BASIC FLUID MECHANICS

(ECW 211)

JULIANA BINTI MARTIN

BKBA 3.13
013-9809070
EXT: 2574

CONTENT
PROGRAM OUTCOMES

COURSE SYLLABUS

COURSE OUTCOMES

LESSON PLAN

COURSE ASSESSMENT

PROGRAME OUTCOMES
PO1

Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science,

mathematics and engineering.

PO2

Ability to communicate effectively with technical personal

and the public.

PO3

Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering

problems.

PO4

Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO5

Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a

group with leadership, managerial and entrepreneurial
capabilities.

PO6

Understanding of the social, cultural, global and

environmental responsibilities and ethics for sustainable
development.

PO7

Recognising the need to undertake lifelong learning and

possessing/acquiring the capacity to do so.

COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1

Apply basic knowledge on various fluid properties

and problems related to fluid mechanics.

CO2

Apply concept of hydrostatic pressure in determining

forces exerted by fluids on plane surfaces under static
condition.

CO3

Apply concept of up thrust, buoyancy of objects

immersed in fluids in determining the stability of
floating bodies.

CO4

Apply concepts and application of the continuity, energy

and momentum equations and flow measurement in fluid
mechanics.

COURSE ASSESMENT
GRADING

TEST 1

30%

SOFT SKILLS

10%

FINAL EXAMINATION

60%

TOTAL

100%

COURSE ASSESMENT
ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER

GRADING

QUIZ
Quiz 1
Quiz 2

Chapter 1 & 2 2%
Chapter 3
2%

ASSIGNMENT

Chapter 4 & 5 6%

ROOM
DURING
LECTURE
CLASS
(ANYTIME)
DURING
LECTURE
CLASS-LAST
WEEK

REMARKS
NO RE-QUIZ, ZERO MARK WILL BE GIVEN FOR STUDENT NOT ATTEND THE CLASS
WITHOUT MC/LETTER.
NEED TO SUBMIT AT THE END OF THE CLASS.
ASSIGNMENT IS COMPULSARY-WILL BE GIVEN AT THE LAST WEEK (1 hr LECTURE)
BEFORE STUDY WEEK.

COURSE ASSESMENT
QUESTION

5 Questions
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5

CHAPTER
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter

1
2
3
4
5

REMARKS
DONT WRITE USING PENCIL, PLEASE WRITE USING PEN
PLEASE WRITE USING BALL POINT PEN RATHER THAN GEL PEN
BRINGS YOUR CALCULATOR DURING FINAL EXAMINATION SESSION
STANDARD MARKING ( BEWARE)
WRITE ALL UNITS/FORMULA.

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN

ENGINEERING FLUIDS
At the end of this topic student should:

Be able to explain the continuum concept of fluid. (CO1-PO1)

Be able to identify the units and dimension used in engineering
fluids.(CO1-PO3)

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS

WHAT IS

FLUID
MECHANICS
?

Greek word HUDAR , means

WATER
Its that branch of engineering
science deals with water ( at rest
or in motion)
Or its that branch of engineering
science which is based on
experimental observation of
water flow.

Mechanics of fluids
Its that branch of engineering
science which deals with the
behaviour of fluid under the
conditions of rest & motion

FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS is a study of the behavior
of liquids and gases either at rest (fluid

statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics).

The analysis is relate continuity of

mass and energy with force and
momentum.

FLUID is a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of shearing
force (however small it is may be)

IMPORTANT OF FLUID MECHANICS

To determine flow and

energy losses in pipe
To determine the

To design fluid

hydrostatic forces

machines pumps

dams

and turbines

To determine the
stability of floating and
submerged objects

pontoons, ships

IMPORTANT
OF FLUID
MECHANICS
TO
ENGINEER

To determine flow rate,

energy dissipation from
spillway and flow in

open channels such as

rivers

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID

SOLID

FLUID
Have
preferred
shape

Does not
have any
preferred
shape

Hard & not

easily
deformed

Soft & easily

deformed

Cannot
deformed
continuously
under shear
force

Deformed
continuously
under shear
force

3 CONDITIONS OF FLUIDS

The study of
incompressible fluid
under static conditions
(hydrostatics)

Deals with the

velocities,
accelerations and
pattern of flow only

That dealing with the

compressible static
gases- aerostatics

Force and energy

causing velocities and
accelerations are not
deal under this head.

STATICS

KINEMATICS

Deal with the

relationship between
velocities and
accelerations of fluid
with the FORCES @
ENERGY causing
them.

DYNAMICS

CONCEPT OF FLUID
In FLUID:
-The molecules can move freely but are constrained through a traction force
called cohesion.
-This force is interchangeable from one molecule to another.

For GASES:
-It is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate and move away from its
container.
-A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its container.
-It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is thus no free surface.

For LIQUIDS:
-It is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the molecule together and can
withstand high compression, which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such
as oil.
-On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed into the liquid region
and the combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules from a
tensioned membrane known as free surface.

1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM

Continuum mechanics and its concept
It is a branch of mechanics that deals with the
analysis of the kinematics and mechanical
behaviour of materials modelled as a continuum.
(eg. solids and fluids), (eg. liquids and gases)
A continuum concept assumes that the substance
of the body is distributed uniformly throughout, and
completely fills the space it occupies.
Fluid properties is depends on their molecular
structure.However, engineering applications hardly
analyses fluids at molecular level.
It is the fluids bulk behavior of main concern in
engineering applications.

CONTINUUM CONCEPTS
Atoms are widely spaced in the

gas phase.
However, we can disregard the

atomic nature of a substance.

View it as a continuous,

homogeneous matter with no

holes, that is, a continuum.

This allows us to treat properties

as smoothly varying quantities.

Continuum is valid as long as size

of the system is large in
comparison to distance between
molecules.

Fluid as a
continuum

A continuous substance
where quantities such as
velocity and pressure can
be taken as constant at
any section irrespective of
the individual fluid particle
velocity.

PRESSURE

Pressure acts
perpendicular to the
surface and increases
at greater depth.

pressure

force
area

Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the area .
A measure of the amount of force exerted on a surface area

1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN

ENGINEERING FLUIDS

WHAT IS
UNITS?

Standardized system of
measurements used to
describe the magnitude of
the dimension
A properties that can be
measured

WHAT IS
DIMENSION
?
Measurable properties used to
describe a body/system
The standard element, in terms of
which these dimensions can be
described quantitatively & assigned
numerical values.

VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNIT

The primary quantities which are also referred to as basic dimensions, such as
L for length, T for time, M for mass and F for force.

Student also expected to be familiar with the various systems of units used in
engineering. These systems include :
Parameter

SI UNITS

c.g.s system of unit

Imperial units ( British

Gravitational system; English
Units)

Length

Meters (m)

Centimeters (cm)

Foot (ft)

Mass

kilogram(kg)

Gramme (g)

Pound ( Ib)

Time

Seconds (s)

Seconds (s)

Seconds (s)

Temperatur
e

Degree Celcius
(oC)

Degree Fahrenheit ( oF)

As any quantity can be expressed in whatever way you like it is sometimes easy to become
confused as to what exactly or how much is being referred to. This is particularly true in the
field of fluid mechanics.

DERIVED UNIT

1.3 DENSITY, RELATIVE DENSITY

SPECIFIC WEIGHT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
SPECIFIC VOLUME AND VISCOSITY
At the end of this topic student should:
Be able to apply basic knowledge of various fluid
properties.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to acquire various fluid properties in identify and solving
problems related to fluid engineering problem.(CO1-PO3)
Be able to formulate the relationship between shear, stress and
velocity gradient from the Newtons law of viscosity. (CO1-PO3)

1. DENSITY
Regardless of form (solid, liquid,
gas) we can define how much mass

is squeezed into a particular space

Density of a material is defined by

the amount of matter per unit

volume.

Density of material may be referred

to in many ways.

1.1 MASS DENSITY,

Definition

Density of a fluid, , is defined as the mass per unit volume

It is denoted by the Greek
symbol, .

kgm-3

water=
air

1000 kgm-3

=1.23 kgm-3

== m
V

kg
m3

1.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT,

Definition

Specific weight of a fluid, , is defined as the weight of the fluid per unit

volume .

Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance

w
V

Units: N/m3

Water =

9.81 X 103 N/m3

= the density of the material (kgm-3)

g = acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)

1.3 RELATIVE DENSITY

@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG
Definition
A ratio of the mass density of a substance to the mass density of
water at standard temperature (4 C) and atmospheric pressure.

SG

w@ 4 C

w@ 4 C

Units: dimensionless

Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless quantity

2. SPECIFIC VOLUME, V
Definition

The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit mass or the
inverse of density

v = 1/ = V/m
Units: m3/kg

3. VISCOSITY
Dynamic

Kinematic

3.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY,

Definition

Dynamic viscosity, , is defined as the Shear force per unit area

(shear stress, ) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit velocity past
another layer at a unit distance away from it in the fluid
Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
Molecular cohesiveness
Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)

Water:
Air:
Units:

3.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY,

Definition

It defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density

v
= dynamic viscosity
= mass density

Will be found to be important in cases

in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.
Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;

Units: m2/s or stokes (10,000 St = 1m2s-1)

NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY

When fluid moves, it generates shearing stress
If no movement between the moving fluid particles no shear
stresses developed
Fluid particles which in contact with solid boundaries will adhere to
these boundaries will have same velocities as the solid
boundaries

Movement of a fluid over solid boundary can be visualized as

layers of a fluid moving one above the other.
The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance from the solid
boundary increases
y

v
Flowing passing over a solid boundary

TEMPERATURE VS VISCOSITY
(LIQUID AND GASES)

Viscosity

Liquids

Gases

Temperature

Viscosity is caused by the cohesive

forces between the molecules in liquids
and by the molecular collisions in
gases, ant it varies greatly with
temperature.
The viscosity of liquid decreases with
temperature, whereas the viscosity of
gases increases with temperature.
This is because in a liquid the
molecules possess more energy at
higher temperature and they can
oppose
the
large
cohesive
intermolecular forces more strongly.
As a result, the energized liquid
molecules can move more freely.
In gases, the intermolecular activities
are negligible and the gas molecules at
high temperature move randomly at
higher velocity.

VISCOSITY IN GASES & LIQUIDS

Viscosity in gases
Due to intermolecular collision
between randomly moving particles
For gas, temperature , amount of
intermolecular collision , viscosity
Viscosity in liquid
Due to intermolecular collision
between liquid particles
For liquid, temperature ,
intermolecular collision is weakened,
viscosity

NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY

It is important to evaluate the magnitude of the shear
stress generated by the moving fluid

Newtons Law of viscosity:

= shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain
or velocity gradient

du
dy

(1.1)

The viscosity is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.

The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the magnitude of .

NEWTONIAN &
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
Fluid

obey

Newtons law
of viscosity

refer

Newtonian fluids

Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine

Fluid

not obey

Newtons law
of viscosity

refer

Non Newtonian fluids

NON NEWTONIAN FLUID

*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that point

EXAMPLE 1
1. The lower plate as shown below is fixed while the upper
one is free to move under the action of a mass of 50g.
Castor oil with absolute viscosity 650 x 10-3 Ns/m2
occupies the space between these two plates. The area
of contact of the upper plate with the oil is 0.7m2, find the
velocity of the upper plate when the distance separating
the plates is 0.5cm.
pulley
= 650 x 10-3 Ns/m2

Stationary

Answer: du = 5.4mm/s

y=
0.5cm

Hint:du
m=50g

dy

F
A

EXAMPLE 2
2. A vertical gap 25mm wide of infinite extent contains oil
of relative density 0.95 and viscosity 2.4Pa.s. A metal
plate 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.6mm, weighing 55N is to be lifted
through the gap at a constant speed of 0.06 m/s.
Determine the force required.
F

0.06m/s

dy

dy

25 mm

Answer: F = 110.4 N

Hint:
du
dy

F
A

EXAMPLE 3
3. Crude oil at 20 C fills the space between two concentric
cylinders of diameters 150mm and 156mm respectively.
Both cylinders are 250mm in height. If the inner cylinder is
to be rotated at a constant speed of 12 rev/min while
keeping the outer cylinder stationary, calculate the torque
required. The fluid properties of the crude oil at 20 C are:
i) specific gravity = 0.86
ii)kinematic viscosity = 8.35 x 10-6 m2/s

Hint: Linear velocity,

du
dy
Answer: T = 0.002Nm

F r

F
A

EXAMPLE 4
4. A vertical cylinder of diameter 180mm rotates
concentrically inside another cylinder of diameter
181.2mm. Both the cylinders are 300mm high. The
space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid whose
viscosity is unknown. Determine the viscosity of the fluid
if torque of 20 Nm is required to rotate the inner cylinder
at 120 rpm.

Answer : =0.696 Ns/m2

EXAMPLE 5
5. 145 mm radius inner cylinder is placed in stationary of
outer cylinder with 150mm radius. Both cylinders are
250mm long. The inner rotates at an angular velocity of
1 revolution per second (rps). Torque of 0.75Nm is
required to maintain this velocity. Determine the
viscosity of the liquid that fills the space between the
cylinder.

Answer: = 0.120 Ns/m2

1.4 COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS,

VAPOUR PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION,

AND CAPILLARITY
At the end of this topic student should:
Be able to define the fluid parameters.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to apply bulk modulus, surface tension and capillarity in
solving fluid engineering problem.(CO1-PO1)
Be able to use the Newtons law of viscosity which are the
relationship of shear stress and velocity gradient in solving fluid
engineering problems (CO1-PO3)

4. SURFACE TENSION,
Surface tension
defined as the force acting a unit length of
a line drawn in the liquid surface

Surface tension
Surface tension tend to reduce the surface
area of a body of liquid
The internal pressure within the droplet, p
and the surface tension forces, must be in
equilibrium.

Surface tension
Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting
on the droplet
The magnitude of surface tension forces are
very small compared to other forces
Normally are neglected

2 r

p r

2
r

pr
2

Units : N/m

5. VAPOR PRESSURE, Pv
Vapor pressure
defined as the pressure at which a liquid
turns to vapour
the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature
The molecules which moves above the
surface of the liquid exert pressure in the
confined surface
Vapor pressure

Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m2 or Pascal

6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid

If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube

will take a shape as in figure (a) and (b).

Figure (a) and (b)

Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a smalldiameter tube

4 cos
gd

Units= m @ mm

@ h

4 cos
d

@ h

2 cos
gr

where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)

= surface tension
= wetting (contact) angle
= specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube

7. COMPRESSIBILITY &
BULK MODULUS
Definition

The change of pressure corresponding to frictional change

in volume of fluid where temperature remains constant

Gases are much more compressible compared to liquids

Liquids are considered incompressible

The compressibility of a fluid is expressed by its bulk modulus of

elasticity, K, which describes the variation of volume with
change of pressure, i.e.

change in pressure
volumetric strain

p
/

p
dV / V

Units: N/m2

Typical values : Water = 2.05x109 N/m2;

Oil = 1.62x109 N/m2

EXAMPLE 6
6. 1 When the pressure exerted on a liquid is
increased from 550 kN/m2 to 1000 kN/m2, the
volume is decreased by 1%. Determine the bulk
modulus of the liquid.
Answer: K = 45x106 N/m2

6.2 Water at 20 C has a bulk modulus of 21.8 x

108 N/m2. Find the increase in pressure that is
required to decrease its volume 1%.

Answer: dP = of 21.8 x 106 N/m2

50

6.3 Determine the bulk modulus of a liquid if it

undergoes a 0.1% decrease in volume when
subjected to a pressure change from 100kPa to
6.5Mpa.
Answer: 6.4GPa

51

EXAMPLE 7
7. The pressure at a depth of 4.5km in the ocean is
50 MN/m2. The density of sea water at the surface
is 1040 kg/m3 and its average bulk modulus is 2.4
x 103 MN/m2. Calculate the:
7.1
7.2

7.3

Change in specific volume

Answer: -20.03x10-6 m3/kg
Specific volume at 4.5km depth
Answer: 941.51x10-6 m3/kg
Specific weight at 4.5 km depth
Answer: 10.4 kN/m3

for your attention