goes on the same way as if you
selected the Save command first.
So, we discuss the Save commands here, leaving you to experiment with
Close and Quit.
Saving a New Drawing

If you have made your first new drawing, you probably noticed that this
drawing was named "Untitled 1" by default.
1. Select the Save or Save As... command in the File menu. Another
method is to click on the
-icon. They both result in the same pop up
window now.
2. Enter the name that you wish your new drawing to have.
3. Hit the Enter key or click on the Save button.
Note: The other buttons in the pop up window let you choose or create
another WINDOWS directory to save your drawing in. Since this is a
standard procedure of your graphic environment, experiment with it now
if you like.
Tutorial
43
Saving an Existing Drawing

If you make some changes to an existing drawing, the Save and Save As...
commands in the File menu act differently.
If you open an existing drawing but do not make any changes, you cannot
select the Save command. The
saving is unnecessary.
-icon will be dimmed, which means that
If you can select the Save command, selecting it saves the adapted drawing
immediately and let you continue your drawing work.
CAUTION !
As soon as you select the Save command, the original drawing no
longer exists.
The purpose of the Save As... command is to save your changed drawing
under another name or in another folder or directory, leaving the original
drawing intact.
Printing or Plotting
In this section, it is assumed that your printer or plotter is properly installed
and ready for operation.
If you are not sure, or should you encounter problems, then first save your
drawing -- if you have not done so already -- and quit Pythagoras.
Once you are sure that your printer or plotter is ready to operate, then
proceed as in the following sections.
Printing or Plotting a New Drawing

In this section, it is assumed that you have followed the indications above
and the guidelines of the "Creating a New Drawing" chapter.
Furthermore, the active printer or plotter selection of your graphic
environment must still be the same as the selection at the time you first
started to make this drawing.
1. Select Print in the File menu or click the
The Print window pops up.
Note
-icon
in the Toolbar.
: The items that are selected in this window correspond to the

items selected in the menu View - Display View options. The idea
is that whatever you can see on the screen is whatever you
would like to have printed; so no changes are necessary. You
can, of course, indicate the number of copies you would like
printed, as well as some more specific print options.
2. Click the OK button. You may be reminded to "wait while printing".

Depending on the size of your drawing and the speed of your printer, it
could take a little while before you can continue.
44 Saving and Printing or Plotting
Tutorial
Adapting an Existing Drawing to the Active Printer or Plotter

It is possible that you want to print a drawing on a printer or plotter other than
the one for which the drawing was originally created.
Under these circumstances, chances are that you get an error message
since the drawing may be incompatible with the new printer or plotter.
You first need to adapt the drawing to the new equipment.
CAUTION !
It is a good idea to make a backup copy of the drawing BEFORE
you adapt it.
NOTE !
Before you start adapting the drawing note the scale factor of the
original drawing -- you need it later.
For example assume that the original drawing has a scale factor of 1/1500.
It is assumed now that the drawing is loaded.
Scaling the Drawing

1. Select Printer in the File menu. If the drawing has been saved with settings
from another printer you will get a warning message.
2. Click the OK-button. A dialog box will pop up where you can select the printer.
Click "Setup" which will take you into a dialog box specific to the printer you
selected.
3. Verify the parameters shown. The parameters are probably already OK if your
printer or plotter was ready for use when you started Pythagoras.
Do not make unnecessary changes. Then click the OK-button.
The "Select Print area" window pops up (also refer to the chapter "Creating a
new drawing"). This window shows how the existing drawing will be printed on
the selected page format.
4. Select the Fit on Page button. The print area parameters are adapted so that
the drawing fits completely on the page; the scale factor probably has a rather
strange value; for example 1/2328.
5. Round off the Scale value (make the denominator somewhat bigger) -- to
1/2500 -- and hit the Enter key.
6. Select the Center button. The drawing with the new scale is centered on the
page.
7. Select the Ok button. You see the adapted drawing in its "Actual Size".
Scaling Text
1. Select Fit In Window in the View menu.You can see that the drawing actually
fits, but all the text on the drawing might look a bit out of proportion -- this is
normal, and can be adapted also.
2. Select in the Edit menu "Select" and in its submenu "All Text".
Tutorial
45
3. Select Scale Text in the Format menu. You get a pop up window with a scale
factor field now.
4. Note: This scale factor should be a value as near as possible to the ratio of the
denominators of the scales of the original drawing and the adapted drawing (the
last one you see in the top line of the Control Panel). In our example: 1500 /
2500 = 0.6, which gives 60 %. A Scale factor of 100% leaves all text
unchanged.
5. Enter the Scale factor -- 60 -- and hit the OK button. Pythagoras deletes all text
and rewrites the scaled text.
6. Click the mouse button on an empty spot in the drawing area to deselect all text.
The drawing is OK now.
7. Select the Print command in the File menu and continue as in the "Print a New
Drawing" section (above).
46 Saving and Printing or Plotting
Tutorial
Chapter 5:
Digital Terrain Models

To calculate a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) you need a good base. It is
important while measuring a terrain to keep in mind that these data will be
used to calculate DTM's. There is no point calculating a DTM when you have
not enough relevant measured points. It is recommended to measure
sufficient elevation points. The measurement of conspicuous breaking lines
can be very helpful.
Once a good base, you can start calculating a DTM. It is strongly
recommended to work with different layers when you want to calculate
terrain models. Hiding the non-relevant layers allows you to select quickly
the right objects to calculate the terrain model.
Using the file DTM.pyt, the module will be explained in detail.
Tutorial
47
Creating a terrain model

In an existing drawing you only show the layers that are relevant. In the
drawing DTM.pyt all layers can be showed. Examples of layers you do not
need to calculate a DTM: layers of buildings, plantation, ...
First draw a polygon to mark out the borders of the DTM. In our examples
there is one point on the left we do not want to consider when calculating the
DTM.
Select all points using CTRL + A and use the menu 'Calculations' DTM - 'Terrain Model'.
Enter a name for the DTM that you are going to calculate.
Pythagoras can have up to 256 different DTMs in 1 drawing.
The green triangles that represent the DTM can be placed in the background
(made invisible) using the menu 'View' 'Display View' DTM (or CTRL + I)
and uncheck ' Show Triangulation'.
48 Digital Terrain Models
Tutorial
Remark: you can remove boundary triangles with the command 'Remove
Boundary Triangles' in the menu 'Calculation'. Triangles with very
small angles and/or edges larger than a given value will be
removed.
Contour lines
Use the menu 'Calculations' - DTM - 'Contour lines'
This window allows you to enter initial- and final elevation, contour interval,
colour, line width, line style and layer. It is even possible to create layers 'on
the fly', by simply entering their names in the corresponding field.
Its recommended to round up the initial level to the nearest integer. This in
order to obtain regular intervals on rounded elevations.
Tutorial
Create Contour Lines with:

o Line Style: Dot
o Color: Blue
o Initial Elevations 298
o Contour Interval: 1
o Layer: contour lines
49
Volumes
Before calculating volumes, you need to specify the calculation-area by
selecting an existing or drawing a new polygon:
Select the polygon (hold down the O-key and move the cursor to the
centre of the path until you see a P and click) and click 'Volumes' in
the menu 'Calculations' DTM.
In the Earth Moving window that pops up, there are a number of
options for volume calculation:
o
select between either a comparison between the

DTM and reference elevation
OR
a comparison between 2 DTMs (for ex. original DTM

and design)
Pythagoras makes use of the average end-area method in calculating

volumes. The accuracy is determined by increasing the number of calculated
cross-sections or by decreasing the distance between cross-sections.
The cross-sections are placed parallel to the X-axis the active coordinate
system. If you would like to change the direction of the cross-sections, you
can simply create a new coordinate system.
The result of the volume can be saved.
Tutorial
Cross Sections Along Path

Before calculating cross sections, a path needs to be created first. To create a path,
select the path tool, click the first point of the path an then every point of the path in
sequence. At the final point of the path, hold down the CTRL key while clicking the point.
This path can thus be a straight line, a line that zig-zags or a line that follows an arc.
Tutorial
Select the path an choose 'Cross section' in the menu 'Calculation'

DTM
Cross sections along the path are length-profiles. Entering a number

of parameters in the window below, has the following result:
The length-profile is showed in a new file. This file can be saved

('File' - 'Save')
51
Cross sections - Perpendicular to Path
Draw 2 lines: a red line 5m higher than the path in layer Electricity
and a blue line 2m under the path in layer Gas
Re-select the path (hold down the X-key and move the cursor to the
centre of the path until you see a squiggle line and click) and while
pressing SHIFT select the Gas line and Electricity line at the same
time.
'Calculations' DTM 'Cross section' 'Perpendicular to path'.
Select 'Automatic calculation of distance
Click the button 'Cross Section Parameters'

o
change Z-Scale: 100
Tutorial
Remark: When the elevation height in a path becomes too large,

Pythagoras will adjust (and round) automatically the reference
level when calculation profiles, to obtain a clear and organized
result.
To add References:
Tutorial
Click on the green 'plus' sign. A blanc line is added to the list
Click
Select the layer in which the reference is placed. Choose Electricity.

When references are added to a cross-section, the attributes of
these references can not be changed since the attributes are taken
over from the drawing.
Add reference 'Gas' as well.
Click 'OK'' to close the 'Cross Section Parameters' window.
In the 'Calculate Cross Sections' window, select 'Add sections to

plan' and click the 'Attribute' button:
on 'Blank'. In the selection list
choose
'References'
53
In this window you can define the lay-out of the section marks on the
plan. It is recommend to place these marks in a separate layer (can
be created 'on the fly').
The cross sections are showed in a new file. This file can be saved ('File' 'Save')
Tutorial
In the drawing the cross section are marked:
Its evident that reference objects can be added to profiles as well.
Tutorial
55
3D-View
You can also create a 3D View of the terrain, an example of which is shown
below. The camera looks at the terrain with a bird's-eye view. You need to
specify the placement of the camera, elevation and the direction of the
camera.
Choose Lines or Grid in the menu 'Calculations' - DTM - '3D view'.

The mouse pointer changes into a camera.
Specify the placement of the camera. The elevation of the camera

should be higher then the view direction.
Specify the view direction of the camera.
Enter the 'Number of grid lines' and the 'Z-Value exaggeration', click
OK
The 3D view will be calculated and showed in a new file. This file can be
saved.
Tutorial
Colorized map of a terrain model

Different elevation or slopes can be shown, using different colors (colorized
map).
Select the menu 'View' 'Display View' (or hit CTRL + I).
Click the DTM tab, select 'Show Colorized Map' and enter the
attributes by clicking the button 'Attributes'
You can either define the values manually or with help from the
'AutoFill' button.
Click this button.
Tutorial
Enter 1 for Increment.
Select 'Color and choose from Blue to Red
57
A colorized map will be shown. In 8 steps the color blue will change into red
depending of the elevation slope:
To show the legend of the DTM colorizing, click 'View' Legend'

'DTM'
Tutorial
Slope intercept
When you want to create a walk path in a terrain, difference in height will
appear. How can you fit the walk path into the terrain:
Tutorial
draw a walk path, using 2 lines
select the left line of the walk path and create a path (with the path
tool)
59
select the path and click in the menu 'Calculations' - DTM - 'Slope
Intercepts'. You can calculate the slope intercept using either a fixed
slope or a fixed distance. In either case, you can specify whether
you would like to calculate the slope intercept to the left or to the
right of the path.
o
Fixed slope: the slope intercept will be taking into account

the elevation of the selected DTM. The slope will remain
constant, the distance to the path will vary. The slope
gradient can be specified (up and down).
You can also specify the 'Step' which specifies at which
distance points need to be calculated. The smaller the step,
the more accurate the slope intercept line.
The Line Attributes button allows you to specify style, color,
line width and layer of the slope intercept line.
Fixed distance: the slope intercept will be calculated taking

into account the elevation of the selected DTM. The
distance to the path will remain constant. The slope will
vary.
Enter the distance to the path in the appropriate field.
Tutorial
Calculate the slope intercept with a fixed slope on the left of the
path.
Create also a path on the line on the right side of the walk path and
calculate the intercept slope (fixed slope right)
Now to see what the terrain will look like after drawing a walk path, you need
to recalculate the DTM, not taking into account all elevation point that are no
longer relevant (points on the walk path and points on the slope intercepts).
Tutorial
61
Draw a polygon over the lines of the intercept slope and select this
polygon.
In the menu 'Bonus Tools' select 'Selection Tools' 'Points outside

Polygone'.
Remark: the Bonus Tools can be downloaded free of charge from

www.pythagoras.net and offer some useful VBA macros that can
be used during your Pythagoras work. However, the module PRO
is required.
Click 'Calculate' - DTM - 'Terrain Model' to recalculate the new DTM

(dtm2).
To see what it actually looks like you can calculate a 3D view

('Calculate' - DTM - '3D view').
Tutorial
Chapter 6:
Thematic Maps
Introduction
We will illustrate the power of thematic maps using a few examples.
First example
In this first example, we will verify whether the objects of a road in a drawing
are indeed in the layer "Roads".
Tutorial
Open the Pythagoras drawing Heiberg.Pyt
Select the menu File - Thematic maps or CTRL+T.
The Thematic maps manager pops up.
Click "New" and enter the name "Roads" as the new theme.
Click Settings. The Thematic Map Editor pops up.
Select *AllObjects in the list under Table when System has

been checked on.
Thematic Maps
63
Field now contains a number of fields that can apply to objects.

Select Layer.
Since the field Layer is alpha-numeric, you can only select alphanumeric comparators under Operator. Select the = sign.
Under Representation, click on the green + sign.
Under Value, select the value "Roads".
Under Attributes, click one of the symbols.
The Representation window will pop up.
Check "Color" above the tabs and select "Yellow". Click OK.
This will display all objects of the layer "Roads" in yellow.
Next to "Other values" click on the line symbol.
Check "Color" above the tabs and click the color-pallet symbol.
Enter 255 and click "OK".
Check "Color" in the tab "Lines" and click on the color-pallet symbol.
Enter 253 and click OK.
All objects that are not in the layer "Roads" will receive the color 255
(light grey). To highlight the lines as compared to the other objects,
we gave the lines the color 253 (darker grey).
Click OK 3 times.
The drawing will be partly in grey, partly in yellow. When zooming in on a

road, you will notice that the borders of the road are colored grey and the
polygons of the road yellow. Double-clicking the line of the road will point out
that they are not in the layer "Roads". Change the layer to "Roads" and click
OK. The line will now also be colored yellow.
64 Thematic Maps
Tutorial
Second example
All contour lines in a drawing with an elevation smaller than 0, will receive a
blue color, all others a red color. The 0-line will be a thick green line.
Open the Pythagoras drawing DTM.Pyt
Select the menu option File - Thematic Maps.
The Thematic map manager will pop up.
Click New and enter Cut&Fill for the name of the new theme.
Tutorial
Select *Curves in the list under Table when

System has been checked on. Field window will
pop up.
Check "Style", now contains a number of fields that

can apply to curves. Select MinZ.
Since the field "Elevation" is numeric, you can only

select numeric comparators under Operator. Select
the < sign.
Enter the value 299.990.
Under Attributes, click the line symbol.
The "RepresentationWidth and Color, and enter

"Solid", 0.30 mm and Blue respectively. Click
OK.
Click the + sign again and enter the value 300.001.
Thematic Maps
65
Click the line symbol. Check "Color" on, and select "Green" and
1.00mm. Click OK.
Under "Other values", click the line symbol.
Check "Color" on and select "Red.
Click OK
All curves with an elevation lower than 300m will be blue, those larger than
300m will be red, and those in-between will be a thick green line. (=300m
line)
Click OK twice.
Third example
The contour lines in the file "Contour lines" have an interval of 0.1m. In this
example, all contour lines in the drawing will receive a different color.
66 Thematic Maps
Open the drawing DTM.Pyt and open the "Thematic Maps

Manager".
Create a new theme called "Contour lines" and click "Settings".
Select *Curves in the list under Table.
Under Field select MinZ and select the >= sign for "Operator".
Click Autofill. The Range values- window pops up.
The Min- and Max- fields contain the minimum and

maximum elevations of the contour lines. Enter the value
0.50 in the Increment field because the contours have
been calculated every 0.50m.
At the bottom right of the form, check "Colors".
Select "Blue" for "From" and "Red" for "To".
Click "OK" 3 times.
Tutorial
Fourth example
This example will illustrate assigning a color to countries, depending on the
size of the country.
The countries with an area larger than 500 000 km will receive a red color
and those larger than
1 000 000 km, a blue color.
Open the Pythagoras file World.pyt
Select the menu option File - Thematic maps. The Thematic map
manager will pop up.
Click "New" and enter a name for a new theme (e.g. Size Country)
At the left side of the window, under "Subject", select the table
"Countries" (do not check "System"!). You can now only select the
fields of this table in "Field". Select Area(km). Since this field is
numeric, you can only select numeric comparators under "Operator".
Select the > sign.
First, we will change the color of the countries larger than

500 000.

Under "Value" you can type in a value, e.g. 500 000.
Click on the polygon symbol. The "Representation"

window will pop up
Check Pattern and select 100%.
Check Color and select "Red".
Click OK.
Next, we will handle the countries larger than 1 000 000.
Tutorial
Click the + sign again and enter the value 1 000 000.
Click the polygon symbol.
Thematic Maps
67
Check Pattern and select 100%.
Check "Color" and select Blue.
Click OK.
Click OK 2 more times.
All polygons in the drawing that are linked to the table "Countries" and that
have an area larger than 500 000 km, will be shown in red. All countries
larger than 1 000 000 km will be shown in blue. The countries that are
smaller than or equal to 500 000 km will retain their color.
Note that it is not the area of the polygon, but rather, a value that the
polygon has in the database.
When you double click a polygon, you will notice that the original look (green
and 25%) is still in the polygon.
Click the tab "Data". This window allows you to enter or modify database
values. At the top of the list the area of the selected country is shown.
68 Thematic Maps
Tutorial
Chapter 7:
Databases in Pythagoras
Database tables can be created inside Pythagoras. Each object in the
drawing can then be linked to a database table.
Creating a Table
We will create a table by using an example. The table contains the amount
of biodiesel produced and the number of diesel cars per country.
Tutorial
Open the Pythagoras drawing Europe.PYT.
Select the menu option File - Database - Database Manager.
Under New Table Click "Attribute" and enter the name "Diesel".
Make sure the newly created table has been selected, and click
"Settings". The Table structure window pops up.
69
70 Databases in Pythagoras
"Table structure" is used to create the different fields of the table. To

create a new field, click the green "+" sign. To delete a selected
field, click the "-" sign.
You need to enter a name for each field.
Click the green "+" sign to create a new field, and give it the name
Biodiesel.
Under Type , select Long, to indicate that this is a number.
You can, if needed, also enter a default value, a minimum value or a

maximum value. If you check "Indexed", the table will be sorted
alphabetically by this field. This is particularly useful if you would like
to address this table using VBA. Finally, you can also enter a
description.
Click the "+" sign again and enter the name DieselCars. Again,
select "Long" as the type.
Finally, create a third field, called DieselPerCar. The table will then
look as follows:
By selecting the "Object types" tab, you can specify to which object
types you would like to link data in this database : e.g. only points, or
only lines, or points and lines, or any object type.
Click OK twice to return to the drawing.
By double clicking objects in the drawing, e.g. points, and then

selecting the data-tab, and specifying the table, you can either
manually enter data, or view data that has already been linked to the
object.
Tutorial
Tutorial
71
Chapter 8:
Coordinate and Polygon List
Creating Coordinate list

We will create a coordinate list by using drawing Coordinate List. This
feature will draw a list in a table in the drawing.
Open drawing Coordinate List.
Points are drawn. From these points we will generate a coordinate list by
using the Table Viewer.
Select the four red dotted points (1 to 4) by holding the SHIFT key and
selecting the points one by one.
When selected, choose Coordinate List under Format Operation
The dialogue Table Viewer will pop up.
72 Coordinate and Polygon List
Tutorial
Tutorial
We see the 4 points with coordinates and comment.
When only point number, coordinate X and Coordinate Y is

needed, coordinate Z and comment can be placed hidden. This by
completely sliding both columns towards the previous one. So
slide column Z towards column Y. Do the same for column
Comment.
Now press the Drawing button and the coordinate list will be
drawn in table form.
This table is drawn in the page coordinate system. So always

make sure the sheet is not in a floating state. This can be chosen
in the Sheet Manager.
73
Creating Polygon List

We will create a polygon list by using drawing Polygon List. This feature will
draw a list in a table in the drawing.
Open drawing Polygon List.
Polygons are drawn. From these polygons we will generate a polygon

list by using the Table Viewer.
Select the two yellow polygons by holding SHIFT+O and selecting the
polygons one by one.
When selected, choose Polygon List under Format Operation
The dialogue Table Viewer will pop up.
We see the 2 polygons with comment and area.
74 Coordinate and Polygon List
Tutorial
Tutorial
Now press the Drawing button and the polygon list will be drawn
in table form.
This table is drawn in the page coordinate system. So always

make sure the sheet is not in a floating state. This can be chosen
in the Sheet Manager.
75
Chapter 9:
Google Earth
In Pythagoras it now is possible to view your drawing in Google Earth.
This can be established in two ways:
Export a .KML and import in Google Earth
View drawing directly in Google Earth
Remark:
Google Earth must be installed on your computer !
It is important that the drawing has a coordinate reference system that is
related to WGS84 or UTM, the coordinate reference system of Google Earth.
Otherwise creation of the KML file for Google Earth will fail.
Applied thematic will be exported to Google Earth as well. For more
information on thematic, see Chapter 6.
Export .KML
76 Google Earth
Open drawing Google Earth.
Click the blue globe button in the menu on top
The dialogue Select Coordinate Reference System will appear.
Tutorial
In the dropdown menu, choose Lambert 72.

Remark:
The coordinate reference system you have to choose in this dialogue
depends on the system in which the drawing is made up.
Tutorial
Assign the coordinate reference system to the Local CS.
The drawing is now set in the correct coordinate reference system and
ready to be exported as a .KML file.
Select all objects by tapping CTRL+A.
Select File Export Google Earth.
Choose name and location for the .KML file.
Open the .KML file in Google Earth.
Google Earth
77
View drawing directly from Pythagoras in Google Earth
78 Google Earth
Open drawing Google Earth.
Click the bleu globe button in the menu on top
The dialogue Select Coordinate Reference System will appear.
Tutorial
In the dropdown menu, choose Lambert 72.

Remark:
The coordinate reference system you have to choose in this dialogue
depends on the system in which the drawing is made up.
Tutorial
Assign the coordinate reference system to the Local CS.
The drawing is now set in the correct coordinate reference system and
ready to be exported as a .KML file.
Select all objects by tapping CTRL+A.
Select View Google Earth.
Google Earth will be opened and the drawing will be shown.
Google Earth
79
80 Google Earth
Tutorial
Chapter 10: Road Design Tutorial

Introduction
To design a road, 3 parts need to be looked at: the horizontal design of the
road, the vertical design and the type of cross section you want to use.
Starting with the axis of the road, a vertical profile can be designed and the
chosen type of cross section will be applied.
Using the file Road.pyt, this module will be explained in detail.
A digital terrain model (DTM) is already calculated and a high voltage wire is
already drawn.
Design a road from point A to D, through points B and C, minding the 2
circles
Tutorial
Road Design Tutorial
81
Technique
1. Preparations in the plan view
Draw the axis of the road from point A to D (strait line). This axis can
contain (a combination of) a line, an arc or a path (no spline).
To create a path, select the path tool

click the first point of the path
and then every point of the path in sequence. At the final point of the
path, hold down the CTRL key while clicking the point.
Calculate a DTM if necessary. In our example the DTM is already

calculated.
Select the axis of the road (or the path)
To activate the road design module click 'View' 'Road Design'
Pythagoras has 3 special windows: the plan window, the profile window and
the cross section window, each with their own control panels. All windows
can be viewed simultaneously.
The positions and sizes of the different windows in road design are saved
when closing Pythagoras.
You can find a more detailed explanation about those windows in the Road
Design Reference.
82 Road Design Tutorial
Tutorial
2. The plan window

The plan window displays the horizontal alignment of the road and the
existing terrain in plan view. In this window you design the horizontal
transitions and intersection points.
The control panel constantly displays the information about the horizontal
alignment at the position of the cursor in the plan window:
Click in the plan window to activate this window.
a) Add references
Points and lines indicated in the plan window can be shown in the profile
window. These reference objects (such as power lines, drainages, ) can
be taken into account when designing the profile. We will add the high
voltage wire as a reference object:
Tutorial
Click in the Edit menu Add multiple references
Select All object types, in the tab page System object select the layer
Electr.
Click Add
83
b) Add intersection points

The road should pass through points B and C minding the circles, therefore
intersection points need to be created.
Using the toolbox button Add intersection points or choose Intersection
points in the menu Tools allows you to add intersection points in the plan
window (you can find a more detailed explanation in the reference guide).
When moving the cursor, 2 lines appear which will follow these movements.
These 2 lines will connect the previous and next intersection point.
Tutorial
When the position of the intersection point is confirmed, Pythagoras will

automatically create a horizontal transition (depending of the road
characteristics) in the plan window. (you can find a more detailed
explanation about horizontal transitions in the reference guide).
Click the toolbox button Add intersection points in the control panel.
Move the cursor, see the lines moving with the cursor
Draw a first intersection point. Confirm coordinates X at 55,30 and Y at

77,40 in the control panel.
The horizontal transition will be calculated automatically.
Create also a second intersection point: X = 281,30 and Y = 40,00.
Remark: de horizontal transition will start in the midpoint of the shortest leg.
Horizontal transition characteristics can be changed in the control panel by

double clicking on an intersection point.
See the Reference manual about Road Design for more details.
Tutorial
85
3. The profile window
The profile window displays the centre line of the road and the existing
terrain in profile according to the station distance or chainage.
The vertical design of the road will be determined in the profile window.
The scale factor can be changed to exaggerate the elevation difference:

click in the menu Defaults Scale ratio
Change the scale to 1/10
The green line represents the existing terrain. The high voltage wire is
shown in red. Reference points on the left of the road are represented in
blue, reference object on the right in magenta. The as of the road is shown
in:
o
o
o
Red: straight line

Blue: curve
Magenta: arc
Corresponding vertical areas are also colorized.
Tutorial
Add intersection points
Intersection point can be added to the profile window so the road can be
adjusted to the existing terrain. First the height of points A and D need to be
changed:
Double click the first point (A) of the road in the profile window
The height (Z) or the inclination (%R) can be defined in the control
panel. Change Z into 6,10 and confirm.
Double click the last point (D) of the road.
Enter the height: Z = 23,00 and confirm.

Points A and D are on the right height to design the road.
The command Intersection points (or pressing the corresponding toolbox

button), allows you to add intersection points in the profile window (you can
find a more detailed explanations in the reference guide).
2 lines appear which will follow these movements when moving the cursor.
These 2 lines will connect the previous and next intersection point.
When the position o f the intersection point is confirmed, Pythagoras will
automatically create a vertical curve (depending of the settings) in the profile
window. (you can find a more detailed explanation about vertical curves in
the reference guide).
Click on the toolbox button Add intersection points
Move the cursor, see the lines moving with the cursor
Click in the profile window and create a first intersection point by defining
dS = 165,00 and Z = 8,50 in the control panel. The vertical curve will be
created automatically.
Create a second intersection point with dS = 460,00 and Z = 25,00.
By double clicking on the intersection point, the characteristics of the

intersection point and vertical curve can be changed.
Tutorial
87
Add cross sections

This toolbox button allows you to add-cross sections in the profile.
Before adding cross-sections, they need to be created.
Create cross-sections
Open the drawing TypeXsection.
Subsequently you indicate the following points:

o The point that corresponds with the centerline of the road:
give this point the style "Hotspot". This point will be displayed
in red.
o All points from which you want to obtain more information in
the detailed cross section: give these points the style
"Reference point". These points will be displayed in purple.
o The points, maximum 1 at each side of the centerline, used
as starting points for calculation of the slope intercept: give
these points the style "Split point". These points will be
displayed in blue.
Next you select all objects which belong to the typical section
In the menu "File", "Create", you select the item "Typical Section".
Define in the dialog window:

o the slope intercept. You have the choice of defining the slope
Tutorial
o
o
intercept parameters at the left side and at the right side. The
slope intercept can be at a fixed offset or have a fixed slope.
The line attributes of the slope intercept.
Define for the carriageways:
Offset: central area from hotspot that is not part of
carriageway and that wont be affected by
superelevation. For ex. to create a median strip to
plant trees
Width: the width of the carriageway, as it is designed
in the typical Cross Section drawing. The value for
width as specified here will be under the influence of
the superelevation process, items outside this width
will not be affected.
Slope: lope of the carriageway, to be calculated from
the typical Cross Section drawing. The slope should
correspond with the crossfall for a given profile.
Whether the cross-section will be used in this document only
or should be available in all documents (library). Choose
LIBRARY
The name for the cross-section: example CS
Click OK to close the drawing.
Remark: when you use patterns in the cross-section to indicate for example
cobbles, before creating the cross-section, select the drawing
and click Unpack in the menu Edit. Otherwise, patterns might not
be displayed properly.
Tutorial
89
Add cross-sections
Press the toolbox button Add Cross Section Mark. The cursor changes
in a vertical line.
Click the mouse button at the location where you want to add a crosssection.
Enter the distance (dS) = 250,00 and confirm. The cross-section will be
used from this point on until the end of the route or until a new crosssection.
Choose the type of cross-section you want to use: Select Example CS
Remark: You can even indicate whether the cross-section is exceptional.

This means that this cross-section is only applicable at the location
where it is made.
Remark: If you only use one cross-section for the whole road, you
can change the default cross-section in the control panel. Click first
on the cross section window and select the new cross section from
the control panel.
Tutorial
Add cross section mark

The command Cross Section Mark in the menu Tools allows you to enter a
number of markers on your profile on a fixed distance.
Click Add Cross Section Marks in the control panel.
Click on the beginning of the road in the profile window. Enter distance
0 (in the control panel).
Enter the number of profile markers you want to add: 10 at distance 50

and click Ok.
These markers are displayed as a vertical line in blue in the profile window.
The markers are also displayed in the plan window.
Tutorial
91
4. The cross section window

The cross section window displays the cross section at the position of the
cursor in the profile window. This window has 2 modes: the edit mode (left)
and the film mode (right). In the edit mode, the roadbed and the cross
section can be changed and you can also define cut and fill topsoil. The film
mode is active when either the profile window or the plan window is active.
The control panel is only active in the edit mode.
In the cross section window the reference object are indicated. The black dot
in our examples indicates the high voltage wire.
Tutorial
a) Road Bed
If you want to calculate volumes, you need to create a road bed (to cut
and/or fill topsoil). A red line will appear (roadbed) on the cross section,
going from the left slope to the right slope.
Press the Add Road Bed toolbox button in the control panel or use the
menu Tools Road Bed. In the control panel you can define the points of
the road body by adjusting X and Y:
Click Add Road Bed in the control panel.
Move the cursor and see 2 lines appearing in the cross section window
Click on the cross section and enter for X = -2,6 and Z = 0,02. Confirm
these values in the control panel.
Enter for bulking factor 1. The cut and fill parameters: 20 cm of topsoil
needs to be excavated, 40 cm needs to be filled. These parameters can
be used for the cut and fill calculations.
Create also a 2nd intersection point with coordinate X = -2,6 and Z = th

0,455, a 3rd intersection point at X = 2,6 and Z = 0,455 and a 4
intersection point at X = -2,6 and Z = 0,015
b) Topsoil cut & fill

Topsoil cut
Tutorial
Click the toolbox button Topsoil Cut in the control panel to indicate the
parts of topsoil that need to be excavated.
Click in the cross section window on those parts that need to be

excavated. These parts will be displayed in brown
93
Topsoil fill
Click the toolbox button Topsoil Fill in the control panel to indicate the
parts of topsoil that need to be filled.
Click in the cross section window on those parts that need to be filled.
These parts will be displayed in green.
Calculations Cut and Fill
Start the calculation by clicking Cut and Fill in the menu Calculations
The chainage (stations) is default from the beginning till the end of the
road.
Define the number of cross sections at 100. The more cross sections,
the more accurate the calculation will be. You can also define the Ds.
Click Calculate to start the cut and fill calculation.The result can be
saved into a text file.
Click Cancel to close this window.
Tutorial
5. Length profile
To create a dressed up drawing of the profile in a new file, you can use the
command Create Profile in the menu File:
Tutorial
File Create Profile
In dialog window change parameters:

o Range
o Reference height:
o X-Scale
o Z-Scale
o Choose terrain models under the tab Annotation allows to
show a terrain model you prefer.
95
The result can be saved:
Tutorial
6. Cross sections
It is also possible to create in a new file a dressed up drawing of all selected
cross sections.
Select in the profile window all cross sections: Edit Select Cross
Section Marks
Click Make Cross Sections in the menu File
Change in the dialog window:

o Reference elevation: 2
o Width: 25
o Layout of the result drawing: Automatic calculation of
distance
The result will be displayed in a new file. This file can be saved.
A more detailed explanation of Make Profile and Make Cross Section can be
found in the Reference Guide of Road Design.
Tutorial
97
Remark: when the elevation heights in a road become too large, Pythagoras
will adjust (and round) automatically the reference level when
calculating cross sections, to obtain a clear and organized result.
7. Convert to Drawing
All calculated data can be put in the plan view automatically. You can also
create stake out points automatically. All you have to do is check the
checkboxes of the appropriate elements you want to create.
Select Convert to Drawing in the menu File
Following settings can be made:

o Line style
o Line width
o Color
o Layer
You can also set the precision of the calculation. There are two
possibilities:
o With a given number of steps.
o With a distance between the theoretical profiles
Selecting a different layer and style for the centre line, split points, reference
points and slope intercepts allows you to select and precise these objects
afterwards.
It is obvious that the higher the number of steps or the lower the distance
between the profiles, the more precise the result will be.
The result:
Tutorial
8. Stake out list

You can also create stake out points automatically after the calculated data
is converted to the drawing.
Define the format for which you want to create a stake out list
o Defaults Configure Data Collector
o Choose a Brand and Model from the list.
Select all points in layers Slope Intercepts. (Edit Find)
Renumber all selected points:

o Format Operations Renumber points
o Starting from: e.g. 1000
o Interval: 1
Define a code for the selected points:

o Format Operation Change Comment
Comment: e.g. SI (slope intercept)
Export the data for the chosen data collector by clicking File Export
Stake Out List
This file can be sent to your total station.
An offset list can be created too :
Tutorial
Select the road in the drawing (press R during selection).
Change the coordinate system into CDZ
Export the data by clicking File Export Offset List
99
Chapter 11:
Special functions
You can find more information on these functions in the Reference Manual.
Drawing Information
Drawing information can be entered or consulted using Drawing Info in the
File menu (see menu picture below).
Import & Export

You can import data in a Pythagoras drawing from other drawings, from
Stations or lists. Pythagoras recognizes a few formats. Look for them in the
File menu under Import:
Coordinate list
DWG/DXF: Data Exchange Format (AutoDesk)
SHAPE
Table
SICAD_SQD (Windows Only)
Data collector
Image
List of images
You can export all object data from a Pythagoras drawing or a selected part
with the Export command in the File menu. You need to select the objects
before you can open this field. The format of the exported data can be
selected:
100 Special functions
Tutorial
Coordinate list
DWG/DXF: Data Exchange Format (AutoDesk)
Terrain model
Image
SHAPE
Table
SICAD-SQD
Object list
Stake out list
Object Information
If you need to store (or edit) some additional information about an object, it
can be done. Select an object first and then select Object Info in the View
menu.
It is also possible to link external files (e.g. a text file or another drawing) to
existing objects. This makes it possible to open the linked file directly in its
proper application from within Pythagoras.
Notes:
You can change the comment of a point when you request object
information of a point.
When you "double-click" the mouse button on an object, the Object
Information Dialog will be presented.
Default Selections
When you change default values and selections, they are saved with the
Pythagoras program. They remain valid for every new drawing session as
long as you do not change them again.
The items from the Defaults menu, which relate to the visual aspect of a
Point, Line or Text, have the same meaning as those in the Format menu.
Tutorial
Special functions
101
The following items are not explicitly discussed in this tutorial. Their meaning
is obvious from their name and contents. Select them to find it out (and/or
consult the Reference Manual):
Point Confirmation; relates to the way point objects are defined.

Scale of Page Coordinate System
Next new Point Identifier
Preferences
Point Identifier
Decimal places
Decimal sign
Annotations : defines the representation of text objects used as Coordinates,
Line Lengths, Areas, Elevations, Point IDs and Comments
Tolerance Station
Display and Print Options
In the View menu the Display View let you choose what you see in the
drawing area.
When you print, the same options are suggested before printing actually
starts. This way -- if you do not change the print menu -- you print what you
see on the screen.
You can also specify the sheets that you would like printed. The different
print-sheets can be defined by using the menu option File - Select Sheet Sheet Manager.
Copy and Paste

The copy and paste operations (in the Edit menu) allow you to copy a
drawing or a part of it to another drawing.
Tutorial
The copy command writes the coordinates of the selected objects to the
clipboard.
The paste command copies all objects and their attributes from the clipboard
to the active drawing.
Example:
1. Create a new drawing (File - New)
2. Draw two points P1 andP2 at a distance of 50 meters.
3. Define a user coordinate system P1-P2.
coordinates P1 = 0, 0, 0
coordinates P2 = 50, 0, 0
4. Draw a rectangle near these two points

5. Create a second drawing.
6. Draw also two points P1 and P2 at a distance of 50 meters but not with
the same local coordinates as in the first drawing.
7. Define a user coordinate system P1-P2
8. Switch to the first drawing and copy the rectangle with the Copy
command to the clipboard.
9. Switch to the second drawing and add the rectangle with the Paste
command
The system knows where to place the rectangle because the coordinates
remain the same in both drawings.
Calculations
Pythagoras not only helps you draw objects, but also helps you carry out
more complex calculations.
Tutorial
Special functions
103
You can select the following fields in the Calculations menu:
Intersections (select the lines, arcs and circles before you can select
this command)
Open and Closed Traverse
Intersection
Resection
Transformation
Find out more about these calculations in the Reference Manual.
Print Sheet Management

Print sheet management allows you to create multiple print sheets per
drawing. Each print sheet can be linked to a different printer, each with its
own setup. Page objects (objects on page coordinates) and print area
(defined in page coordinates) are linked to a print sheet. When selecting a
different print sheet, the corresponding page objects will thus be shown.
When deleting a print sheet, all page objects (objects in page coordinates)
for this print sheet will also be deleted.
Using the menu option File - Select sheet, you can switch easily between
different print sheets.
You can make new print-sheets using the menu option File - Select Sheet Sheet Manager. In the Sheet Manager window that pops up, click the "New"
button. A new print sheet will be created with the name "Sheet_1". Since the
name is active, you can change the name that makes more sense to you.
Note the properties for each print sheet. Below, the meaning of each column
is explained.
The column "Sheet" shows the name of the print sheet.
The Printer-column shows the printer that has been configured for that
particular print sheet. The selected print sheet will thus be printed on this
printer (upon selecting File - Print).
When available, the 'Paper'-column shows the page size. The orientation
(Portrait or Landscape) is shown in the column Orientation.
The function Floating allows you to print random areas of a drawing. You
can best compare this function with a kind of print-screen function. You can
thus print a specific part of a drawing by simply zooming in on a particular
area and then giving the print command (File - Print). The print command of
a 'floating' print sheet will first pop up a "print screen" window. This allows
you to specify the exact scale of the printout and also allows you to more
accurately specify what exactly needs to be printed out by re-positioning the
page over the drawing.
Tutorial
In addition, you can specify a Scale% for each print sheet. This is used to
scale objects in reference to the scale of the drawing. This allows you to
maintain specific relations between the objects in the drawing. This scale%
influences symbols, line styles, line widths, images and hatch patterns. It
thus behaves like an "optical" enlargement or reduction of the drawing, as if
you were enlarging or reducing it on a copier.
The column 'Active' indicates the print sheet that is active. The page objects
(the objects in page coordinates) specific to this print sheet will be shown
(unless the print sheet is "floating" -> Then the page disappears from the
screen).
Giving the Print command (File - Print) will thus print the active print sheet.
The column Default View indicates which View is active. This way, 2
identical sheets can look different, or vice versa, the same theme (thematic
maps) can be visible in 2 different sheets.
Special functions
105

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Tutorial

Pythagoras CAD+GIS V12.00

Microsoft, MS-DOS and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

(C) Copyright Pythagoras BVBA. All rights reserved.

MICROSOFT WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT ............................................. 3

GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 3

GETTING ACQUAINTED ...................................................................... 11

STARTING, VIEWING AND TERMINATING .............................................................................. 11

DRAWING AREA ................................................................................................................ 15

DEFINING OBJECTS ........................................................................... 23

SIMPLE OBJECTS .............................................................................................................. 23

Defining and Checking Points ..................................................................................................... 23

SELECTING, CLEARING AND UNDO-ING ............................................................................... 27

COMPOUND OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 30

CHANGING THE FORMAT OF OBJECTS ................................................................................ 38

CREATING A NEW DRAWING ............................................................. 39

STEP 1: SELECT A PRINTER OR PLOTTER ........................................................................... 39

SAVING AND PRINTING OR PLOTTING ............................................. 43

SAVING, CLOSING OR QUITTING ......................................................................................... 43

PRINTING OR PLOTTING ..................................................................................................... 44

DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ............................................................... 47

CREATING A TERRAIN MODEL ............................................................................................. 48

DATABASES IN PYTHAGORAS .......................................................... 69

CREATING A TABLE ........................................................................................................... 69

COORDINATE AND POLYGON LIST .................................................. 72

CREATING COORDINATE LIST ............................................................................................. 72

GOOGLE EARTH ................................................................................. 76

EXPORT .KML .................................................................................................................. 76

ROAD DESIGN TUTORIAL .................................................................. 81

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ....................................................................... 100

DRAWING INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 100

CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................... 103

Introduction: Pythagoras CAD+GIS

How to Use the Pythagoras Manuals?

Introduction: Pythagoras CAD+GIS 1

Microsoft Windows Environment

Any printer or plotter supported by the Operating system(s) above may be

And click on Download

Microsoft Windows Environment

3. Click on Download US English (or UK English)

4. Double click on SETUP.EXE.

7. Restart your computer.

Configuring the Pythagoras Installation

4 Microsoft Windows Environment

The maximum number of objects is limited to 4 million objects per

If you have not read the preceding section on "Configuring the

Microsoft Windows Environment

About this Tutorial

Topics Not Covered in this Tutorial

How to Use this Tutorial

Starting, Viewing and Terminating

The control panel

The Windows version of Pythagoras shows an empty drawing in here.

The control panel and the toolbar can be moved anywhere on

Opening an Existing Drawing

Select Open in the File menu or click on

The easiest way to start Pythagoras and open an existing

Terminating the Drawing Session

Select Quit in the File menu.

The Control Panel

To illustrate the explanations in this section:

Scale and Coordinate System

The following procedures clarify the meaning of these buttons:

Coordinate System Notation Button