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CAPACITOR
A capacitor is device formed with two or
more separated conductors that store charge
Q = const (Va Vb )
CAPACITOR, continued
If we call this constant, Capacitance, C,
and the voltage difference, V= Va-Vb, then,
Q = CV
Or
Q
C=
V
Example:
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Calculate the capacitance. We
assume +, - charge densities
on each plate with potential
difference V:
A
++++
d
-----
Q
C
V
Need Q:
Q = A
Need V:
from defn:
r r
Vb Va = E dl
b
CLICKER QUESTION
Recall:
r r
E dS = AEinside
E =
- E=0
-
+
+
E=0
+
+
A +
+
+
+
+
A
+
+
E
++++
d
Q
E=
=
0 A 0
r r
Q
Vb Va = E dl = Ed =
d
A0
a
b
-----
Q A 0
=
V
d
a
b
r r
Q
Apply Gauss' Law: E dS = 2rLE =
E =
Q
2 0 Lr
b
dr =
ln
2 0 rL
2 0 L a
a
Q
Q
2 0 L
=
V
b
ln
-Q
+Q
1 Q
Er =
4o r 2
r r br r
Vab = Va Vb = E dl = E dl
a
b
b
40r
a
40r a
Q
4
Q
1
1
( )
a
b
= Er dr =
Q
=
V ad
dr
2
1 1
( )
40 a b
Q
4 0 ab
C =
ba
Summary
Q
V
A
++++
d
----Parallel Plates
C=
A 0
d
+Q
-Q
+Q
a
b
Cylindrical
Spherical
2 0 L
b
ln
4 0 ab
C =
ba
C =
CAPACITORs in parallel
To find the equivalent capacitance Ceq:
Voltage is same across each capacitor
Q1 Q2
Q1
Q2
Vab =
=
; C1 =
; C2 =
C1 C2
Vab
Vab
Total charge and voltage ratios for
parallel capacitor,
Q1 + Q2
= C parallel = C1 + C2
Vab
For more parallel
capacitors:
C parallel = Ci
i
CAPACITORs in series
Want to find the equivalent capacitance Ceq:
If a voltage is applied across a and b, then
a +Q appears on upper plate and Q on lower
plate.
A Q charge is induced on lower plate of C1
and a +Q charge is induced on upper plate of
C2. The total charge in circuit c is neutral.
Q
Q
V1 =
; V2 =
C1
C2
Q Q
V = V1 + V2 =
+
C1 C2
V
1
1
1
=
= +
Q
Cseries C1 C2
Examples:
Combinations of Capacitors
a
C3
b
C1
C2
How do we start??
Recognize C3 is in series with the parallel
combination on C1 and C2. i.e.,
1 1
1
= +
C C3 C1 + C2
C=
C 3 (C1 + C 2 )
C1 + C 2 + C 3
b) C
c) 2C
C
Configuration A
Configuration B
Configuration C
Ceq
(c) Ceq = 3C
UI7ACT 3
What is the equivalent capacitance, Ceq, of the
combination shown?
o
Ceq
1 1 1
= +
C1 C C
C
C1 =
2
(c) Ceq = 3C
C1
C 3
Ceq = C + = C
2 2
CLICKER QUESTION
Which Circuit has the LARGEST capacitance between connections
a and b? assume all capacitors have the same value.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
a) Q1= Q2
b) Q2= Q3
e) V1 < V2
f) Ceq > C1
c) V2= V3
d) = V1
UI8ACT1/Clicker Problem
What is the relationship between V0 and V in the
systems shown below?
+Q
V0
(Area A)
+Q
d
-Q
(a) V = (2/3)V0
(Area A)
d/3
V
-Q
(b) V = V0
d/3
conductor
(c) V = (3/2)V0
UI8ACT1/Clicker Problem
What is the relationship between V0 and V in the
systems shown below?
+Q
+Q
(Area A)
V0
d/3
d/3
-Q
-Q
(b) V = V0
(a) V = (2/3)V0
(Area A)
conductor
(c) V = (3/2)V0
+Q
d/3
d/3
-Q
C eq
1
C eq = C
2
1 A 0
3 A 0 3
=
=
= C0
2 (d / 3) 2 d
2
(Area A)
d/3
V
d/3
-Q
V =
conductor
Q
Q
2
=
= V0
C eq (3 / 2 )C0 3
+q
-q
V across plates
dU = V dq
(
q
Q
CV )
1
U = dU = dq =
=
= CV 2
C
2C
2C
2
0
0
U
V
dq
Question!constant Q
A
++++
-----
Now suppose I pull the plates further apart so that the final
separation is d1.
How do the quantities Q, C, E, V, U change?
Q:
C:
E:
V:
U:
C1 =
d
C
d1
V1 =
d1
V
d
U1 =
d1
U
d
Related Questionconstant V
Suppose the battery (V) is kept
attached to the capacitor.
A
++++
d
-----
C:
V:
Q:
E:
U:
, E= )
D
E0
must decrease (U = 12 CV 2 )
d
C1 =
C
d1
E1 =
d
E
d1
d
U
d1
Clicker questions:
Two parts
b) Q1 = Q2
c) Q1 < Q2
b) decreases
c) doesnt change
Clicker problem
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are connected to a battery.
C1 is then disconnected from the battery and the separation
between the plates of both capacitors is doubled.
d
2d
C1
C2
2d
What is the relation between the U1, the energy stored in C1, and
the U2, energy stored in C2?
(a) U1 < U2
(b) U1 = U2
(c) U1 > U2
UI8ACT2
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are connected to a battery.
C1 is then disconnected from the battery and the separation
between the plates of both capacitors is doubled.
d
2d
C1
C2
2d
What is the relation between the U1, the energy stored in C1, and
the U2, energy stored in C2?
(a) U1 < U2
(b) U1 = U2
(c) U1 > U2
What is the difference between the final states of the two capacitors?
The charge on C1 has not changed.
The voltage on C2 has not changed.
The energy stored in C1 has definitely increased since work must be
done to separate the plates with fixed charge, they attract each other.
The energy in C2 will actually decrease since charge must leave in order
to reduce the electric field so that the potential remains the same.
2
Q
1
1
1
0
Later: U 1 =
= 2U 0
U 2 = C 2V02 = U 0
Initially: C1 = C2
2 C1
2
2
-------- ------
++++++++ +++++++
+Q
1 Q2 1 Q2
U=
=
2 C 2 ( A 0 / d )
E= =
0 0 A
1
U = 0 E2 Ad
2
U
U 1 2
u=
= = 0E
volume Ad 2
Units:
J
m3
Energy Density
Claim: the expression for the energy density of the
electrostatic field
1
u = 0E 2
2
is general and is not restricted to the special case of the
constant field in a parallel plate capacitor.
U=
1
1
0 E 2 dV = 0 E 2 r dr dl = etc.
2
2
Clicker problem
Consider two cylindrical capacitors,
each of length L.
C1
1.1
1
(a) U2 < U1
(b) U2 = U1
C2
1.2
1
(c) U2 > U1
Lecture 8, ACT 3
Consider two cylindrical capacitors,
each of length L.
C1
1.1
1
C2
1.2
1
(a) U2 < U1
(b) U2 = U1
(c) U2 > U1
ln
1
1
r
inner
DIELECTRICS
Consider parallel plate
capacitor with vacuum
separating plates (left)
Suppose we place a material
called a dielectric in between
the plates (right)
DIELECTRICS
Suppose the charges on the plate and the
dielectric are, and i. The electric
Fields before and after are
i
E0
E0 =
; E=
; K
=
0
0
E i
We define the ratio of the original field over
the new field as the dielectric constant, K.
Hence, the voltage difference changes by
1/K and the capacitance, Co=Q/V, changes
by C=KQ/V=K Co
For same Q:
But
C = KCo
C = KCo
E = Eo/K
General
V = Vo/K
DIELECTRICS Materials
= 0
Consider a parallel plate capacitor with no dielectric
A
C0 = 0
d
A capacitor with a dielectric becomes simply,
A
A
C = KC 0= K 0 =
d
d
The change in capacitance can be accounted for
by changing permittivity.
A K1 + K 2
C = 0
d
2
A
A parallel plate capacitor has two
dielectrics, stacked, find the
capacitance
A 2 K1K 2
C = 0
d K1 + K 2
EXAMPLE
Two parallel plate capacitors, C1 = C2 = 2 F, are connected across
a 12 V battery in parallel.
a.) What energy is stored?
1
U1 = U 2 = CV 2 = 144J U T = 288J
2
b.) A dielectric (K = 2.5) is inserted between the plates of C2. Energy?
b) V1 = V2
c) V1 < V2
b) Q1 = Q2
c) Q1 < Q2
Two identical parallel plate capacitors are given the same charge Q,
after which they are disconnected from the battery. After C2 has
been charged and disconnected it is filled with a dielectric.
CLICKER PROBLEM:
b) V1 = V2
c) V1 < V2
b) E1 = E2
c) E1 < E2
UI8ACT1/Clicker Problem
What is the relationship between V0 and V in the
systems shown below?
+Q
V0
(Area A)
+Q
d
-Q
(a) V = (2/3)V0
(Area A)
d/3
V
-Q
(b) V = V0
d/3
conductor
(c) V = (3/2)V0
UI8ACT1/Clicker Problem
What is the relationship between V0 and V in the
systems shown below?
+Q
+Q
(Area A)
V0
d/3
d/3
-Q
-Q
(b) V = V0
(a) V = (2/3)V0
(Area A)
conductor
(c) V = (3/2)V0
+Q
d/3
d/3
-Q
C eq
1
C eq = C
2
1 A 0
3 A 0 3
=
=
= C0
2 (d / 3) 2 d
2
(Area A)
d/3
V
d/3
-Q
V =
conductor
Q
Q
2
=
= V0
C eq (3 / 2 )C0 3