Works Cited

Primary Sources
Andrew Carnegie. N.d. Photograph. Carnegie Archives. Carnegie Lib, Pittsburg. This is a portrait
of Andrew Carnegie towards the later end of his life. The clear and sharpness of the
portrait shows his grandeur and status of where he currently sits. His stare, and facial
expressions clearly show the weariness of a hard lifetime of work and sacrifice to reach
his prestige.
Bachelier, Louis. "Theory of Speculation." Diss. Print. His dissertation challenged old stock
investing practices that had worked in the past but never gave anyone a true advantage.
We learned about some financial strategies Morgan used like cornering the market and
manipulating assets that would have never been considered a possibility prior to
Bachelier's dissertation.
"Bank Crash." University at Albany. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This image of a bank crash
perfectly illustrates the chaos and confusion characterized by this era of financial
instability. This scene is very reflective of the country when John Pierpont Morgan began
his rise to power. He utilized such uncertainty to find his own, revolutionary path to
success, and this era paved the road for Morgan's establishment of a new view on the
financial sector.
Brandeis, Louis. Other Peoples Money: And How the Bankers Use It. N.p.: F.A. Stokes, 1914.
Print. This book really takes the time, in Chapter 3, to analyze the political and financial
connections Morgan exploited to get his way. We picked this source to learn about how
business is like White House politics: it's all about who you know and what they are

willing to do for you. It was interesting to learn about the interlocking directorates that
had Morgan on the board of directors of over a 100 huge companies: favor for a favor.
Eckles. Baltimore Steel. N.d. Photograph. Baltimore Brew. Baltimore, Maryland. This Baltimore
refinery signifies the gritty, Industrial Revolution era that Morgan ushered in through his
business practices and prudent economic matters. The formation of unified refineries
allowed for the necessary collaborative efforts to fuel the Industrial Revolution
successfully.
"General Electric Logo." Bright Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.brighthub.com/multimedia/publishing/articles/117041.aspx>. We used this
image as a reminder of Morgan's influence in the Electric business and their merging to
gain market shares. The picture allowed us to visualize his legacy that is still present and
providing millions of jobs to Americans around the country. It was an older picture of
their logo as they worked to expand.
The Helping Hand. N.d. Lib of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3g06404/>. In this cartoon, John Pierpont Morgan is
helping Uncle Sam row a boat through choppy waters, ensuring that nothing goes wrong.
We found this image to be perfectly fitting, as it accurately conveyed the fact that Morgan
was the United States' leader and savior on many occasions through his financial
leadership and bailouts. Without his leadership, our nation would likely have drowned in
the rapids, but Morgan ensured that we stayed afloat and maintained our position as a
successful, influential nation.
JP Morgan. Pearls of Profundity. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This picture, a mere headshot of
Morgan, captures Morgan's intense stare. Apart from providing a picture of him, viewers

sense his authoritative and demanding vibe by his piercing gaze. This aided us in
highlighting his confident and dedicated approach to leadership as well as his demand of
excellence.
JP Morgan with Family. Whale. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This photograph of John Pierpont
Morgan and his family emphasizes the dynamic of his background. The fact that his
wealthy family was able to set him up with job opportunities and valuable connections is
a big reason Morgan was able to attain his level of influence, and this position is
precisely what allowed him to make use of his leadership skills to effectively impact the
entirety of the nation.
"Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., Youngstown, O." Library of Congress. Lib of Cong, n.d.
Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This is an image of the world's first billion dollar corporation: US
Steel. On top of being one of the most feared conglomerates in the nation, it connected
the nation by providing affordable materials for infrastructure development . We used this
source to pictorially visualize the vast expanse of U.S Steel and the sheer amount of jobs
and revenue the plant could possibly be creating every single day. It really put Morgan's
achievements into a value more than numbers.
Oil Rigs in California. 1900. Photograph. Climate Today. This provocative oil rig photo details
the impact and influence of Standard Oil and Morgan's oil holdings. Reaching the fair
waters of California, the combination of Manifest Destiny and Morgan's grip on
America's economic success proved to reach the ends of the Pacific Ocean. His influence
was national, stemming from sea to sea, but his impact lives in our wallets eternally.
"Oregon Lumber Mills benefited from huge order for railroad ties and trestles." Crafting the
Oregon Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.

<http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/1857/after/rail.htm>. We used this image of

a railroad to signify Morgan's monopolistic influence on merging many smaller
companies during the early 1900's. He did this to restrict any new companies from
gaining a strong market share. This image served as a reminder of the sheer power of
transportation and corporate lobbying that came with having a say in the railroad
business.
Pujo, Arsne. "Committee Appointed Pursuant to House Resolutions 429 and 504." House of
Representatives: n. pag. Print. These court proceedings of the Pujo Committee proved to
be a valuable resource on how Morgan was able to directly influence our nation's
financial landscape. This committee saw the actions of Morgan and other high-rank
leaders and passed a handful of legislative pieces, eventually resulting in the
establishment of the Federal Reserve, and this information helped us tie Morgan to our
current financial climate.
The Pujo Committee. Fine Art America. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/the-pujo-committee-chaired-byars-ne-everett.jpg>. This is an image of the Pujo Commitee, a Federal Government
regulation agency, that attempted to crack down on coalitions between Wall Street
financiers. We used this image as a reminder of the amount of attention Morgan stirred up
from the Federal Government, yet it didn't matter. No amount of legislation would
change the fact that Morgan was invaluable to the U.S economy and anti-trust legislation
would help, but in no way would solve the problem.
"Say Money Trust Is Now Disclosed." New York Times 12 Jan. 1913: n. pag. New York Times.
Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?

_r=2&res=9F00E2DB163FE633A25751C1A9679C946296D6CF>. This newspaper

article was published in 1913 as the Pujo Committee attempted to crack down Wall Street
Financiers. This source was extremely interesting because it acknowledged the fact that
Morgan was vital to the continuation of the economy, yet he was still not above the law.
We also used the source because we got to see Morgan's manipulation of the law. He
argued over what actually constitutes a trust and puts the Pujo Committee on a run for
their money.
Tanner, Robert. "John Pierpoint Morgan." Management is a Journey. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb.
2015. <http://managementisajourney.com/saturdays-quote-john-pierpont-morgan-onemotional-intelligence-and-decision-making/>. This is a portrait of Morgan that was
taken in his mid 40's. It represents the financial mogul before he had himself entangled in
everything from investing to corporate lobbying.
The War on Wealth. N.d. Lib of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.0760/>. This is a political cartoon about the financial
panic in the U.S that rushed everyone to the banks to retrieve their hard-earned savings.
We used this picture as an accurate depiction of the frenzy that goes on when the
economy takes a fall.It allowed us to visualize the true tangible strength of Morgan's
bailout funds.

Secondary Sources
American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24
Jan. 2015. The American Museum of Natural History was largely funded by John
Pierpont Morgan. We included an image of this institution because it effectively

highlights his lasting legacy--apart from his building of the modern financial system, he
founded such monuments that will forever capture our history and artistic legacies. This
not only helped us underscore his philanthropic endeavors, but also the long-standing
legacy he maintains in our nation.
"Andrew Carnegie: A Tribute." Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/carnegie.html>. This source is a detailed account of
Carnegie's economic maneuvers and philosophies in life. We used this source as a
reference to how Morgan carried out his financial career because of the similarities in
monopoly development. We used some of the legacies of Carnegie and compared them
with Morgan to get an accurate visualization of the impact of Morgan.
Boesler, Matthew. "Wall Street Crowd, Panic of 1907." Business Insider. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb.
2015. We used this image as an innate visualization of how scared the people of America
were during this time period. The usually confident Wall Street Investors had lost their
spark as everyone was rushing to pull their money out of shares and back into their
pockets. The sheer amount of people in this small area helped us capture the need for
Morgan to once again bail out his home country.
Federal Reserve. Armstrong Economics. Armstrong Economics, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. This is a
modern picture of the Federal Reserve and we used the picture to symbolize the legacy of
Morgan. Due to his frequent bailouts of government, the U.S created a backup treasury
that could be taken from during times of panic. This reduced the dependence on big
business and we used this picture to symbolize the sheer breadth of Morgan's influence.
Irwin, Raymond. Books on Early American History and Culture. N.p.: Praeger Publishers, n.d.
Print. This volume discusses general early American history that includes agriculture,

urban life, crime, and politics. We used this books as a benchmark for contextual
analysis of how Morgan's legacy was truly impactful in the years after his passing. We
learned a lot about the financial strategies and economic trends that continued during this
time period because of Morgan's influence.
"John Pierpont Morgan." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392225/John-Pierpont-Morgan>. This
source is a comprehensive biography of Morgan's early life and the financial investments
he made to rise to the top. We used this source as a guiding point to analyze how Morgan
used different events in his life as stepping stones into companies he built from the
ground up. We learned about specific interests that Morgan held that influenced his
corporate decisions.
"J. Pierpont Morgan." The Metropolitan Museum of Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2011/islamic-art/jp-morgan>. This
source was used to obtain a viewpoint of Morgan's interests and hobbies that contributed
to his 24 hours. This talks about his interests in art collection and investment that spurred
an extravagant spending on the humanities. We used this source to once again provide
another human side of Morgan and show how his investments in the humanities enabled
millions of artists and writers to obtain national prominence.
"J.P. Morgan." History Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.history.com/topics/john-pierpont-morgan>. This comprehensive timeline of
Morgan really helped us formulate a solid biography of Morgan's early life. It provided
credible information about Morgan's childhood and how that influenced his eventual
career choice. The source also gave us an era by era analysis of Morgan that allowed us

to zoom out on Morgan's achievements and see big picture progression. It also credible
information that allowed us to be confident that we were representing him correctly.
JP Morgan and Chase. Huffington Post. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This is a picture of the
main JP Morgan and Chase building on Wall Street and it truly represents the effect of
Morgan on corporation and big business today. We used this picture as a representation of
how even now, a collapse of one of the biggest investment banking firms would
completely destroy the country's economy. Morgan's legacy was invaluable to the country
and this picture represents the need for it in the future.
JP Morgan Documentary. Youtube. N.p., 10 Sept. 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkTnE5i4zcs>. This documentary focuses on J.P
Morgan's legacy in setting up economic and financial strategies that are still in use today.
We liked this documentary because it gave a relatively objective view into a lot of
subtleties in Morgan's life. The source was also valuable because of the amount of
interviews that it includes with people related to Morgan. It gives us yet another
perspective on this financial mogul.
JP Morgan History Documentary. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSYT2HgOsc0>. This documentary focuses on a lot
of the specific interests of JP Morgan and how specific events in his life affected his
financial techniques. We used this documentary to supplement arguments about Morgan's
leadership. Some small tidbits about his investor personality could be derived from
information in the documentary that Morgan enjoyed going to art galleries and sitting in
his parent's business meetings.

Kennedy, David. Personal interview. 11 Jan. 2015. Dr. David Kennedy, the Donald J. McLachlan
Professor of History Emeritus at Stanford University, granted us an interview on the
Gilded Age and J.P. Morgan's role as an unknown Founding Father of our country. Highly
skilled in the integration of economic analysis and cultural influence in American history,
Dr. David Kennedy thoroughly agreed with our thesis and analysis of J.P. Morgan's
"scapegoat" leadership, where Morgan was viewed as an evil and iconoclastic figure, but
his influence carried the American Industrial Revolution through and saved our young
nation. Kennedy discussed his economic influence with creating our nation's domestic
industries, making the United States the world power that powered us through World War
I. Kennedy argued Morgan set the precedent and blueprint for our young nation
economically for the Gilded Age and 20th century, through huge military victories and
national expansion.
Kowalski, Kathiann M. "J.P. Morgan Master Money Man." Cobblestone 35.3 (2014): 28. MAS
Ultra - School Edition. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. This source talks about Morgan's views on a
lot of concepts like big business and financial lobbying. It gives a lot of personal context
to Morgan's childhood so we can see his original role models and how he shaped his
business models in accordance with those people. We also used the source to analyze
some of his hobbies other than just making money and how that rounded him as a person.
The Metropolitan Museum. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://web.mta.info/mnr/gifs/themetmuseum.jpg>. This source is a picture of the
Metropolitan Museum of the Arts- one of the most lasting influences of Morgan. He
firmly believed in the value of arts to communicate ideas and thoughts and this image

was used to signify this. Morgan heavily invested in arts and a lot of the museum
survived economic depressions and panic solely due to his unwavering bailout funds.
"Morgan Helps End the Panic of 1893." J.P. Morgan. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/about/history/month/feb>. This source talks
about the specific plan J.P Morgan laid out and followed to rescue the nation from
financial panic. We used the source to once again see how the dependence on big
business to rescue the country was getting out of hand. Morgan's leadership and quick
thinking ability reveal a different side to his character that emphasizes patriotism and
respect.
Nelson, Ralph L. "The Merger Movement from 1895 through 1920." 1959. Merger Movements
in American Industry, 1895-1956. N.p.: Princeton University Press, n.d. N. pag. Print.
This article gave us a blanket overview of the entire Merger movement where Morgan
may or may not have been involved. We used this source as contextual evidence to
understand what Morgan's financial moves actually did to the economy. The graphs and
tables were really helpful to numerically see how revenue streams and investment
patterns were altered during this time period.
"The Panic of 1893: The Bottom Out, Everything Down." The University at Albany. N.p., n.d.
Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://www.albany.edu/~ep212866/panic1893.html>. This source
discusses the Panic of 1893 and focuses one particular family who was hit pretty hard by
the crisis. It was insightful to see past the numbers and into the lives of the people
afflicted. We used this source as a quick summary of the Panic and its grassroots impacts
on farmers and other blue collar workers around the country.

"The Panic of 1907." The Gold Standard Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.thegoldstandardnow.org/the-panic-of-1907>. This article discusses the Panic
of 1907, focusing on both the causes and eventual solutions by the U.S Government. It
discusses events like the failing New York Bond Offerings that led to a decrease in
investor and consumer confidence. We used this source to mainly figure out how JP
Morgan, personally, contributed to the survival of the American Economy. Morgan
bought out all the unsold New York bonds and acquired many smaller refinery
corporations in his efforts. We used this source to truly understand the philanthropic side
of Morgan the significance of big business in our nation.
Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. N.p.: Random, 1999. Print. This book on J.P
Morgan truly delves into the character behind the financial genius and how his
background and heritage influenced the decisions he made. We used the source as a
unique perspective on his life through the lens of an established biographer. It was also
great to see so much detail about seemingly simple decisions and how political lobbying
worked in his agenda and corporations.
Watts, Tim. "Gilded Age." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 17 Jan. 2015. This is a
historical summary of the Gilded Age and the different movements within railroads and
oil that shaped the American economy. We used this detailed article as a background
context to Morgan's achievements and how his contributions made a difference. We
incorporated this into his legacy and how his entrepreneurial spirit spurred technology
and financial strategies that propelled America into a prosperous innovative economic
state.