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CHAIN SURVEYING
1. What is the fundamental difference between surveying and leveling?
In surveying the measurements are taken in horizontal plane, but in leveling they are
taken in the vertical plane.
2. What is the fundamental difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying?
In Plane surveying, the curvature of the earth is not considered. But in Geodetic
surveying, the curvature of the earth is considered.
3. What do you mean by terms topographical map and cadastral map?
A map which shows the natural features of a country such as rivers, hills, roads, railways,
villages, towns, etc. is known as topographical map, and one which shows the boundaries
of estates, fields, houses, etc. is known as a cadastral map.
4. What is the main principle of surveying?
The fundamental principle of surveying is to work from the whole to the part.
5. How is a chain folded and unfolded?
In order to fold the chain, a chainman moves forward by pulling the chain at the middle
so that two halves come side by side. Then he places the pair of links on his left hand with
his right hand until the two brass handles appear at the top.
To unfold the chain: A chain man holds the two brass handles in his left hand and throws
the bunch with his right hand. Then one chain man stands at a station holding one handle
and another chainman moves forward by holding the other handle.
6. In a chaining operation, who is the leader and who is the follower?
The chain man at the forward end of the chain who drags the chain is known as the
leader and the one at the rear end of the chain is known as the follower.
7. While chaining a line, if you have to measure through a steep sloping ground, what
method should you apply?
The stepping method.
8. Two stations are not intervisible due to intervening high ground. How will you range the
line?
The ranging is to be done by the reciprocal method.
9. What do you mean by normal tension?
The tension at which the measured distance is equal to the correct distance (i.e; when
sag correction is neutralized by pull correction) is known as normal tension.
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Tallies are provided in a chain for the facility to counting some fractional length of the
chain, when the full chain length is not required.
32. What do you mean by the term ideal triangle?
An equilateral triangle is said to be ideal.
COMPASS SURVEYING
1. What is the principle of compass surveying?
The principle of compass surveying is traversing, which means that the area is enclosed
by series of connected lines .The magnetic bearings of these lines are taken with the
compass and the distances of sides of measured by chain.
2. What difference between triangulation and traversing?
Triangulation involves dividing an area into a number well conditioned triangle. But
traversing involves the consideration of a series of connected lines.
3. What does the term chain angle mean?
When the angle between two adjacent sides is fixed by chain and tape only by taking tie
line, the angle is said to be chain angle.
4. What is a 12 cm compass?
The size of compass is designated by its diameter. Therefore a 12cm compass is a
compass of diameter 12cm.
5. What is the fundamental difference between the prismatic compass and the surveyors
compass?
The prismatic compass shows the whole circle bearing of a line, whereas the surveyors
compass shows the quadrantal bearing of a line
6. How would you detect the presence of local attraction in an area?
When fore bearing and BB of alien differ by exactly 180 then the line is free from local
attraction. The presence of local attraction is established when the FB and BB do not
differ by 180.
7. The FB of a line 96 30' and BB is 276 0' how will you adjust the bearings?
Here, FB of line is 96 30' and so BB is of this line =96 30'+1800'=27630'
But the observed bearing is 2760'. So the adjusted BB =1/2(27630'+2760')=27615' and
adjusted FB=27615'-1800'=9615'
8. What is local attraction?
The disturbing influence of magnetic substances on a magnetic needle is known as local
attraction.
9. What is declination?
The horizontal angle between true meridian and magnetic meridian is known as
declination.
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A new station has to be established with the help of two point or three point problem.
The object can then be located with reference to that new station.
10. What type of orientation would you prefer and why?
Orientation by back sighting is always preferred, because it is more reliable than the
magnetic needle method. In this method, magnetic substances do not affect the work.
11. What method would you apply for locating inaccessible points?
The method of intersection should be applied in order to locate inaccessible points.
12. What do you mean by the fiducial edge of the alidade?
The working beveled edge of the alidade is known as fiducial edge.
13. What are the different types of the alidade?
There are two types of alidade - plain and telescopic.
14. What do you mean by strength of fix?
In the three point problem, the relative positions of A, B, C and the required
point P should be such that the required point can be located very quickly and accurately.
The accuracy with which the point can be fixed is termed as the strength of fix.
15. What are the precautions you have to take while centering the alidade with the station
pin?
The alidade should be centered on the same side of the station pin throughout the
traverse. Keeping the alidade on the left of the station pin is ideal.
CONTOURING
1. What is a contour line?
A line joining points of equal elevation is known as contour line.
.
VOLUME COMPUTATION
1. State the trapezoidal rule. What are the considerations and limitations of this rule?
To the sum of first and the last ordinate, twice the sum of the intermediate ordinates is
added. This total sum is multiplied by the common distance and half of this product is the
required area. This is the trapezoidal rule. The boundaries between the ends of ordinates
are assumed to be straight lines. There is no limitation in this rule It can be applied at any
number of ordinates.
2. State Simpsons rule. What are the considerations and limitations of this rule.
To the sum of the first and the last ordinate, four times the sum of even ordinate and
twice the sum of odd ordinate are added. This total sum is multiplied by the common
distance. One third of this product is the required area. This is Simpsons rule.
The boundary between the ordinates is assumed to form an arc of a parabola. To apply
this rule .The number of ordinates must be odd.
3. What is a planimeter?
It is an instrument for measuring the area of a field from the map.
4. What is a zero circle?
When a circle is described by the tracing point without a change in reading in the
measuring wheel, then that circle is known as zero circle.
5. Give the simplest method for finding the area of a zero circle from the manufacturer
table.
Area of zero circle =M X C, where M= Multiplier and C =Constant. The value of both M &
C are available in the table.
6. What is the need of finding the area of the zero circle?
When the anchor point is inside the figure, the computed area does not cover the whole
area. It is less by the area of the zero circle .In that case the area of the zero circle is
added to the computed area to obtain the actual area.
LEVELLING
1. What is a datum surface?
A datum surface is an arbitrarily assumed level surface from which the vertical distances
of various objects are measured.
2. What does the term GTS mean?
GTS Means Great Trignometrical survey
3. What are bench marks?
A reference point whose RL is fixed with respect to the datum surface is Known as bench
mark.
4. What is the datum adopted for GTS bench mark?
The mean sea level at Karachi is adopted as the datum for GTS bench marks. It is
considered as zero.
5. What are the types of bench mark that you know of?
Four types i) GTS B.M ii) Permanent BM iii) Temporary B.M iv) Arbitrary BM
6. For any engineering work, how will you get the RL of the starting point?
The starting point is connected to the GTS or permanent BM by fly leveling. Then the RL
of the starting point is calculated by the usual method.
7. What is the difference between a level surface and horizontal surface?
A surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is known as a level surface.
But a horizontal surface is tangential to the level surface at any point.
o The surface of a still lake is considered to be level.
o The Surface perpendicular to the direction of gravity (indicated by the plumb
line is considered to be horizontal.
8. What is the difference between the line of collimation and axis of the telescope?
The line of collimation is the line joining the point of intersection of the cross-hairs to the
optical centre of the object glass.
The axis of the telescope is the line joining the optical centre of the object glass to that of
eye piece.
9. What is the relation between the line of collimation and the axis of a telescope?
Both these line should coincide.
10. In a particular set up of the level, suppose four reading are taken. How should they be
entered in the level book?
The first reading should be entered in the B.S column, the last reading in the FS column,
and the other two readings in IS column.
11. What is a change point?
Such a point indicates shifting of the instrument. At this point, a foresight reading is taken
from one setting and a back sight reading from the next setting.
12. The staff readings on A & B are 1.735m and 0.965m respectively. Which point is higher?
Point B is higher.
13. What is the procedure of levelling by foot screws?
The Telescope is first placed parallel to any pair of foot screws and the bubble is brought
to the center by turning the foot screws equally either inward or outward. Then the
telescope is turned through 90 and the bubble is brought to the center by turning the
third foot screw. This process is repeated several times until the bubble remains in the
center of its run.
14. How the levelling is centered?
In a leveling operation, the level is never centered. It can be set up at any suitable
positions. The level is centered only when the magnetic bearing of any line is taken with
the compass attached to the leveling instrument.
15. Suppose a level is given to you whose line of collimation is not in adjustment. What is the
procedure that you would follow in order to work with this instrument?
The principle of equalizing back sight and four sight distances should be followed. This
means that the level should always be placed exactly mid way between BS and FS.
16. How will you continue levelling across a river?
Reciprocal levelling should be undertaken across a river.
17. How will you continue levelling across a lake or pond?
We know that the water surface of a lake or pond is level. So two pegs are fixed on
opposite banks flush with the water surface. Then an FS reading is taken on the one peg
and RL is calculated. After this a BS reading is taken on the other peg. As the water
surface is level, the RL of the second peg is assumed to be equal to that of the first peg,
and the leveling operation is continued.
18. What are the arithmetical checks for the HI method and the rise & Fall method?
The arithmetical check for the HI method is as follows.
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