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No. 12
COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILlTY-FALLlNG-HEAD
METHOD
References
See Experiment No. 11.
This test has not been standardized by ASTM (or AASHTO).
Objective
To introduce the student to a method of determining the coefficient of permeability of a finegrained soil (such as fine sand, silt, or clay). The test may also be used for coarse-grained
soils.
Equipment
Permeability device
Timer
Thermometer
Ring stand with test-tube clamp or other means to develop a differential head across soil
sample
Burette to use (with ring stand or other means of support) as a standpipe
General Discussion
The general discussion of Experiment No. 11 is also applicable to this experiment. The
limitations of the constant-head test are inherent in this test, and, in addition, tests of long
duration will require some way of controlling evaporation of water in the standpipe (Fig.
12-1).
Figure 12-1
101
________
.J
aL In
AI
!:J.
112
Ring stand
Figure 12-2
lL
qin
The equation applicable to this experiment can be derived (making reference to Fig.
12-2) but is left as part of the exercise for the student report and will be merely presented:
(12-1)
where
A
hI
h2
L
t
In
=
=
=
=
=
=
\~----
Experiment
Twelve
according to the various laboratory setups. Use judgment and ingenuity to control any
sample leaks.
The consolidation test of Experiment No. 13 can also be used to determine the coefficient of permeability. Referring to Fig. 13-2 and using afixed-ring consolidometer with the
extreme right piezometer tube connected to the sample base, one may use a graduated
burette, as in this experiment, attached to that piezometer and, at the end of primary
consolidation for any load, add water to some level and observe the fall and elapsed time. It
may, of course, be necessary to cover this reservoir with a rubber balloon to control
evaporation. At the end of the test, disconnect (or drain) the burette and continue the
consolidation test with the next load increment.
Procedure
1. Build the soil sample, following the instructions given in Experiment No. 11.
2. Fill the burette (or other standpipe) to a convenient height, and measure the hydraulic
head across sample to obtain hI.
3. Commence the flow of water and simultaneously start timing the test. Allow water to
flow through the sample until the burette (or standpipe) is almost empty or to a
convenient mark. Simultaneously stop the flow and timing. Obtain the head h2 Take the
temperature of the test.
If it is necessary to obtain the area a of the standpipe, collect the water in a beaker.
4. Refill the burette (or standpipe), and repeat the test two additional times. Use the same
hI and h2 values and obtain the corresponding elapsed times. Take the temperature for
each run.
If it is necessary to compute the area of the standpipe, collect the water for each
test run and accumulate it in a graduated cylinder. After the last test run, compute the
area a as
Each individual should compute the coefficient of permeability at the test temperature
kT and for 20C. Obtain viscosity corrections from Table 6-1 as outlined in Experiment
No. 11. Use a data sheet from the data sheet section. Average the results for k (note
that a single value can be computed if the temperature does not vary more than 1 or 2C
and you used hI and h2 = constant for all runs, since time can be averaged under these
conditions).
In
a.
b.
c.
your report:
Discuss test limitations (specifically for your test setup).
Can you propose a better (and practical) way of doing the test?
Compare the k values between Experiments No. 11 and No. 12 (if both are done on
the same sample). What could cause any differences between the two values?
d. Show the derivation of Eq. (12-1) in sample computations.
e. How long will it take for h2 to be zero?
'Either Experiment No. 11 or No. 12 can be done first.
Experiment
Twelve
103
104
for ..,.,T/rl2o
'C
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
O.B
0.9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2,6
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
1.3012
1.2650
1.2301
1.1968
1.1651
1.1347
1.1056
1.0774
1.0507
1.0248
1.0000
0.9761
0.9531
0.9311
0.9097
0.8893
0.8694
0.8502
0.8318
0.8139
0.7967
0.7801
0.7641
0.7486
0.7334
0.7189
1.2976
1.2615
1.2268
1.1936
1.1621
1.1318
1.1028
1.0747
1.0480
1.0223
0.9976
0.9738
0.9509
0.9290
0.9077
0.8873
0.8675
0.8484
0.8300
0.8122
0.7950
0.7785
0.7626
0.7471
0.7320
0.7175
1.2940
1.2580
1.2234
1.1905
1.1590
1.1289
1.0999
1.0720
1.0454
1.0198
0.9952
0.9715
0.9487
0.9268
0.9056
0.8853
0.8656
0.8465
0.8282
0.8105
0.7934
0.7769
0.7610
0.7456
0.7305
0.7161
1.2903
1.2545
1.2201
1.1873
1.1560
1.1260
1.0971
1.0693
1.0429
1.0174
0.9928
0.9692
0.9465
0.9247
0.9036
0.8833
0.8636
0.8447
0.8264
0.8087
0.7917
0.7753
0.7595
0.7440
0.7291
0.7147
1.2867
1.2510
1.2168
1.1841
1.1529
1.1231
1.0943
1.0667
1.0403
1.0149
0.9904
0.9669
0.9443
0.9225
0.9015
0.8813
0.8617
0.8428
0.8246
0.8070
0.7901
0.7737
0.7579
0.7425
0.7276
0.7133
1.2831
1.2476
1.2135
1.1810
1.1499
1.1202
1.0915
1.0640
1.0377
1.0124
0.9881
0.9646
0.9421
0.9204
0.8995
0.8794
0.8598
0.8410
0.8229
0.8053
0.7884
0.7721
0.7564
0.7410
0.7262
0.7120
1.2795
1.2441
1.2101
1.1777
1.1469
1.1172
1.0887
1.0613
1.0351
1.0099
0.9857
0.9623
0.9399
(UJl83
0.8975
0.8774
0.8579
0.8392
0.8211
0.8036
0.7867
0.7705
0.7548
0.7395
0.7247
0.7106
1.2759
1.2406
1.2068
1.1746
1.1438
1.1143
1.0859
1.0586
1.0325
1.0074
0.9833
0.9600
0.9377
0.9161
0.8954
0.8754
0.8560
0.8373
0.8193
0.8019
0.7851
0.7689
0.7533
0.7380
0.7233
0.7092
1.2722
1.2371
1.2035
1.1714
1.1408
1.1114
1.0803
1.0560
1.0300
1.0050
0.9809
0.9577
0.9355
0.9140
0.8934
0.8734
0.8540
.....,.;.;--.- .........
0.8355
0.8175
0.8001
0.7834
0.7673
0.7517
0.7364
0.7218
0.7078
1.2686
1.2336
1.2001
1.1683
1.1377
1.1085
1.0802
1.0533
1.0274
1.0025
0.978'::
0.9554
0.9333
0.9118
0.9813
0.8714
0.8521
0.8336
0.8157
0.7984
0.7818
0.7657
0.7502
0.7349
0.7204
0.7064
Experiment
Twelve
-r~.!
;:4#1119 ,J(~4J
Project
Description of Soil
Tested by
L (10t Brown,
J8
10 V
I S- t/ CJ
Constant
h=
(3fJ.
r-Y
Fln~
{j/1iferrn
--
Co,,"P. mo/d)
5Q.nd
Job No.
La. bo ro.flJ
Location of ProjectSoil
Data Sheet 13
81.1
Area
ern";
g
g
Vol.
Unit
Ht.
//.,
cm
9'/1/.0
cm3
_~c......:.....:.....:::~
__
wt.----'I'--'~....:c/-"'O'------
__
Head
cm
Test data
Test No.
T.oC
a. cm'
t.s
Test No.
T. CC
a.cm'
2
3
4
Average"
kT=QLlAht=
_
________
cm/s
Falling Head
Standpipe = [burette. other (specify)]
Area of standpipe. a
T/T/T/2!J.
,aO
/. ?/
k2
tnl.
= --------
= ktT/T/T/20 =
cm/s
hVY4 fIt!
ern-
Test data"
Test
n,
no.
cm
h,.
cm
0,a ,
t. S
cm"
T.
Test
n,
cm,3
no.
cm
2.1
OQltt.
SI./
Z#l
"11./
.lfSS
SI./
l..f/>.3
.5"".7
"
.51.'
2.('.3
.$S.3
.,
h,.
cm
T.
t.s
1/
II
4
Q..-.:
~s."
-:I.?I(!~&
Average
Z ..,3
.:T/./
s:-f'. ?
.s. 3L "I.-~
~'
2. - kiD
-.I
"Use averaged values only if there is a small difference in test temperature. say. 1-2C.
"This test can be considerably
simplified
by using the same values of h, and h" each time. otherwise
average these values regardless
ZI
cm/s
cm/s
you cannot
of T.
12-3
Data from a falling-head permeability test using equipment of Fig. 12-1 or of Fig. 11-1.
Figure
105