Appendix G

Shapiro-Wilk Test For Normality

(For N < 50)
For untransformed data:
Hypothesis
Ho = The population has a normal distribution
Ha = The population does not have a normal distribution

Assumptions:
1. Assumes sample is random sample

Test Statistic:

Wcalculated

k a n i +1 (x( n i +1) x (i ) )

= i =1

SD n 1

Where:
n = total number of observations
SD = standard deviation
x(i) = ordered sample from smallest to largest
x(n-i+1) = ordered sample from largest to smallest
k = greatest integer less than or equal to n/2
an-i+1 = coefficient for observed n (Table A6 in Gilbert, 1987)

Decision Rule:
Reject Ho at the

= 0.05 level if Wcalculated < Wcritical(

=0.05)

For log transformed data:

Hypothesis
Ho = The population has a lognormal distribution
Ha = The population does not have a lognormal distribution
Assumptions, Test Statistic, and Decision Rule are same as for untransformed data.

Source:
Gilbert, 1987

TPA/138650/FINALREPORT_OCTOBER 4, 2002/APPENDIX G

G-1

UPPER TOLERANCE LIMIT CALCULATIONS

For Normally Distributed data:
The upper 100(1- )% confidence limit for the true 95th quantile (x0.95) or UTL is calculated as:

UTL1 ( x0.95 ) = x + sK 1 , 0.95

Where:
x = Mean of untransformed data
s = Standard deviation of untransformed data
K1-a, 0.95 = Tolerance interval for the 95th quantile at the specified confidence level (Table
A3 in Gilbert, 1987)

For LogNormally Distributed data:

Perform the same calculation using the mean and standard deviation of the logged data,
take the antilog of the calculated result to obtain the UTL.

For NonNormally Distributed data:

For N<50, the nonparametric 95UTL can be taken to be the maximum detected value.
The minimum coverage obtained with 95 % confidence for the given N is obtained from
Table A-6 in USEPA, 1992

Source:
Gilbert, 1987
USEPA, 1992

Calculation of 95% Upper Confidence Limit (UCL95)

If the data set was distributed normally, the 95 percent UCL was calculated using the following
formula (EPA, 1992a):

s
UCL = x + t

n
Where:
UCL =

upper confidence limit

mean of the untransformed data

Student-t statistic (e.g., from Table A2 published in Gilbert, 1987)

standard deviation of the untransformed data

number of samples

TPA/138650/FINALREPORT_OCTOBER 4, 2002/APPENDIX G

G-2

(1)

If the data set was distributed lognormally, the 95 percent UCL was calculated using the
following formula (EPA, 1992a):

UCL = e (

x + 0.5 s 2 + sH

n 1

(2)

Where:
UCL =

upper confidence limit

constant (base of the natural log, equal to 2.718)

mean of the log-transformed data

standard deviation of the log-transformed data

H-statistic (Table A12 in Gilbert, 1987)

number of samples

When data are non-normal, then non-parametric methods were used to estimate UCL95% using
EPA statistical calculation package available through regional EPA program for such estimations
(ProUCL, Version 2.0, Prepared by Environmental Services, Lockheed Martin, under contract to
EPA 2001).

Population Comparison Testing

Kruskal-Wallis Test
Hypothesis
Ho: The populations from which the k data sets have been drawn have the same mean.
Ha: At least one population has a mean larger or smaller than at least one other
population

Assumptions
1. The k distributions are assumed to be identical in shape

Test Statistic
1. Rank the m data from smallest to largest. Assign midranks to ties.
2. Compute the sum of the ranks for each k data sets. Denote the sum of the jth data set
by Rj
3. If there are no tied values compute:
k R2
12
j
Kw =
3(m + 1)

m(m + 1) j =1 n j

If there are tied values compute:

Kw

K w' =
1

g
1
t j (t 2j 1)

2
m(m 1) j =1

TPA/138650/FINALREPORT_OCTOBER 4, 2002/APPENDIX G

G-3

Where:
nj = number of samples in the jth dataset
m = n 1 + n 2 + + nk
Rj = sum of the ranks of the jth dataset
g = number of tied groups
tj = number of tied data in the jth group

Decision Rule:
Reject Ho and accept Ha at an level of signficance if:

K w' 12,k 1
Where,

12,k 1 is the 1 quantile of the chi-square distribution with k-1 degrees of freedom
and can be found in Table A19 of Gilbert (1987).

Source:
Gilbert, 1987

REFERENCES
Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
USEPA, 1992. Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities
Addendum to Interim Final Guidance. Draft.

TPA/138650/FINALREPORT_OCTOBER 4, 2002/APPENDIX G

G-4