Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

www.elsevier.com/locate/optlastec

Radio-over-$bre distribution using an optical D-$bre antenna

A. Bhattia; , H.S. Al-Raweshidyb , G. Murtazac
a REMEC

Airtech, Smeaton Close, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP19 3SU, UK

Engineering Laboratory, Communication Group, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 2NT, UK
c Department of Engineering Technology, The Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
b Electronic

Received 26 September 2000; accepted 6 December 2000

Abstract
Finite element analysis has been used to characterise an all-$bre antenna using circular core D-$bre. The optical D-$bre carrying
a transversely poled piezoelectric polyvinylidene 3uoride polymer coating was modelled by using three-dimensional stress analysis.
The response of the D-$bre antenna was determined over a wide frequency range from 1 to 800 MHz. The modelling predicts that
the electric-$eld-induced strains will cause a phase shift of 2:43105 rad=(V=m) per metre at 5 MHz. At frequencies higher than 8 MHz, the
optical response is dominated by radial resonances of the D-$bre=coating composite. Using the simulation results, an electric-$eld-induced
phase shift of 7:35105 rad=(V=m) per metre has been obtained. An increase in phase modulation sensitivity by a factor of three
compared to conventional circular $bre has been achieved by utilising the unique properties of the D-$bre structure. The D-$bre antenna
has potential applications in areas such as EMC testing and radio-over-$bre networks where it provides a convenient means of optically
c 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
generating radio signals. 
Keywords: D-$bre; Antenna; Finite element analysis

1. Introduction
Radio-over-$bre (RoF) transmission systems, characterised by having elements of free-space radio and optical
$bre, are expected to $nd an increasing role in telecommunication networks over the next decade [1]. RoF systems work
on the principle that an radio frequency (RF) subcarrier is
used to modulate the optical signal, which is then distributed
by optical $bre. Depending on the application, the radio
signals may be VHF, UHF, microwave or millimetre wave.
One of the key issues in the realisation of RoF architecture
is the development of an e@ective means of generating and
transmitting the radio subcarrier. The simplest method for
the generation of radio signals, for transmission through an
optical network is to directly modulate the light source with
the received electrical signal. This can be achieved in two
ways; the laser bias current could be directly modulated
or alternatively the laser may be operated in continuous
wave (cw) mode in conjunction with an external modulator
to modulate the intensity of the resulting output. Direct
Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-1296-319-367; fax: +44-1296319-200.
E-mail address: abhatti@remecairtech.com (A. Bhatti).

Fig. 1. Optical generation of microwaves using optical $bre antenna.

modulation of the laser can lead to a number of problems

such as relative intensity noise (RIN), chirp and intermodulation distortion (IMD) [2]. However, by externally modulating the laser source problems such as chirp and IMD in
the laser are virtually eliminated. A recent novel approach
in generating an externally modulated optical signal has
used an optical $bre antenna based on piezoelectric polymer coated D-$bre. The D-$bre antenna is used to phase
modulate the lightwave with a received RF electrical signal
[3]. The advantage of using the D-$bre antenna as shown in
Fig. 1 is that the RF signal can be directly detected whilst
providing a means for modulating the light within the $bre
thus bypassing the need for directly modulating the laser.
The D-$bre has a D-shaped cross-section, with a 3at surface parallel to the longitudinal axis of the $bre, as shown
in Fig. 2. The unique property D-$bre which makes it more

c 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

0030-3992/01/$ - see front matter

PII: S 0 0 3 0 - 3 9 9 2 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 3 0 - 4

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A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

antenna. Results showing the wide frequency response from

1 to 800 MHz of the phase shift induced in a circular core
D-shaped optical $bre jacketed with a transversely polarised
piezoelectric material are presented.
3. Piezoelectric polymer coating

Fig. 2. D-$bre cross-section.

attractive than conventional circular $bre for sensing purposes originates from the greater interaction of the propagating optical $eld with the external space on the planar side of
the $bre geometry. In conventional circular $bres, the optical $eld remains within the $bre structure due to the glass
cladding layer, in the case of D-$bre the guiding region is
now closer to the outer surface of the $bre. Moreover, removing a small amount of the cladding layer from the 3at
surface will bring the optical $eld (known as the evanescent
$eld) to the surface. In this way, the evanescent $eld allows
a much greater interaction between the optical lightwave
and any outside perturbation, thus allowing construction of
a far more sensitive device.
2. Modelling approach
Experimental measurements taken on a polymer-coated
elliptical core D-$bre with d-distance of 11
m and double
cladding layer have shown an electric-$eld-induced phase
shift of 1:7
rad=(V=m) per metre [2]. In this paper, we
present an alternative approach using $nite element analysis
(FEA) to study the response of a polymer-coated circular
core D-$bre with single cladding layer. The complex geometrical structure of the D-$bre does not allow the development of a straightforward mathematical model, whereas
FE modelling techniques have been proven to characterise
complex structures with relative ease and accuracy [4]. With
the availability of increasingly sophisticated FEA software,
this approach o@ers a very useful alternative for studying
the response of the D-$bre antenna. One of the main advantages of using FEA techniques is that test simulations
may be performed to study the antenna structure in order to
deduce an optimised design prior to fabrication.
Previously, in order to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the FE model initial simulations were carried out for
a circular singlemode $bre jacketed with a radially polarised
material. The advantage of using this con$guration is that an
exact mathematical solution can be obtained thus providing
an e@ective comparison for the FEA. The FE model showed
excellent agreement with both theoretical and experimental
results [5]. This work describes, for the $rst time, a novel approach of using FEA to simulate the response of the D-$bre

Piezoelectricity is the property possessed by some materials of becoming electrically charged when subjected to a
mechanical stress. Such materials also exhibit the converse
e@ect whereby on application of an electric $eld the material deforms. The large piezoelectric coeKcients in polarised
polyvinylidene 3uoride (PVDF) have stimulated a great deal
of interest in this polymer since its discovery [6]. PVDF is a
semicrystalline polymer consisting of longchain molecules
with the repeat unit CF2 CH2 . It has been established for
several years that PVDF exists in at least three crystalline
forms: polar form I also known as -phase, anti-polar form II
(-phase) and polar form III (-phase) [7]. The phase most
commonly formed on solidi$cation is the anti-polar -phase.
In this phase, the macromolecules are packed such that the
dipoles from each molecule cancel. Consequently, -phase
lamellae carry no net polarisation and are not piezoelectrically active. Dipole moment cancellation is conventionally
relieved by inducing a transition to the -phase. In thin-$lm
polymers, this is achieved by mechanically stretching the
plastic to convert the polymer crystallites to a piezoactive
phase [8].
However, at this stage the dipole alignment in the partially crystalline regions are random, and there is no net
dipole moment for the $lm. To bring about polarisation in
the $lm, the $lm is subjected to a strong electric $eld, which
preferentially aligns the polar axes of the crystals along the
$eld direction. It has been shown that poling $eld strengths
greater than 1 mV=cm in anti-polar -phase PVDF induce
a phase transformation to a polar -phase which exhibits a
piezoelectric activity comparable to that of mechanically
oriented samples [7].
4. Piezoelectric constants
Consider an electric $eld applied to a PVDF polymer
$lm poled in the transverse (two-direction) as shown in
Fig. 3. The plastic responds to the component of the electric
$eld, E2 , parallel to the direction of polarisation. The $eld
E2 produces strains both in the direction of the $eld and
transverse to it, as follows:
S1 = d21 E2 ;

S2 = d22 E2 ;

S3 = d23 E2 ;

(1)

where the dij are the piezoelectric coeKcients of the thin

$lm. For an isotropic unoriented piezoelectric polymer poled
along the two-direction, the lamellae maintain a random
orientation in the plane normal to the poling direction.
Hence, its piezoelectric properties would be the same in

A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

147

The phase of the lightwave propagating through the

D-$bre is de$ned as
 = L = ko nL;

Fig. 3. Transversely polarised thin $lm polymer.

(2)

where  is the wave propagation constant, ko is the

free-space optical wave number, n is the e@ective index of
refraction for the guided mode and L is the D-$bre length.
In the presence of an acoustic strain $eld, the D-$bre
is subject to modulating e@ects, an optical phase shift M
occurs in the light beam and is given by
M = ko nML + ko LMn:

(3)

In Eq. (3), ML, the change in length can be replaced by

LS3 where S3 is the axial strain along the longitudinal axis
of the D-$bre. The second term is the change in refractive
index due to the photoelastic e@ect and is computed from
the index ellipsoid:


6

1
M 2 =
Pij Sj ;
(4)
n i j=1

Fig. 4. Schematic structure of a D-$bre antenna showing dipole orientation

of PVDF polymer jacket.

both transverse (1 and 3) directions. The two piezoelectric

constants that are of most interest in this case are the d21 and
d23 constants, where the $rst subscript indicates direction
of electric $eld and the second subscript indicates the direction of the strain. Piezoelectric polymers have been used in
a variety of applications such as in ultrasonic transducers,
resonators, hydrophones, sensors and actuators their unique
characteristics o@er a number of advantages including [9]

Ease of integration into existing structures.

Easily controlled by voltage.
Low-weight and low-power requirements.
Low-$eld linearity and high bandwidth.

5. D- bre antenna
The mechanism of operation for the D-$bre antenna as
shown in Fig. 4 is a dynamic mechanical stressing of the
D-$bre which occurs when the PVDF coating responds to
an incoming RF electric $eld. The electric $eld in turn generates a longitudinal acoustic wave within the PVDF jacket
due to the converse piezoelectric e@ect. As the acoustic wave
travels back and forth across the jacket an acoustic standing
wave is produced causing the piezoelectric jacket to compress and expand in a single transverse direction (along the
direction of the dipole orientation as shown in Fig. 4) and
also axially, inducing axial strains and asymmetric radial
strains in the D-$bre.

where Pij denotes the photoelastic coeKcients and Sj is the

induced strain in the D-$bre core. Under the approximation
ni n [8]:


1
2Mni
M 2 =
:
(5)
n i
n3
Using Eq. (4), and neglecting shear strains (S4 = S5 = S6 =
0) we can now obtain the changes in the three principal
refractive indices:

Mn1
P11 S1 + P12 S2 + P12 S3

Mn2
P12 S1 + P11 S2 + P12 S3

Mn3

n3 P12 S1 + P12 S2 + P11 S3

(6)

:
=
Mn4

2
0

Mn5

Mn6

Light propagating in the z-direction is polarised along the

transverse directions, hence Eq. (6) reduces to
n3
(P11 S1 + P12 S2 + P12 S3 );
2
3
n
Mn2 = (P12 S1 + P11 S2 + P12 S3 );
2

Mn1 =

(7)

where S1 ; S2 and S3 are the strains in the transverse

and axial directions, respectively, substituting Eq. (7) into
Eq. (3) we get


n2
M1 = ko nL S3 (P11 S1 + P12 S2 + P12 S3 ) ;
2


n2
M2 = ko nL S3 (P12 S1 + P11 S2 + P12 S3 ) :
(8)
2

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A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

With the non-uniform strain distribution in the D-$bre core

such that S1 = S2 , the induced optical birefringence B is de$ned as
B = M1 M2 = ko n3 LP44 (S1 S2 );

(9)

where
(P11 P12 )
:
2
The natural geometrical birefringence produced by the
asymmetric shape of the D-$bre cladding enables the polarisation state of the lightwave to be preserved as it propagates
through the $bre core. Thus, by aligning one of principal
axes parallel to the plane of dipole orientation yields a pure
phase modulation [8]. Hence, Eq. (8) can be reduced to


n2
M1 = ko nL S3 [P11 S1 + P12 S2 + P12 S3 ] :
(10)
2
P44 =

x-, y- and z-axis. The mechanical strain vector S is related

to the mechanical displacement vector g by
S = Bg;
where

@=@x

(15)
0

0 @=@y 0

0
0 @=@z

B=
:
@=@y @=@x 0

0 @=@z @=@y

@=@z 0 @=@x
The electrical behaviour of piezoelectric media is described
by Maxwells equations, upon the assumptions that the
piezoelectric material is an insulating material and that no
3ow of charge occurs inside the media, which gives

6. Finite element analysis

(@=@x; @=@y; @=@z)D = 0

The matrix form of the constitutive equations relating

mechanical and electrical quantities in a linear piezoelectric
material are used to derive the FE model:

The electric $eld E is then related to the potential  by



@ @ @
E=
;
;
:
(17)
@x @y @z

S = sE T + d
E;

(11)

D = dT + UT E;

(12)

where prime denotes a transposed vector or matrix. S and

T are the mechanical strain and stress vectors; E and D are
the electric $eld vector and the electric displacement vector;
sE ; UT and d are the elastic compliance matrix at constant
electric $eld, dielectric permittivity matrix at constant stress,
and piezoelectric constant matrix, respectively.
Eqs. (11) and (12) can be written out in full as follows:

E E E E E E

s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16 d11 d21 d31
T1
S1

E E E E E E

S2 s21 s22 s23 s24 s25 s26 d12 d22 d32 T2

E E E E E E


S3 s31
s32 s33 s34 s35 s36 d13 d23 d33

T3

E E E E E E

S4 s41 s42 s43 s44 s45 s46 d14 d24 d34 T4

S5 = sE sE sE sE sE sE d15 d25 d35 T5 :

51 52 53 54 55 56

S6 sE sE sE sE sE sE d16 d26 d36 T6

61 62 63 64 65 66

D1 d11 d12 d13 d14 d15 d16 T T T E1
11 12 13

D 2 d d d d d d  T  T  T E2

21 22 23 24 25 26 21 22 23
T
T
T
D3
E3
d31 d32 d33 d34 d35 d36 31
32
33
(13)

The elastic behaviour of piezoelectric media is governed by

Newtons second law,
@2 g
;
(14)
@t 2
where  is the density of the piezoelectric medium and where
g = [uvw]T is the mechanical displacement vector along the

(@=@x; @=@y; @=@z)T =

(16)

A linear piezoelectric material may be completely modelled by Eqs. (11) (17). These di@erential equations can
then be solved by applying the appropriate mechanical (displacement and forces) and electrical (potential and charge)
boundary conditions.
7. FEA simulation
The basic concept of the FE method is that a continuum
(the total structure) can be modelled analytically by its subdivisions into regions (FEs), in each of which the behaviour
is described by a separate set of assumed functions representing the stresses or displacements in that region. FEA is
composed of several stages: Fig. 5 gives a brief overview
of the necessary steps involved in a typical FEA computation. Pre-processing involves the preparation of data, such
as geometry construction, mesh generation, material properties and load=boundary conditions. The processing stage is
where the main analysis takes place whereby for each FE,
the physical process is approximated by mathematical functions. Finally, the post-processing stage deals with the presentation of results. A complete FEA is a logical interaction
of the three stages.
The commercial software package, AbaqusJ was used
to carry out the FE modelling of the D-$bre antenna,
shown in Fig. 4. This package is a general purpose;
production-oriented FE program capable of addressing a
broad range of engineering problems. The advanced piezoelectric capabilities within this package make it an ideal
tool to analyse the acoustooptic interaction taking place
within a piezoelectric polymer coated optical $bre. The

A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

149

Fig. 5. Finite element code implementation.

modelling approach used in AbaqusJ is best described by

the 3ow chart in Fig. 5.
A D-shaped optical $bre with a d-distance (3at surface=
core distance) of 7
m, core diameter of 4
m, cladding
diameter of 125
m and carrying 20
m thick piezoelectric coating was modelled by using three-dimensional
FEA. Mechanical and electrical boundary conditions
employed within the model assumed a stress-free surface at coating-air interface, continuity of stresses at
D-$bre=coating interface and continuity of displacements at
D-$bre=coating interface. In addition, application of 30 V
potential di@erence to piezoelectric coating was simulated
whilst the average axial force was assumed to be zero.
The mesh in Fig. 6 represents a symmetrical cross-section
of the D-$bre=jacket composite. Each region representing
the D-$bre core, cladding and piezo-jacket was meshed
separately by using appropriate linear brick elements. The
modelling thus created 70,000 elements for a 10 cm length
of coated D-$bre. Table 1 shows the material properties
used to de$ne the D-$bre=jacket composite [7].
Steady-state dynamic response analysis was employed to
compute the axial- and radial-strain distribution within the
glass D-$bre resulting from the converse piezoelectric e@ect.
This procedure is used when the steady-state response of a
system is required as it undergoes excitation by harmonic
loading at a given frequency. Such analysis is usually done as
a frequency sweep by applying the loading (AC voltage) at
a series of di@erent frequencies and recording the response.
The solution provides the peak amplitudes and phase relationships of the solution variables (strain, displacements,
etc.) as a function of frequency. Once the strain coeKcients
are known, the optical phase shift resulting from both the
change in $bre length and refractive index can be calculated
using Eq. (2). Linear dynamic analysis is computationally
inexpensive and can provide useful insight into the dynamic

Fig. 6. Finite element mesh representing symmetrical cross-section of the

D-shaped optical $bre with PVDF coating.

behaviour of a system. Execution times are dependent on

model size and preferred analysis choice. For a 10 cm length
of coated D-$bre de$ned using 70,000 elements the calculation time to complete the three-dimensional analysis was
approximately one hour using a Hewlett Packard (HP 700)
workstation.
8. Results and discussion
To obtain the response of the D-$bre antenna to an AC
electric $eld, a frequency sweep was carried out over the

150

A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

Table 1
Elastic properties of glass together with the piezoelectric and elastic
properties of the PVDF polymer
D-9bre
Density
Core diameter
Cladding diameter
d-Distance
Core refractive index
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Optical wavelength
Pockels coeKcients
Unoriented PVDF polymer
Density
Dielectric constant
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Jacket thickness
Piezoelectric constants

2200 kg=m3
4
m
125
m
7
m
1.46
7:3 1010 N=m2
0.17
0:6
m
P11 = 0:121
P12 = 0:270
1780 kg=m3
13
2:5 109 N=m2
0.39
20
m
d21 = d23 = 6 1012 m=V
d22 = 13 1012 m=V

range of values from 1 to 800 MHz as shown in Fig. 7. In

this high-frequency region, the net axial strain tends to zero
as the wavelength of the acoustic waves propagating in the
D-$bre becomes smaller than the longitudinal dimensions
of the device, hence the D-$bre response can be considered
as being axially constrained [5]. Thus, at high frequencies,
the dominant contribution to the overall phase shift is only
from the radial strains induced by the electric $eld.
An optical-phase shift of 2:43 105 rad=(V=m) per metre was calculated at 5 MHz. At frequencies higher than
8 MHz, the response is dominated by radial resonances of
the D-$bre=jacket composite as the acoustic wavelength becomes comparable to the radial dimensions of the device.
A large number of radial resonance peaks are observed in

the region from 8800 MHz. The $rst resonance peak is

at 8 MHz and the last at 799 MHz. Using the results
from FEA, an electric-$eld-induced phase shift of 7:35
105 rad=(V=m) per metre was calculated for the coated
D-$bre. This signi$cantly larger value of phase shift compared to the elliptical core D-$bre with double cladding
layer can be attributed to two factors: $rstly, the circular
core D-$bre has a d-distance which is nearly half that of
the elliptical core [2]. Secondly, the extra cladding layer
for the elliptical core D-$bre plays a major role in absorbing some of the strain waves as they propagate through to
the D-$bre core.
Assuming that the smallest optical phase shift which
can be measured (with a detection bandwidth of 1 Hz) is
106 rad, the minimum detectable electric $eld for a 1 km
length of coated circular core D-$bre can be shown to be
13:6
V=m. This value of electric $eld response indicates
that the sensitivity of the D-$bre is three times greater
than that of the conventional circular coated $bre [8]. The
typical level of electric $eld present at the microcellular
station depending on coverage area (suburban or urban)
has been shown to be around 80
V=m [10 13]. Hence, the
high electric $eld sensitivity of the piezoelectrically coated
D-$bre antenna can be utilised at the microcellular station
as a means of detection and external modulation.
Furthermore, since the D-$bre antenna is constructed
from totally dielectric materials it can be used to receive
RF transmissions without distorting or disturbing the $eld
lines since there are no metallic components to re3ect or
transmit RF energy. This type of antenna has the potential
of wide bandwidth and electrical passivity. In addition, it
o@ers other advantages over conventional antennae such as
intrinsic safety in hazardous environments as well as geometrical 3exibility which enables its use in smart structure
systems.

Fig. 7. Finite element results showing optical phase shift as a function of the applied AC voltage frequency for a 10 cm length D-$bre coated with
PVDF polymer.

A. Bhatti et al. / Optics & Laser Technology 33 (2001) 145151

9. Conclusions
It has been demonstrated that an all-$bre optical antenna
comprising a circular core D-shaped optical $bre coated
with a transversely poled piezoelectric material can be
successfully modelled by using FEA techniques. The modelling was employed to compute the phase shift over the
frequency range from 1 to 800 MHz. The FEA simulations
predict a phase shift value of 7:35105 rad=(V=m) per
metre. By using the circular core (single-cladding) D-$bre a
signi$cant increase in the electric-$eld-induced phase shift
has been achieved over the elliptical core (double-cladding)
D-$bre. Moreover, by utilising the asymmetric property
of the D-$bre an increase in optical-phase modulation by a
factor of three compared to conventional circular $bre
is obtained over a wide frequency range. The geometrical
structure of the D-$bre enabling a higher degree of interaction between the strain $eld and the propagating optical
wave o@ers a considerable advantage over conventional
circular $bres, thus allowing construction of a far more sensitive device. The D-$bre antenna has potential applications
in areas such as EMC testing where its totally dielectric
properties can be utilised within hazardous environments.
In addition, the use of an optical antenna for the next generation mobile RoF networks provides a convenient means
of optically generating radio signals.
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