Fibre reinforced concrete

- requests and facts

Wolfgang Kusterle
Regensburg University of Applied Sciences

DUCTILE CONCRETE

CONTENT
Fibre composite materials

Fibres
Application of fibres
Testing FRC
Post tensioning behaviour
Advantages of multiple cracking
Flexural creep

SOME BASICS ON
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Paradox of solid materials (Zwicky,
Zwicky, 1923)
Paradox of fibre dimensions (Griffith, ca. 1920)
Paradox of length of fibres

Tensile strength

Paradox of 22-phase composites (Slayter,

Slayter, 1962)

Fibre diameter

Requirements for an optimum performance of

the composite
E fibre > E matrix
rupture, matrix > rupture, fibre
R max, fibre > R max, matrix

CFK use in aircraft industry in % of structure

TYPES OF FIBRES

Natural fibres
ManMan-made fibres
Metall
Synthetic polymer fibres

Carbon
Glass
Mineral fibres

PP
PE
PVA
Acrylic polymers
.
aspestos
basalt
cotton
linen
sisal
..

Natural plant fibres

Wood fibres
Animal fibres

Steel fibres
Steel wire fibres
Slit sheet steel fibres
Mill cut fibres
Melt extract fibres
Corrugated fibres

Fibre form
Straight
Hooked ends
Enlarged ends
Cottugated
Crimped
embossed

CrossCross-section
Round
Rectangular
Crescent
Glued to bundles

Low carbon,
carbon, high carbon steel,
steel, galvanized,
galvanized, stainless steel

Polymer micro fibres

Multifilament,
Multifilament, monofilament,
monofilament,
round cross section,
section, extruding procedure

Fibrillated,
Fibrillated, cut from sheets,
sheets, rectangular

Structural syntetic fibres

High strength,
strength, high modulus synthetic macro fibres

Glass fibres
ARAR-glass

Aspect ratio
Length to diameter ratio
The higher the aspect ratio,
ratio, the better the performance
Critical fibre length (failure mode: extraction fibre rupture)
rupture)
Performance depends on
Dosage
Fibre parameters (Aspect ratio,
ratio, tensile strenghts,
strenghts, anchorage,
anchorage,
bond performance,
performance, elongation at rupture)
rupture)

Homogeneous distribution - fibre balling

Kuraray

Tensile stress

strain

Typical stressstress-strain relations for steel,

steel, glass and PP

APPLICATION OF FIBRES
Orientation of Single Fibres

Textile reinforcement

Bidirectional

Multidirectional

CFK
reinforcement bars

Bild V-Rod, Trancels

prestressed CFKCFK- elements

Application areas for fibre reinforced concrete

reduction of early shrinkage cracks
reduction of spalling in case of fire
structural use,
use, reinforcement,
reinforcement, toughness
toughness

Bild Sika

Specific characteristics of FRC

Common fibre content < 1 Vol.Vol.-% steel,
steel, < 2 Vol.Vol.-% polymer
Coarse aggregates
Cement paste (grain size,
size, viscosity,
viscosity, alkality)
alkality)
Brittle matrix in tension

TESTING OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRC)

PullPull-out test of single fibre

Energy absorbtion capacity of FRC slabs

Panel test

Results
of slab specimen
testsVersuche
with 20frtoSFBA
60 und
kg/m
kg/m
Gegenberstellung
der Platten-Biege
SBand
nach with
30 Stunden
of steel fibres (SFBA)
mesh reinforcement (SB)
120

load
Kraft(kN)

100
SFBA 40

80

SFBA 60

60
SB

40

SFBA 20

20
0
0

10
15
Durchbiegung(mm)
deflection

20

25

Calculation of the absorbed energy as a function of the slab deflection

Flexural strength (toughness test)

Beam test

Definition of first crack

Pfpf

Pfp

Load

/4 Pfpf

Pfpf

0,05 mm

Deflection

Load in KN

Post crack behaviour of FRC

in beam bending test

Deflection in mm

Results of beam tests with 20 to 60 kg/m

kg/m
of steel fibres and with bar reinforcement,
reinforcement, age 10 hours
8
7

5
4
3
SFBA 60
SB
SFBA 40

2
1

SFBA 20

0
0

0,5

1,5
2
Durchbiegung (mm )

2,5

3,5

Results of beam tests with 20 to 60 kg/m

kg/m
of steel fibres and with bar reinforcement,
reinforcement, age 72 hours
35
SB
30
25
Kraft (KN )

Kraft (KN )

20
15

SFBA 60
SFBA 40

10

SFBA 20

5
0
0

0,5

1,5

Durchbiegung (mm )

2,5

3,5

statistic

Design:

Design values regarding VBB guideline FRC, 2002

test result

design value

POST TENSIONING BEHAVIOUR

Development of a mortar or concrete with

multiple-crack pattern in bending test

Crack pattern

Toughness tests

Age of the samples

14 days
Water storage

Toughness tests

Test procedure
Measuring yoke is fixed on concrete
beam (150 x 50 x 700 mm)
Level the sample axial under the
force discharges
Distance between supporting
rollers = 600 mm
Distance between the single

Force [kN]

force discharges = 200 mm

1 crack

2 cracks

Deflection [mm]

Force [kN]

Force [kN]

Deflection [mm]

4 cracks

Deflection [mm]

Identification of cracks in loadload-deflection curve

Force [kN]

Deflection [mm]

CementCement-infiltrationinfiltration-methode:
methode: up to 70 cracks

Force [kN]

Force
Force [kN]
[kN]

Effect on the postpost-crackcrack-behavior by using compounds of

reinforcing mesh and fibres

Deflection [mm]

mix 23
5 sheets glass fibre mesh
2 cracks

Deflection [mm]

mix 24
5 sheets glass fibre mesh
2 Vol% PVAPVA-fibres
7 visible cracks

Mix design of selected mixes

material

150x50x700

150x50x700

150x50x700

mix 16

mix 41

mix 42

OPC

1.0

1.0

1.0

PFA

0.3

0.3

0.3

dried silika sand

0.8

0.8

fibres

0.02

reinforcing mesh
water

0.45

0.8
0.02

1 sheet

1 sheet

0.45

0.45

plasticiser

0.0075

0.0075

stabilizer

0.0005

0.0005

Toughness tests
Samples 150 x 50 x 700 with reinforcing mesh and fibres
4.00
3.50
3.00

Mix 41 - 1 sheet reinforcing

mesh - 3 cracks

fo rce
in kN

2.50
2.00

Mix 42 - 1 sheet reinforcing

mesh and fibres - 10 cracks

1.50
1.00

Mix 16 - only fibres- 3 cracks

0.50
0.00
1

11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131

elongation in m

Mix design of selected mixes

material

150x150x700

150x150x700

mix 2*

mix 43

OPC

1.0

1.0

PFA

0.3

0.3

dried silika sand

granite fines sand
fibres

0.8
0.8
0.02

reinforcing mesh
water

0.02
2 sheet

0.45

0.45

plasticiser

0.0075

0.0075

stabilizer

0.0005

0.0005

Toughness tests
Samples 150 x 150 x 700 mm with PVA mesh and PVA fibres
60.00

force in kN

50.00

Mix 2* - only fibres - 1 crack 150x150x700 mm

40.00
30.00

Mix 43 - fibres and 2 sheets

reinforcing mesh - 6 cracks 150x150x700 mm

20.00
10.00
0.00
1

7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
elongation in m

mix 2, hight of beams 150 mm

Force [kN]

Force [kN]

mix 2, hight of beam 50 mm

deflection [mm]

deflection [mm]

8
N/mm
N/mm

Tensile stress (equivalent

(equivalent))

Arch effect

deflection

deflection
Fibre elongation trebled

ADVANTAGE OF MULTIPLE CRACKING

OR POST-TENSIONING BEHAVIOUR
Stabel plastic hinges
Dense structures pollutants
Water

FLEXURAL CREEP OF FRC WITH

STRUCTURAL POLYMER FIBRES

Fibres tested

Durus

KrampeHarex

Strux

Forta

Mix design
370 kg/m
kg/m CEM II AA-S / 42.5 R
1747 kg/m
kg/m Donau sand and gravel 0/16
w / c = 0.5
Viscocrete 1020X

Fibre dosage and fresh concrete properties

Dos.

Fibres

Dos. HRWR

Spread

4.5 kg/m
kg/m

Strux 90/40

0.38 %

440 mm

30.0 kg/m
kg/m

SteelSteel-Fibre
FX 50/1.00

0.25 %

460 mm

4.5 kg/m
kg/m

Durus PMW
50/100050/1000-K1,2x1,0R

0.25 %

450 mm

4.5 kg/m
kg/m

Forta PF 54/30054/300-K1

0.65 %

450 mm

Order of test procedure

toughness test creep test toughness test
STRESS

Creep test
load controlled
time dependent deformation
First loading
(deformation controlled)
controlled)

1.75 mm

Second loading
(deformation controlled)
controlled)

3.0 mm

DEFLECTION

Force [kN]

Toughness Test

Deflection [mm]

StressStress- DeflectionDeflection- Diagram

5.3 N/mm
N/mm
stress

Strux
FX 50
Forta
Durus

2.6 N/mm
N/mm
2.0 N/mm
N/mm
1.3 N/mm
N/mm
0.3 N/mm
N/mm

0.5

1.5

2.5

3 mm

deflection

force

Second Toughness Test (without

(without creeping)
creeping)

deflection

Deformations during deloading and reloading

FIBRE

Deflection during
load relieving

Deflection during
load reapplication

Strux

0.55 mm

0.55 mm

FX 50

0.15 mm

0.15 mm

Forta

0.55 mm

0.50 mm

Durus

0.55 mm

0.50 mm

Creep

Flexural creep of fibrefibre-reinforced concrete

TestTest-Frame

The CreepCreep-Park
Park

Load Stages in the CreepCreep-Test

1.
2.
3.
4.

Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage

0.47 x P 1,75
0.60 x P 1,75
0.71 x P 1,75
0.85 x P 1,75

Duration:
Duration: 3 month each

Creep Stage 1; fibre C

Creep
Stage 1 + 2

All tested fibres,

fibres, steel and polymer
Stage 1 + 2

YOUNG FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE

Testing crack formation

due to drying shrinkage

WORKABILITY

FIRE:
Preventing explosive spalling

Fibre reinforced concrete

IMPACT LOAD

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

NOTHING IS MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN SUCCESS !

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !