TETRAPODS

Synapsids
Pelycosaurs transitional between
amphibians and members of the
group
Therapsids from within which
mammals evolved
Mammals 2 occipital condyles, a
secondary palate, and heterodont
dentition; dentary largest bone in
the lower jaw
Mammalia
End of Triassic
Amniotes with synapsid skull, hair,
and mammary glands and nipples
(except Monotremata)
Single dentary bone on each side of
the lower jaw articulating with the
squamosal bone
3 bones in mid-ear cavity
sweat glands
absence of adult cloaca (except
Monotremata)
heterodont condition (except in
toothed whales)
pinna or auricle
Two major groups
Protherians Monotremata (lays
eggs and has cloaca)
Therians Metatherians (yolk sac
placenta) and Eutherians
(chorioallantoic placenta)
PROTHERIANS
Order: Monotremata
Cloaca single opening to the
exterior
Members: platypus or duckbill
(Ornithorhyncus)
2 genera of spiny anteaters
(echidnas) from Australia
lay heavily yolked eggs
no pinna
endothermic, but body temp is less
stable
no nipples (young lick up milky fluid
from modified sweat glands)
lives in burrows

milk-secreting glands (sweat glands)

are on the abdominal wall in the
pouch

THERIANS
Metatherians
Order: Marsupialia
fetal yolk sac (in contact with
chorion) serves as placenta
marsupium maternal abdominal
pouch where the young are
incubated and nursed after birth
2 epipubic bones
lips are sealed (small opening only)
kangaroos, wallabies, Tasmanian
wolves, bandicoots, wombats,
anteaters, phalangers, koala
Eutherians
true placenta
extraembryonic membrane: chorion
and allantois
Order: Insectivora
moles, shrews, hedgehogs
named for their diet (insects)
fossorial burrowing underground;
vestigial eyes
testes are retained in the abdominal
cavity; they never descend fully into
scrotal sacs
Order: Xenarthra
armadillos, sloths, South American
anteaters
Xena strange-jointed animals
arboreal on trees for life
toothless
true bony dermal armor
Order: Tubulidentata
North American anteaters
aadvarks
Order: Pholidota
scaly anteater (Pangolin of Africa)
toothless
arboreal
only genus: Manus
Order: Chiroptera

Quiz 2 Tetrapods (Mammalia) until Mammalian Embryology

bats
true (powered) flight
patagium (wing) double membrane
of skin
pectoral muscles are strong
sternum with keel
large external ear auricles
facial glands are prominent
sonic

Order: Primates
arboreal
2 suborders: Prosimii (lemurs,
lorises, and tarsiers) and
Anthropoidea (monkeys, apes, and
humans)
Prosimians
arboreal
nocturnal
Lemurs (ghost) swinging silently
through forest
Tarsiers deciduate placenta (fetal
membranes become rooted into the
wall of the maternal uterus)
Insect-eating (typically)
Anthropoids (human-like)
2 infraorders: Platyrrhines (nostrils
open to the side) and Catarrhines
(nostrils open downward)
Platyrrhines New World monkeys
and marmosets; capuchins, spider
monkeys, and howler monkeys
(enlarged larynx)
Catarrhines Old World monkeys
(superfamily: Cercopithecoidea),
apes (pongid family), and humans
(family Hominidae); no tail

largest mammalian order

single pair of long, curved incisor
teeth for gnawing
cellulose eaters
largest rodent: capybara

Order: Fissipedia (old: Carnivora)

terrestrial carnivores
powerful jaws and sharp upper
canine teeth capable of spearing and
tearing flesh
cats retractable claws
8 families cats, civets, hyenas,
canines, bears, raccoons,
mongooses, and mustelids
large scent glands near the anus
Order: Pinnipedia
aquatic carnivores
earless seals, eared seals, sea lions,
and walruses
leave water once a year for breeding
females birth a year after mating
young are born on land (cannot
swim)
flippers webbed paddlelike limbs
(adaptations)
UNGULATES and SUBUNGULATES
Ungulates
hoofed animals
2 orders: Perissodactyla and
Artiodactyla
no more than 4 toes on each foot;
horse one only
herbivores
no clavicle
only mammals with horns

Order: Lagomorpha
2 families: pikas, hares and rabbits
herbivores
two pairs of incisors on the upper jaw
rabbit fur-lined nest, blind, hairless,
and helpless;
hares no nest, fully formed, and
eyes that open within an hour

Order: Perissodactyla
3 families: horses and horselike
mammals, tapirs, and rhinoceros
odd-toed ungulate mesaxonic
foot

Order: Rodentia

Order: Artiodactyla
Quiz 2 Tetrapods (Mammalia) until Mammalian Embryology

even-toed ungulate paraxonic

foot (weight of the body is borne on
two toes)
even number of toes
pigs, hippopotamuses, peccaries,
cattle, camels, deer, antelope, and
giraffes
ruminants (except pigs)

Subungulates
derived from ungulates
elephants (order Proboscidea),
hyraxes (order Hyracoidea), and
manatees (order Sirenia)
Order: Hyracoidea
4 digits on forefeet, 3 on hindfeet
flat-footed (plantigrade)
tiny hoofs in place of nails/claws
Order: Proboscidea
elephants, mastodons, and relatives
largest mammals
elongated snout: proboscis
prominent tusks (incisors)
elastic pad (not present in ungulates)
Order: Sirenia
manatees and dugongs (sea cows)
omnivorous
homoplastic with sea lions
vestigial hoofs on flippers
Order: Cetacea
whales, dolphins, and porpoises
permanently marine mammals
sperm whale largest toothed
whale; only surviving member of
genus Physeter
blubber subcutaneous fat layer
baleen (teeth of whalebone whales)
echolocation
no sense of smell (olfactory nerves
do not develop)

VERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY
Blastema organized mass of
undifferentiated embryonic tissue
Mesenchyme diffuse distribution
Determined fated to differentiate into a
particular structure
Somites segmented blocks
Somitomeres incompletely segmented
(often: head region of the animal)
Craniate Egg Types
Based on amount of yolk (nourishment of
embryo)
microlecithal amphioxus, placentals
mesolecithal freshwater lamprey,
basal actinopterygian and
neopterygian fish, lungfishes,
amphibians
macrolecithal marine lampreys,
elasmobranchs, teleosts, reptiles,
and monotremes
Based on yolk distribution
Isolecithal yolk is distributed evenly
as fat droplets and small yolk
globules
Telolechital yolk mass concentrated
at vegetal pole; yolk-free cytoplasm
at animal pole
Modes of Birthing
Oviparity spawn (egg-laying)
Viviparity live-birth
o Ovoviviparity egg remains in
reproductive tract of parent
o Euviviparity histotrophic
(embryotrophic) nutrition
(see notes for continuation)

Quiz 2 Tetrapods (Mammalia) until Mammalian Embryology