Comparison of different calculation methods for sewer-pipe renovations.

Ir. L. Vancalbergh
Eternit Buizen
As sewers get more attention these days, sewer inspections show that a lot of our sewers are
in bad conditions. The reason of the attack of these sewers is multiple. The European standard
TC 165 WI 158 tries to handle these degradations.
In some cases replacement of the old sewer is impossible. This is the place where sewer
renovation can be considered.
Earlier renovations has been realised referring to good experiences in the past. Although
sometimes, due to wrong extrapolations, they were not so successful.
All this resulted in the redaction of static calculation methods for sewer renovations.
Calculation Methods
The oldest renovation manual is up to my knowledge the Sewer Rehabilitation Manual of
WRc (Water research centre Great Britain). The first edition has been published in 1983.
The latest edition is of 1994. The calculation method determines two structural design types.
Type 1 considers that the renovated sewer is acting as a composite section, consisting
of the existing sewer, grout and lining. It is assumed in the design that these three
components are bonded together and the grout is stiff and strong enough to transfer
stress to the lining.

Type 2 considers that the lining system is designed to act as a flexible pipe with the
old sewer, annulus grout (where appropriate) and soil providing the necessary support
to maintain stability. No bond is required between the lining and the grout (where
present) or the existing sewer. Although a close contact is expected between lining and
grout or existing sewer.
The established tables follow the design philosophy that the existing sewer will
continue to support ground and traffic loads. The lining only has to be
designed to resist ground water.

Although the writers are aware that in some cases the lining has to sustain
ground and traffic loading. For this case they simply refer to Sprangler
Formula without indication how these formula should be interpreted.
The method is rather experimental, but shows also tables for non-cylindrical pipes
(egg-forms, ).
Ir. L. Vancalbergh - 28/07/01
Renovation calculation methods.doc

A second method is the method of AGHTM - France, Recommendation for the

rehabilitation of sewers, edition 1998.
This method gives a real calculation method for cylindrical pipes. The method could be used
for other shapes, but these are not elaborated in the paper. The method requires a
- stress or strain calculation;
- verification of the defection;
- verification of the stability.
Especially this last one is well elaborated and considers
- buckling due to the liquid grout pressure
p crit = 24 SN
-

buckling due to multiple waves

buckling due to clock behaviour

buckling under free arc

The method takes also the existence of a free annular area in account. (This is the case for
instance for cured in place polyester pipes, due to the shrinking during polymerisation).
A third method is the method of ATV - Germany, ATV-M127, teil 2 Static calculation and
construction requirements for renovation of sewers with linings, edition 2000. This method
is still in elaboration. De principles are based on the ATV-A127 and the Falter formula.
This method gives a similar calculation method for cylindrical pipes as the AGHTM method.
The method could also be used for other shapes, but these are not elaborated in the paper. The
method requires a
- stress or strain calculation;
- verification of the defection;
- verification of the stability.

Ir. L. Vancalbergh - 28/07/01

Renovation calculation methods.doc

The method is not so far elaborated for buckling situations as the AGHTM, but on the other
hand it describes some approaches for the pipe behaviour in the entrance pit (applicable to PE
sliplining and PE close-fit).

All of the three methods states, whatever the type of liner has been chosen, that the liner shall
sustain independently to the external groundwater pressure. Anchorage or liming may not be
considered. Indeed, anchorage or liming pulls on the old sewer, which is very often fissured.
Also new concrete or grout can not work under traction (see calculation standards for concrete
materials).
Depending on the chosen renovation method, one method or the other does fit better to one of
the explained calculation methods. It is up to the engineer to choose the right one.
Renovation Models
Another approach to divide the renovation methods into groups is the relationship between
liner, eventual grout and the old sewer. 4 models can be determined:
Model A: Transmission of shear (bound) between the new pipe, the eventual grout and the
existing construction

Model B: Application of grout in the annular area between lining and the existing
construction. All of them remain in close contact after construction.

Ir. L. Vancalbergh - 28/07/01

Renovation calculation methods.doc

Model C: Application of the new pipe, without shrink. The new pipe remains in close contact
after construction. The absence of shrink has been certified in laboratory before the realisation
of the renovation.

Model D: An annual area remains between the new pipe and the existing construction.

The practical use of one or the other calculation model depends on the model. The model
depends on the situation of the existing sewer and the chosen renovation method.
Annexed table gives an overview of this relationship.

Conclusion:
The existing calculation methods are not equivalent, but they do complete each other. A
common requirement is that the liner should sustain independently to the external
groundwater pressure.

Ir. L. Vancalbergh - 28/07/01

Renovation calculation methods.doc

CALCULATION METHODS
Type I

Type II

No bound

Bound
Loading on composite section.
Loading on existing structure.
Loading on liner. (*)

Ground always; Traffic if present.

(see composite section)
Groundwater if present.

(No composite section)

Ground always; Traffic if present.
Groundwater if present.

RENOVATION MODELS CIRCULAR

MODEL A Composite section.
WRC Type 1

----

(No composite section)

No loading.
Ground always; Groundwater and traffic if present.

----

Gunite
Glass Reinforced Cement*
Polyester Resin Concrete*
Glass Reinf. Plastic (GRP)*
Ferrocement
* with suitable treatment to the outside surface texture
providing good mechanical bound with the grout.

MODEL B Annular grout

----

MODEL C Close-fit

----

With or without groundwater (*)

MODEL C Close-fit
Without groundwater (*)
MODEL D Open annular area

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RENOVATION MODELS OTHER SHAPES

MODEL A, B, C
WRC Type 1
Same renovation methods as above

AGHTM - ATV
WRC Type 2 AGHTM - ATV
GRP sliplining
GRP sliplining
PE sliplining
PE sliplining
PP sliplining
PP sliplining
Spirally wound pipes
Spirally wound pipes
AGHTM - ATV
WRC Type 2 AGHTM ATV
PE close-fit pipes
PE close-fit pipes
Cured in place pipes epoxy
Cured in place pipes epoxy
Glassfiber reinforced Epoxy coating Glassfiber reinforced Epoxy coating
Coatings
(No calculation method available)
AGHTM - ATV
Cured in place pipes polyester
Sliplining without grouting
WRC Type 2
Same renovation methods as above

(*) By presence of groundwater, the liner always resists to the groundwater pressure.
Ir. L. Vancalbergh - 28/07/01
Renovation calculation methods.doc

---ATV
Cured in place pipes polyester
Sliplining without grouting
----