WCDMA RNP Design Specifications For The Link Budget Tool-20050526-A-3.5

Product name
WCDMA RNP
Product version
V100R001
Confidentiality level
For internal use only
Total 40pages
WCDMA RNP
Design Specifications for the Link
Budget Tool
(For internal use only)
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
URNP-SANA
Date:
Date:
Date:
Date:
2002-08-17
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool
Confidential
Revision Record
Date
2002-08-17
2002-12-27
Revision
version
1.00
1.10
2003-05-10
3.30
2006-06-07
Change Description
Author
Initial transmittal
Upgrades sheet Link Budget to V3.10.
Modifications include:
1. Updates the link performance data based on
the latest emulation data (12.16), including
downlink & uplink demodulation performance and
PC headroom.
2. Changes the background noise input method in
the sheet to avoid associating the margin for
background noise with the system noise
performance, and sets the default value of the
background noise at 2GHz to -104dBm based
on the previous test reports.
3. The downlink interference margin used for the
calculation of the downlink interference margin
required can be queried from a table based on
the cell radius, and the values are derived from
[Mehta&Greenstein VTC'0].
4. The coverage probability for outdoor
subscribers is higher than that for indoor ones for
lack of the penetration loss margin, and this factor
has been taken into consideration in the setting of
the coverage probability required.
5. The noise figure can be directly queried from a
table so that the workload of updating the product
specifications in the future can be reduced.
1. Changes the coupling loss calculation formula
in the calculation of the downlink interference
margin. The original formula is: C38 + C13 +
C33 - C14 - C18 + C19 + 1.4=mean coupling
loss on cell edge, while the changed formula is:
C38 + C13 + C33 - C14 - C18 + C19 + 1.4 + C36
- D37
Wang Mingmin
Wang Mingmin
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Wang Mingmin
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Upgrades sheet Link Budget to V3.30. New

features include:
1. Adds an export link budget results feature
that makes it easy to refer to the link budget
within a network planning document.
2. Adds an attached sheet DL interference
margin parameters to make parameters
maximum output power of BS and adjacent-cell
interference therein configurable by user.
3. Adds a no diversity option to the uplink
diversity configuration, which may be applicable
to a highway scenario.
4. Increases the upper limit of the edge coverage
probability in sheet soft handover MultiCell gain
from 90% to 98%.
5. Hides the link performance data sheets
NodeB_Perf and UE_Perf as well as macro
codes to ensure information security.
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2003-05-10
3.30
2003-05-10
3.30
2006-06-07

1. Upgrades the link performance data based on
Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link Performance
Data V1.0 provided by the Link Emulation
Team.
2. Upgrades the noise figure settings based on
the data provided by the RF Team.
3. Makes the maximum output power of UE as
configurable by user, and sets its default
value to 21dBm. In the earlier version, the
maximum output power of UE is set to
21dBm in the case of a voice service and to
24dBm in the case of a data service.
4. Changes the reference point for sensitivity of
receiver from TMA connector to cabinet
top connector.
5. Changes the default value of the background
noise from -104dBm to -200dBm, which
corresponds to an interference-free scenario,
thus allowing us to compare our link budget
results with other manufacturers.
6. Changes the default value of the penetration
loss required for outdoor coverage from 0dB
to 8dB, which corresponds to the penetration
loss required for in-vehicle coverage.
7. Associates C11 in sheet "Tools" with C34 in
sheet Link Budget" to synchronize the
stddev_of_slow_fading with the current
setting in the tool used to calculate the edge
coverage probability.
8. Changes the typical value of C3 in sheet
"Tools" from 0.8dB to 1.0dB to give
consideration to the arrester loss.
9. Gives consideration to different methods in
handling the downlink and uplink cable losses
with TMA being used. The cable loss from
cabinet-top connector to TMA connector is
set by the user, while the loss from the TMA
connector to antenna connector is defaulted
to 0.7dB. For an uplink, the loss is used for
the calculation of the NF at antenna
connector. For a downlink, the loss plus the
user-defined cable loss from cabinet-top
connector to TMA connector is the total
downlink cable loss.
10. Deletes the CS144 and C3384 bearer types
for they are currently not supported by the
product.
In addition to descriptions on the above
modifications, this Design Specifications also
include the following modifications:
1. Adds a description on the path loss
discrepancy involved in the calculation of the
downlink interference margin, 1.4dB, caused
by the difference between uplink and downlink
frequencies.
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Wang Mingmin
Wang Mingmin
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WCDMA RNP
2003-09-10
3.40
2003-09-10
3.41
2003-10-29
3.42
2003-12-11
3.50
2006-06-07
Confidential

1. Updates the link performance data based on
Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link Performance Data
Version 2.10 provided by the Link Emulation
Team.
2. Adds two multipath channel models, i.e. TU30
and RA250.
3. Gives consideration to the BLER, the default
values of which are as follows:
AMR12.2
1%
CS64
0.1%
PS64
5%
PS144
5%
PS384
5%
4. At present, the receiver performance is used
as link performance.
5. Has removed the bug that causes an error in
exporting link budget results.
6. Gives consideration to the downlink fast fading
margin.
7. The fast fading margin will be set to 0 if it is a
negative value.
8. The default values of parameters k1~k7 of
model ASSET Standard MacroCell are derived
from model Cost231-Hata.
1. Adds a description on the slant loss of a
cross polarization antenna in section Gain of BS
Antenna.
2. Has removed the bug that the link budget tool
in use would function improperly and need
refreshing if another Excel file is opened.
3. Updates the SHO over slow fading table and
expands the edge coverage probability range to
2%-98%.
Yang Shijie

1. The maximum output power of UE is set to
21dBm in the case of a service at a rate lower
than 64kbps, or to 24dBm in the case of a
service at 64kbps or a higher rate.
1. Updates the noise figure settings with and
without TMA being used, based on the product
specifications.
2. Changes the default parameters of model
Asset based on the suggestions of Wang
Shengyou.
3. The path loss factor in sheet Tools is
calculated based on the propagation model
selected.
Yang Shijie
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Yang Shijie
Yang Shijie
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Table of Contents
1 Overview...................................................................................................................................................10
1.1 Objective ..............................................................................................................................................10
1.2 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................10
2 Implementation Technology .....................................................................................................................10
3 Parameter Settings.....................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Scenarios .............................................................................................................................................10
3.1.1
Morphology ............................................................................................................................10
3.1.2
Channel model ......................................................................................................................11
3.1.3
Sectorise ................................................................................................................................11
3.1.4
Bearer Type...........................................................................................................................11
3.1.5 Diversity Configuration..............................................................................................................12
3.1.6
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) ........................................................................................12
3.1.7 Indoor Coverage ........................................................................................................................12
3.2 Max Power of TCH .............................................................................................................................13
3.2.1
Maximum Output Power of Uplink TCH ............................................................................13
3.2.2
Maximum Output Power of Downlink TCH .......................................................................13
3.3 Cable Loss...........................................................................................................................................13
3.3.1
Cable Loss without TMA......................................................................................................14
3.3.2
Cable Loss with TMA ...........................................................................................................14
3.4 Body Loss............................................................................................................................................14
3.5 Gain of Antenna ..................................................................................................................................14
3.5.1
Gain of UE Antenna .............................................................................................................14
3.5.2
Gain of BS Antenna..............................................................................................................14
3.6 EiRP ....................................................................................................................................................15
3.7 NF (Noise Figure) ...............................................................................................................................15
3.7.1
NF of UE Receiver................................................................................................................15
3.7.2
NF of BS Receiver................................................................................................................15
3.8 EbvsNo Required ................................................................................................................................16
3.8.1
Demodulation performance of UE......................................................................................16
3.8.2
Demodulation performance of BS ......................................................................................16
3.9 Sensitivity of Receiver ........................................................................................................................16
3.10 Cell Loading ..................................................................................................................................16
3.10.1 Uplink Cell Loading .................................................................................................................16
3.10.2 Downlink Cell Loading ............................................................................................................17
3.11 Interference Margin .......................................................................................................................17
3.11.1 Uplink interference margin .....................................................................................................17
3.11.2 Downlink interference margin ................................................................................................17
3.12 Margin for Background Noise .......................................................................................................19
3.13 Fast Fading Margin........................................................................................................................19
3.13.1
Uplink Fast Power Control Headroom ...................................................................20
3.13.2
Downlink Fast Power Control Headroom ..............................................................21
3.14 Minimum Signal Strength Required ..............................................................................................21
3.15 Penetration Loss ................................................................................................................................21
3.16 Slow Fading Margin ......................................................................................................................22
3.16.1 Uplink Slow Fading Margin Required ...................................................................................22
3.16.2 Downlink Slow Fading Margin ...............................................................................................24
3.17 SHO Gain.......................................................................................................................................25
3.17.1 Uplink MultiCell Gain...............................................................................................................25
3.17.2 Uplink MDC Gain .....................................................................................................................28
3.17.3 Downlink MultiCell Gain..........................................................................................................29
3.17.4 Downlink MDC Gain................................................................................................................29
3.18 Path Loss........................................................................................................................................29
3.19 Propagation Model ............................................................................................................................30
4 Definitions of Functions............................................................................................................................30
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4.1 Calculation of the Area Coverage Probability.....................................................................................30

4.1.1
Function Name......................................................................................................................30
4.1.2
Purpose ..................................................................................................................................30
4.1.3 Input Parameters .......................................................................................................................31
4.1.4
Returned Value .....................................................................................................................31
4.1.5
Implementation......................................................................................................................31
4.1.6
Functions Called ...................................................................................................................31
4.2 Calculation of the Slow Fading Margin...............................................................................................32
4.2.1
Function Name......................................................................................................................32
4.2.2
Purpose ..................................................................................................................................32
4.2.3
Input Parameters ..................................................................................................................32
4.2.4
Returned Value .....................................................................................................................32
4.2.5
Implementation......................................................................................................................32
4.2.6
4.3 Model COST231_HATA ....................................................................................................................32
4.3.1
Function Name......................................................................................................................33
4.3.2 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................33
4.3.3
4.3.4
Returned Value .....................................................................................................................33
4.3.5
Implementation......................................................................................................................33
4.3.6
4.4 ASSET Standard MacroCell Model ....................................................................................................34
4.4.1
Function Name......................................................................................................................34
4.4.2
Purpose ..................................................................................................................................34
4.4.3
4.4.4
Returned Value .....................................................................................................................34
4.4.5
Implementation......................................................................................................................35
4.4.6
5 Instructions for Use...................................................................................................................................35
5.1 Launch the Link Budget Tool .............................................................................................................35
5.2 Set the Scenario...................................................................................................................................36
5.3 Set-by-User Parameters .......................................................................................................................36
5.3.1
Maximum Output Power of Downlink TCH .......................................................................36
5.3.2
Cable Loss.............................................................................................................................36
5.3.3
Uplink/Downlink Cell Loading .............................................................................................37
5.3.4 Edge Coverage Probability Required .....................................................................................37
5.3.5 Base Station Height...................................................................................................................38
5.3.6
Downlink Frequency.............................................................................................................38
5.3.7
Parameters of ASSET Std. MacroCell Model...................................................................38
5.4 Export Link Budget Results ................................................................................................................38
5.5 Other Issues .........................................................................................................................................38
5.5.1
Existing Link Performance Data .........................................................................................38
5.5.2
OTSR Configuration .............................................................................................................39
5.5.3
Product & Auxiliary Equipment Performance and Version.............................................39
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List of Tables
table 1
UE power classes ....................................................................................................................13
table 2
Gain of Antenna ......................................................................................................................14
table 3
Relationship between cable loss and NF at TMA connector...................................................15
table 4
Relationship between non-orthogonality factor, cell radius and multipath channel model.....19
table 5
Mean penetration loss and standard deviation of indoor slow fading .....................................21
table 6
Relationship between edge coverage probability and slow fading margin .............................23
table 7
Relationship between area coverage probability and slow fading margin ..............................24
table 8
Relationship between SHO MultiCell gain, edge coverage probability and standard deviation
of slow fading............................................................................................................................................26
table 9
Typical values of the path loss factor in various morphologies ..............................................37
List of Figures
Figure 1 PC_HeadRoom vs. EbvsNo....................................................................................................20
Figure 2 Outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area ........................28
Figure 3 Meanings of cell background colors ..................................................................................36
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WCDMA RNP Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool

Key words: WCDMA, Link Budget
Abstract: This document introduces the parameter settings, implementation technology and
instructions for use of the Link Budget Tool V3.40.
List of abbreviations:
Abbreviation
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Description
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1 Overview
1.1Objective
As the Design Specifications for the Link Budget Tool V3.40, this document
introduces the theory, implementation technology and instructions for use of the link
budget tool.
1.2 Scope
This document consists of the following parts:
1. Implementation Technology: Briefly introduces the technology used to implement
the link budget tool.
2. Parameter Settings: Describes in detail how to set each parameter and to what
value.
3. Custom Functions: Describes the custom functions in the link budget tool.
4. Instructions for Use: Explains issues that may be encountered during the use of
the link budget tool.
2 Implementation Technology
This version of link budget tool is implemented with Excel by using the following
features of it:
1. Window control: Combo box, check box and grouping box.
2. Custom functions
For details on how to use the tool, please refer to Help in Excel and section 5.
3 Parameter Settings
3.1 Scenarios
3.1.1 Morphology
Target cell coverage areas are categorized into the following types:
1. Dense Urban
2. Urban
3. SubUrban
4. Rural Area
5. HighWay
The morphology setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget
(refer to sheet Scenarios):
1. Mean penetration loss,
2. Standard deviation of slow fading (stddev_of_slow_fading),
3. Propagation model and path loss factor.
The following parameters should be set to appropriate values based on the
morphology setting of the target area:
1. Channel model
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2. Sectorise
3. Indoor coverage
4. Basic services (services required to a ensure seamless coverage)
5. Configuration of the BS: TMA and diversity configuration
6. Cell loading
7. Height of BS antenna
8. Cable loss
3.1.2 Channel model

According to recommendations in 3GPP R4 TR25.943 V4.0.0 (2001-06), this version
of link budget tool provides the following typical channel models for selection:
1.
Static: Static channel, non-multipath
2. TU3: Walk speed in typical urban area

3. TU50: Vehicle speed in typical urban area
4. TU120: High speed in typical urban area
5. RA120: High speed in rural area
6. RA250: High-speed in rural area
7. HT120: High speed in hilly terrain
An appropriate multipath channel model should be selected. This setting will affect
the following parameters in sheet Link Budget:
1. Link performance (EbvsNo required): Please refer to sheets EbvsNo (BS) and
EbvsNo (UE).
2. Uplink cell loading: Set to an appropriate value.
3. Downlink cell loading: Set to an appropriate value.
4. Downlink interference margin: Please refer to sheet Senarios-non-othogonality
factor vs. multipath channel model.
5. Fast PC margin.
6. Soft handover gain.
Please refer to subsequent sections for details on these parameters.
3.1.3 Sectorise
This version of link budget tool provides the following Sectorise settings for
selection:
1. Omni
2. 3 Sector
3. 6 Sector
This setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget:
1. Gain of antenna
In addition, because the Sectorise setting will also affect the coverage area and soft
handoverprobability, the following parameter should be set to an appropriate value as
required:
1. Cell Loading
3.1.4 Bearer Type

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This version of link budget tool provides the following bearer types for selection:
1.
Voice (12.2kbps)
2. CS64
3. CS144
4. CS384
5. PS64
6. PS144
7. PS384
1. Link performance (EbvsNo required): Please refer to sheets EbvsNo (BS) and
EbvsNo (UE).
The major purpose of a link budget is to determine the cell coverage area and
thereby determine the services required to ensure a seamless coverage (basic
services). Hence, this parameter should be set based on the basic service
requirement.
Because the uplink and downlink traffics may be different due to the asymmetry
attribute of a data service, the link budget tool provides controls used to set them
separately.
3.1.5 Diversity Configuration

All the diversity configurations described here refer to NodeB.
Available uplink diversity configurations are as follows:
1. 2-antenna diversity
2. 4-antenna diversity
3. no Diversity (may be applicable to such scenarios as highways)
Available downlink diversity configurations are as follows:
1. no Diversity
2. STTD
3. CloseLoop-Mode1
4. CloseLoop-Mode2
The Diversity Configuration setting will affect the following parameters in sheet Link
Budget:
1.
Link performance (EbvsNo required): Please refer to sheets NodeB_Perf and

UE_Perf.
3.1.6 TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)

In a scenario with a high cable loss, TMA can be used to compensate for the
deterioration of sensitivity of receiver due to the cable loss.
1. Uplink NF of receiver (at antenna connector)
3.1.7 Indoor Coverage

According tooperators requirements , decide whether to ensure indoor coverage or
not.
Please note that requirements for different target areas may be different.
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1. Penetration loss
2. std dev_of_slow_fading
3.2 Max Power of TCH

3.2.1 Maximum Output Power of Uplink TCH
For a UE, the maximum output power of each TCH is the nominal maximum output
power of UE.
Though the RNC can use a signaling message to limit this maximum output power, it
is usually set to the nominal maximum output power of UE in the link budget.
Four UE power classes are defined in section 6.2.1 of TS 25.101 v3.7.0 (2001-06):
table 1 UE power classes
Power Class
Nominal maximum
Tolerance
output power
1
+33 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+27 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+24 dBm
+1/-3 dB
+21 dBm
2 dB
In this version of link budget tool, this parameter should be set to 21dBm in the
case of a voice service or service at a rate lower than 64kbps, or to 24dBm in the
case of a service at 64kbps or a higher rate.
During the actual network planning, the user should set this parameter based on the
lowest UE power class used on the operators network.
3.2.2 Maximum Output Power of Downlink TCH

The maximum output power of each downlink TCH is set by the RNC based on the
service type. In this version of link budget tool, this parameter is configurable by user.
The user should set this parameter to an appropriate value based on the service
type, capacity requirement as well as uplink & downlink coverage balance
requirement.
3.3 Cable Loss

Cable loss refers to the cable loss of BS. The cable loss of UE is set to 0dB.
"Tools-Cable Loss Estimation" can be used to estimate the cable loss. This setting
will affect the following parameters in sheet Link Budget
1. NF of uplink receiver (refer to section Noise Figure)
2. Downlink EiRP
In this version of link budget tool:
Without TMA, the cable loss is defined as between the cabinet-top connector and
antenna connector. In this case, the downlink and uplink cable losses are identical
with each other.
With TMA being used, the cable loss is defined as between the cabinet-top
connector and TMA connector. In this case, the uplink cable loss is used for the
calculation of the NF at TMA connector, while the downlink cable loss is equal to the
insertion loss of the duplex filter in the TMA plus the jumper loss between TMA and
antenna connectors, the typical value of which is 0.7dB. Please refer to the following
sections for details.
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3.3.1 Cable Loss without TMA

Without TMA being used, the path from the cabinet-top connector to antenna
connector consists of:
1. The segment from the cabinet-top connector to arrester;
2. Arrester;
3. The segment from the lightning arrester to feeder jumper;
4. The primary feeder;
5. The jumper from the feeder to antenna connector.
The typical value of the loss at 2GHz over a 1/2" super-flexible jumper is 0.18dB/m. If
the length of each jumper is 1.5m, the total jumper loss is about 0.8dB. The typical
value of the arrester loss is 0.2dB.
The primary cable loss depends upon the actual type and length.
3.3.2 Cable Loss with TMA

With TMA being used, the cable loss from the cabinet-top connector to TMA
connector is estimated in the same way as without TMA, except for that the jumper
from the feeder to antenna connector becomes the jumper from the feeder to TMA
connector.
The loss from TMA connector to antenna connector consists of the insertion loss of
the duplex filter in the TMA and the jumper loss from TMA connector to antenna
connector. If the jumper length is 1.5m, the loss is about 0.3dB. The typical value of
the insertion loss of the duplex filter in TMA is 0.4dB (uplink & downlink).
For uplink, the loss from TMA connector to antenna connector is used for the
calculation of the NF at antenna connector.
For downlink, the loss plus the user-defined cable loss from cabinet-top connector
to TMA connector is the total downlink cable loss.
3.4 Body Loss

The body loss occurs on the UE side. The setting of this parameter depends upon
how the UE is used.
This version of link budget tool sets body loss by default to:
1. 3dB for voice service;
2. 0dB for data service, because data service is mainly for viewing,and UE is not
close to boby.
3.5 Gain of Antenna

3.5.1 Gain of UE Antenna
Please refer to section 6.1 of 3GPP TS25.101 V2.7.0 (2001-06). We assume that the
gain of UE antenna is 0dBi.
3.5.2 Gain of BS Antenna

The gain of BS antenna should be set based on the specifications of the selected
antenna.
This version of link budget tool sets gain of BS antenna by default to:
table 2 Gain of Antenna
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In the case of a cross polarization antenna, because the radio wave arrives in a
direction different from that of the antenna polarization, the actual gain is lower than
the nominal gain. In the link budget tool of Ericsson and Nortel, this loss is reflected
by a parameter called slant loss which is usually set to anywhere between 1 and
1.5dB. In our link budget tool, this loss is not an individual parameter but is included
in the gain of antenna. Hence, the gain of antenna for an antenna with a nominal
value of 18.5dBi (741794) will be set to 17dBi in the link budget tool.
3.6 EiRP
EiRP is the abbreviation of Equivalent Isotropic Radiator Power.
EiRP (dBm)
= Max Power of TCH (dBm) - Cable Loss (dB) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of Antenna
(dBi)
3.7 NF (Noise Figure)

3.7.1 NF of UE Receiver
In this version of link budget tool, the typical value of the NF of UE receiver is 7dB.
3.7.2 NF of BS Receiver
To facilitate the calculation of NF with or without TMA being used, the reference
point for the NF of BS receiver is defined as tower-top antenna connector.
3.7.2.1 Without TMA
Without TMA being used, the NF at tower-top antenna connector is equal to the
cable loss from the cabinet top plus the NF at cabinet-top antenna connector.
The NF at cabinet-top antenna connector was previously set to 2.92dB, which
applies to the most demanding environment. At present, it is set to 2.2dB, which is
also used in the link budget tool.
Hence, without TMA being used, the NF at tower-top antenna connector=NF_BS +
cable loss.
3.7.2.2 With TMA
With TMA being used, to ensure a constant gain of uplink channel, the gain of NDDL
should be set based on the actual cable loss to ensure that the gain of RF channel is
about 38dB. When a TMA, the gain of which is 12dB, is used, the relationship
between the cable loss calculated, gain of NDDL and NF at TMA connector is as
shown in table below.
table 3 Relationship between cable loss and NF at TMA connector
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There is a 1/2 super-flexible jumper between the tower-top antenna connector and
TMA. If its loss is assumed to be 0.3dB, the NF at tower-top connector is equal to the
NF at TMA connector in the above table plus 0.3dB.
3.8 EbvsNo Required

3.8.1 Demodulation performance of UE
The setting of this parameter is provided by the Link Simulation Team. The Link
Budget Tool V3.40 corresponds to document Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link
Performance Data Version 2.10.
3.8.2 Demodulation performance of BS

The setting of this parameter is provided by the Link Simulation Team. The Link
Budget Tool V3.40 corresponds to document Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link
Performance Data Version 2.10.
3.9 Sensitivity of Receiver

The sensitivity of receiver refers to the minimum signal strength determined by the
background noise of the receiver.
Sensitivity of Receiver_TOC (dBm)
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF_TOC (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + EbvsNo required (dB)
To avoid different interpretations and keep it consistent with the published product
specifications, the NF at cabinet-top connector rather than previously defined NF at
antenna connector is used for the calculation of the sensitivity of receiver,
accordingly, the sensitivity be defined at cabinet-top.
In addition, please note that the sensitivity of receiver described here differs from
the reference sensitivity described in section 7.2 of 3GPP TS25.104 V3.7.0
(2001-06) in:
1. Configuration: The reference sensitivity specified by the protocol is based on the
testing of a single diversity channel, while the sensitivity of receiver in a link budget is a
specification with the downlink diversity being used.
2. Channel model: The reference sensitivity specified by the protocol is measured
using the static channel model, while the sensitivity of receiver in a link budget is
calculated based on the demodulation performance using a multipath channel model.
3.10 Cell Loading

3.10.1 Uplink Cell Loading
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Uplink
Cell loading
Definition:
N
UL = 1 No/I TOT = 1
1
NoiseRise
Formula 1
Assumption power control is perfect, the following formula is available:

N
N
UL = (1 + f ) 6
j=1
1
1
W 1
1+
EbvsNo(j) R(j) v(j)
Formula 2
The above formula can be used during the network planning to estimate the cell
loading factor in a specified scenario.
3.10.2 Downlink Cell Loading

The definition of the downlink cell loading in this version of link budget tool is as
follows:
N
DL = P TX /P max
Assumption power control is perfect, the following formula ([Dodoo Margin 1.10]
formula 14) is available:
N
P TX =
P CCH + No
CL(0, n) ]
6[SIR_Tx(n)
n=1
n=1
[H
SIR_Tx(n)
(n) + f(n) ]
Formula 3
The above formula and analysis method in [Dodoo Margin 1.10] can be used to
estimate the downlink cell loading.
3.11 Interference Margin

3.11.1 Uplink interference margin
According to the definition about the uplink loading factor on formula 1, the uplink
interference margin should be equal to the value of NoiseRise corresponding to the
cell loading:
Uplink interference
margin
(dB) = NoiseRise(dB) = 10 lg
1
1 JDL
Formula 4
3.11.2 Downlink interference margin

According to formula 19 [Dodoo Margin 1.10], obtained
Downlink
interference
margin
(dB) = 10 lg [D
(j) + f(j) ] JDL _Ptx
P m ax
+1
N 0 CL(0, j )
Formula 5
Note: In the calculation of the interference margin, we use the adjacent cell
definition in Best Server to calculate the downlink adjacent cell interference. Under
the perfect soft handover condition, when the coupling loss from a UE to the
adjacent cell is equal to that from it to this cell, the UE is located on the cell edge .
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Because of the shadow fading, the coupling loss from the edge to Best Server may
be greater or less than the mean coupling loss on cell edge calculated with the link
budget.
According to formal 5, the greater the coupling loss from the edge point to the
serving cell, the less the downlink interference margin is required, but the gain of this
link is less than the increase in the coupling loss. Hence, the maximum coupling loss
at the edge point corresponds to the most demanding scenario for the link concerned,
and this is the objective of link budget.
Therefore, we should use the maximum coupling loss on cell edge to calculate the
downlink interference margin required, and this coupling loss is defined as between
the BS cabinet-top connector and UE receiver.
Hence, the maximum uplink coupling loss as follows:
CL_UL_max (dB)
= Path Loss_max (dB) + Body Loss (dB) + Penetration Loss (dB) - Gain of Tx
Antenna - Gain of Rx Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB)
= mean_PathLoss_edge (dB) + Slow Fading Margin (dB) - SHO MultiCell Gain (dB)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Penetration Loss (dB) - Gain of Tx Antenna - Gain of Rx
Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB)
Note: Because the coupling loss is defined as between the BS cabinet-top connector
and UE receiver, the Cable Loss in the above formula should be the total downlink
cable loss from antenna connector to cabinet-top connector rather than the
user-defined cable loss. For details, please refer to section 3.3.
In the case of uplink coverage limited, the maximum downlink coupling loss is equal
to the maximum uplink coupling loss plus the path loss discrepancy due to the
difference in uplink and downlink frequencies.
According to model COST231-HATA,
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm) +[44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) +
Cm.
If the uplink frequency is 1950MHz and downlink frequency is 2140MHz, the path
loss discrepancy due to the difference between them is around 1.4dB.
Parameters related to the calculation of the downlink interference margin are listed in
table Parameters of DL Interference Margin in sheet Link Budget.
According to the analysis in [Dodoo Margin 1.10],

In formula 5, f(j) s defaultvalue is 1.78 , and can be also set by the user base on
actual cell conditions.
The setting of a(j) is related to the assumptions of cell radius and multipath channel
model, which can be queried in the link budget tool. Such as the following table 4:
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Relationship between non-orthogonality factor, cell radius and multipath channel

model
3.12 Margin for Background Noise

Because of external electromagnetic interference in some areas, we should reserve
corresponding margin for background noise in the link budget.
Suppose that the background noise of NodeB or UE is X dBm, and the external
interference is Y dBm. The margin for background noise required is:
Margin for Background Noise = (X dBm + Y dBm) - X dBm
This version of link budget tool sets the uplink and downlink background noises to
-200dBm, which corresponds to 0dB margin for background noise required. During
the actual network planning, user set the uplink and downlink background noises
separatly according to the results of frequency cleaning test, the link budget tool use
the above formula to calculate the interference margin required.
3.13 Fast Fading Margin

The EbvsNo of receiver used in the link budget is the simulation result under the
assumption of perfect power control. In a working system, because the transmitter
power is limited, an non-ideal factor is introduced in the closed loop power control.
Suppose the maximum output power of transmitter is TCH_max, under the power
limited, within the special path loss, and the average output power of transmitter
required to ensure the BLER/BER requirement is TCH_Average(PL).
Defined the power control headroom as:
HeadRoom(r) = TCH_ max TCH_Average(r)

And,
r PL(r) HeadRoom EbvsNo Sensitivity
[NOKIA 2002] Figure 4.23 shows the uplink simulation results obtained under a
specified condition:
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Figure 1 PC_HeadRoom vs. EbvsNo

As shown in the above figure, when HeadRoom is very high, the target EbvsNo set
by the outer loop power control is close to the simulation result under the perfect
power control condition, namely, 4.8dB. EbvsNo increases as headroom decreases.
After EbvsNo is greater than 7dB, it will increase nearly by 1dB each time when
headroom decreases by 1dB. At the circle, as shown in the figure, which represents
no power control, the BLER/BER required can no longer be ensured.
What the link budget calculated is the cell edge and the maximum path loss allowed.
In the above figure, the point where EbvsNo = 7dB (with the corresponding
HeadRoom being about 4.7dB) is the cell edge point. Beyond this point,the outer
loop power control couldnt ensure the BLER/BER required, and the outage will
occur.
As the previously described, the EbvsNo required used in the link budget is the
simulation result under the perfect power control, to ensure the maximum path loss
calculated up to practical, we should set to the PC_HeadRoom to:
PC_HeadRoom = HeadRoom_Edge + (EbvsNo_Edge EbvsNo_Ideal)

= (HeadRoom_Edge + EbvsNo_Edge) EbvsNo_Ideal
z(0dB + EbvsNo_noPC) EbvsNo_Ideal
= EbvsNo_noPC EbvsNo_Ideal
Formula 6
Hence, Fast power control headroom can be set to the in the link budget to the
EbvsNo required under no-power-control condition minus that under the perfect
power control.
3.13.1
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Uplink Fast Power Control Headroom
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The setting of this parameter is calculated based on the link performance data
provided by the Link Simulation Team. The Link Budget Tool V3.40 corresponds to
document Treatise on WCDMA RNP Link Performance Data Version 2.10.
3.13.2
Downlink Fast Power Control Headroom

The setting of this parameter is calculated based on the link performance data
provided by the Link Simulation Team. The Link Budget Tool V3.40 corresponds to
document TREATISE ON WCDMA RNP Link Performance Data Version 2.10.
3.14 Minimum Signal Strength Required

The minimum signal strength required to ensure the link performance can be
calculated based on such factors as the static sensitivity of receiver, SHO gain and
fast fading margin.
In this version of link budget tool:
1.
For uplink,
UL Minimum Signal Strength Required =
Sensitivity of Receiver_TOC (dBm) + ( NF_Ant connector (dB) - NF_TOC (dB) ) Gain of Antenna (dBi) + Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB) - SHO Gain over
fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
2. For downlink:
DL Minimum Signal Strength Required =
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi) + Cable Loss (dB) + Body Loss
(dB) + Interference Margin (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading
Margin (dB)
3.15 Penetration Loss

To ensure indoor coverage, we should include the penetration loss in the link budget.
The penetration loss is related to such factors as the building type and incidence
angel of the radio wave. Suppose that the penetration loss complies with the
logarithmic normal distribution, the mean penetration loss(logarithmic value) and its
standard deviation are used to describe the penetration loss.
Because the types of buildings differ according to different areas, the morphology
should be specified in the link budget tool.
In this version of link budget tool, the standard deviation of penetration loss and that
of path loss is combined into the standard deviation of indoor slow fading:
TOT = 2PathLoss + 2PenetrationLoss

Formula 7
Hence, to ensure indoor coverage, the slow fading margin and SHO gain should be
calculated based on the standard deviation of indoor slow fading.
In this version of link budget tool, typical values of mean penetration loss and
standard deviation of indoor slow fading are listed in table below:
table 5
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Network planning usually need toensure the communications quality for in-vehicle
users. therefore, the penetration loss margin should be set 8dB for in-vehicle users
rather than 0dB, even if outdoor coverage is our only concern.
3.16 Slow Fading Margin

3.16.1 Uplink Slow Fading Margin Required
3.16.1.1 Link Outage Probability
The link budget tool can calculate the minimum input signal level required, Smin, for
). With a specified loading, Smin is

the radio link of a UE at a specified location (d, O
determined by the demodulation performance of the link and has nothing to do with
location.
If the maximum output power of UE still cannot compensate for the path loss to
ensure this Smin required, an outage will occur to the link. Hence, the link outage
probability of a UE at d is:
Pr _outage(d) = Pr P max _UE PL(d) < S min

= Pr P max _UE 10Jlg(d) < S min
= Pr P max _UE S min 10Jlg(d) <
= Pr (r) <
Formula 8
wherein,
(r) = P max _UE S min 10Jlg(d) = PL_ max 10Jlg(d) , which means the
maximum path loss allowed minus the mean path loss at d.
To conform to the slow fading component in logarithmic normal distribution, the
2
mean value of is 0 with its deviation being .
Hence,
Pr _outage(r) =
1
Exp
d= Q
2
2
2 (d)
Formula 9
During the network construction, operators usually would specify a maximum outage
probability requirement. From the above formula, we can easily conclude that the
outage probability is in inverse proportion to (r ) . Because (R) reaches its

minimum value on cell edge, the probability reaches its maximum value there.
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When using the link budget tool to estimate the cell coverage, we should preserve
the slow fading margin, = (R), in addition to the maximum path loss calculated, to
ensure the fulfillment of the maximum outage probability requirement.
3.16.1.2 Calculation of the uplink slow fading margin required with the edge coverage
probability required being specified
The relationship between edge coverage probability and slow fading margin is as
follows:
{
Predge (, ) = 1 Pr _outage(R) = 1
2
1
Exp
2 d1 Q = P
2
2
Formula 10
According to formula 10, the formula used to calculate the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability is as follows:
= P 1 (Pr _edge_ max)
Formula 11
1
Function NORMSINV in Excel can be used directly as the inverse function, P , of

the standard normal distribution cumulative function in the above formula. For details,
please refer to Help in Excel.
The table below is derived from formula 4:
table 6 Relationship between edge coverage probability and slow fading margin
Morphology
Slow fading margin (dB)
stddev_of_slow_fading
(dB)
Outdoor
Edge coverage
probability required
75%
Edge coverage
90%
Dense urban
10
6.74
12.82
Urban
5.40
10.25
Sub urban
4.05
7.69
Rural area
4.05
7.69
Highway
4.05
7.69
3.16.1.3 Calculation of the uplink slow fading margin required with the area coverage probability
required being specified
Sometimes, the vendor would specify an area coverage probability required rather
than an edge coverage probability required. For example,
Available in over 95% part of the area and 99% of time.
The first part of this requirement, i.e. Available in over 95% part of the area is the
area coverage probability requirement.
According to the above descriptions, we have:
(d) = + 10Jlg R
d
The area coverage probability is the averaged
in the cell:
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coverage probability of all the points
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1 2
1 P
P area (, , J) =
lg( 1r ),
r
dr
dO
edge + 10J
0 0
= 1 1 erf(a) + exp( 1 2ab

)
1 erf 1 ab
2
b
b2
Formula 12
wherein, ([Rappaport 1996]3.9.3),
2
10J
b=

lg(e)
2
a=
In this version of link budget tool, "Tools - Area Coverage Probability" can be used to
establish the relationship between edge coverage probability and area coverage
probability under specified standard deviation of slow fading and path loss factor.
The Tools uses a single-variable function, GoalSeek
table 7
Morphology
Relationship between area coverage probability and slow fading margin
Path loss
factor
stddev_of_slow_fading
(dB)
Area coverage
90%
Area coverage
95%
Outdoor
Slow
fading
margin
(dB)
Edge
coverage
probability
Slow
fading
margin
(dB)
Edge
coverage
probability
Dense
urban
4.5
10
6.69
74.83%
10.77
85.93%
Urban
4.2
4.83
72.71%
8.21
79.41%
Sub urban
3.8
3.11
69.77%
5.70
71.56%
Rural area
3.3
3.50
72.01%
6.00
72.58%
Highway
3.3
3.50
72.01%
6.02
72.65%
3.16.2 Downlink Slow Fading Margin

Unlike the uplink direction, in the downlink direction, the noise received by the UE
receiver varies at each point, therefore the Smin required and maximum path loss
allowed also varies at each point, and we have
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PL_ max(d, O
) = P_TCH_ max S min(d, O
)
[1 H
= P_TCH_ max No Ioc(d, O
) Isc(d, O
)
(d, O
)]
Formula 13
3.16.2.1 Calculation of the downlink slow fading margin
with the specified edge coverage
probability
If we can determine the settings of Isc, Ioc and orthogonality factor on the cell edge,
namely, the setting of the downlink slow fading margin, we can determine the
maximum path loss allowed on the cell edge, then use the same method as in the
calculation of the uplink slow fading margin to calculate the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability.
3.16.2.2 Calculation of the downlink slow fading margin
with the specified area coverage
probability
Co-frequency adjacent-cell interference is the major interference on the cell edge.
When the UE gets closer to the BS, the co-frequency adjacentcell interference will
decrease but the intra-cell interference will increase quickly. As a result, the
sensitivity of UE will deteriorate quickly and the maximum path loss allowed will
decrease.
Because the presupposition for using formula 6 is that the maximum path loss
allowed remains the same at any point in the cell as on the cell edge, if we still use
this formula to estimate the area coverage probability based on the edge coverage
probability area, we will overestimate the area coverage probability and therefore get
a smaller slow fading margin.
For the purpose of simplification, this version of link budget tool assumes that the
downlink slow fading margin is equal to the uplink one. The error caused by this
assumption is acceptable.
3.17 SHO Gain

The SHO gain consists of the following two parts:
1. MultiCell gain: get from the decrease of the slow fading margin due to the
existence of multiple SHO independent branches;
2. MDC (Macro Diversity Combining) gain: the link performance Gain because of soft
handover.
3.17.1 Uplink MultiCell Gain

Suppose that soft handover has 2-branches , and the dependency of the soft
handover radio link branches on slow fading is 50%. We can calculate the slow
fading margin required with soft handovers being involved based on this supposition,
and compare it with the slow fading margin required without soft handover to get
the SHO gain.
In a real system, more than 2 branches may be involved in a soft handover, though
this probability is pretty low, and the corresponding SHO gain is slightly higher than
that of a 2-branch soft handover. Therefore, the SHO gain derived from the above
supposition on 2-branch handovers is a relative conservative estimate value .
Here below we will discuss how to calculate the MultiCell gain with the specified
edge coverage probability and area coverage probability .
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3.17.1.1 Calculation of the uplink SHO MultiCell gain with the edge coverage probability
On the cell edge, if no soft handover is involved, the uplink outage probability,
according to formula 8, is:
Pr _outage(R) = Pr PL_ max < 10Jlg(R) +

If soft handovers are involved, an outage would occur only when the path losses of
both radio links exceed the maximum path loss allowed. Hence,
Pr _outage_SHO(R) = Pr PL_ max < max 10Jlg(R) + prim ary , 10Jlg(R) + soft
Formula 14
wherein,
primary = a+ b1
soft = a+ b2
From [A. J. Viterbi 1998] 6.5.2, we can derive:
Pr _outage_SHO(R) =
1 e 2 /2 Q a
b
2
d
Formula 15
Because the above formula involves integral calculation, we cannot directly use the
Excel for calculation but only by querying the table below:
table 8
Relationship between SHO MultiCell gain, edge coverage probability and standard
deviation of slow fading
In this version of link budget tool, we can query the above table for the MultiCell gain
with ROUND (std. dev. of slow fading) and edge coverage probability.
3.17.1.2 Calculation of the uplink SHO MultiCell gain with the specified area coverage
probability
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If the vendor specifies an area coverage probability, we must, like in formula 5,

integrate the coverage probabilities at each point in the cell with a specified slow
fading margin. However, because the soft handover area is limited, we must divide
the cell coverage area into two parts, i.e. SHO area and non-SHO area, calculate the
area coverage probabilities of them respectively, then average the results with
area-weighted .
1. SHO area
Suppose the threshold of SHO is Th_SHO dB. All the cells whose path loss
discrepancy with the Best Server cell is less than Th_SHO dB will be added to the
active set. Based on the round cell Suppossition . The SHO area would be a circle
one
with
its
outer
radius
being
R
and
inner
radius
being
R_SHO = R
10^
Th_SHO
10J
), there are two links to two BSs, i.e. L_Primary and

At any point in this area, (r, O
L_SHO, the path losses of which are respectively:
PL_primary(r, O
) = 10Jlg(r) + a+ b1
PL_SHO(r, O
) = 10Jlg(2R r) + a+ b2
Formula 16
An outage will occur only when the path losses of both links exceed the maximum
path loss allowed, i.e. 10Jlg(R) + . Hence, the outage probability at this point is:
Pr _outage_SHO(r, , , J)
= Pr min[10Jlg(r) + b1 , 10Jlg(2R r) + b2 ] > 10Jlg(R) + a dA
= Pr min 10Jlg( r ) + b1 , 10Jlg( 2R r ) + b2 > a dA
R
R
10Jlg(r) a
10Jlg(2 r) a
2
= 1 e /2 Q
Q
d
b
b
2
Formula 17
The outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area is
illustrated in figure below.
0.25
0.245
0.24
0.235
0.86
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0.9
0.92
0.94
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0.98
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Figure 2 Outage probability curve in terms of distance of points in the SHO area
The area coverage probability of the SHO area is equal to the average of coverage
probabilities at each point in the area:
Pr _coverage_SHO_area
=
1
2
(
R R_SHO)
[1 Pr _outage(r, , , J)]
r
dO
dr
R_SHO 0
Formula 18
2. Non-SHO area
Formula 5 is used to calculate the area coverage probability of the non-SHO area,
except that the distance integral field changes from (0, R) to (0 , R_SHO).
1
Pr _coverage_nonSHO_area =

R_SHO 2
R_SHO 2
Q
0
+ 10Jlg( 1r )

r
drdO
Formula 19
3. Area coverage probability of the cell

The area coverage probability of the entire cell is equal to the area-weighted average
of the area coverage probability of the SHO area and that of the non-SHO area in
terms.
Pr _coverage_area
2
(R R_SHO )
Pr _coverage_SHO_area

/(R2 )
+ Pr _coverage_nonSHO_area

R_SHO2
Formula 20
4. Implementation method
Although we can calculate the area coverage probability in the above described
method, the calculations are very complex and cannot produce quick result even if
they are numerical calculations.
In this version of link budget tool, we can use "Tools - Area Coverage Probability" to
estimate the edge coverage probability required corresponding to the area coverage
probability without soft handover, then calculate the SHO gain in the same method
as described in section 3.171.1.
Because in the SHO area, the SHO gain will decrease as the discrepancy in strength
between the two SHO branches increases, the SHO gain obtained in this method will
be overestimated.
The same method is used in [NOKIA 2002] 3.1.3, but the possible error that may be
caused is not described therein.
3.17.2 Uplink MDC Gain

When multiple links involved in a soft handover are combined at RNC on the basis of
frames, the process can resist the fast fading to a certain extent when the UE moves
at a slow speed, and therefore serves as the link MDC gain where the links are
concerned. The value of the uplink MDC gain can be determined through link
emulations. [NOKIA 2002] 4.6.1.2 provides some emulation results of the uplink
MDC gain.
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Note: [NOKIA 2002] Table 4.7 provides SHO gains at input Eb/Io, and Table 4.8
provides SHO gains at output Eb/Io, which are different from each other. The
difference between them is the fast power control headroom required by the
transmitter. Because the calculation in the link budget is between the transmitter and
receiver, this gain should also be included.
According to the results, the MDC gain will reach its maximum value when the
strengths of the two SHO branches are equal to each other, and decrease near to 0
as the discrepancy in strength between them increases.
Because what the link budget is concerned about is the cell edge where the path
loss between the UE and Best Server cell is the same as the path loss between the
UE and the adjacent cell, we will consider the strengths of the two SHO branches
equal to each other in the calculation of the SHO MDC gain.
The MDC gain varies with different multipath channels. Its value should be
determined through link simulations, during which we can assume that the fast
fadings over different SHO branches are independent from each other.
According to emulation results provided by [NOKIA 2002], this version of link budget
tool approximately sets the SHO MDC gain (SHO Gain over Fast Fading) to 1.5dB.
3.17.3 Downlink MultiCell Gain

Its calculation is similar to that of the downlink slow fading margin required. Because
such parameters as lsc, loc and orthogonality factor in the calculation of the downlink
outage probability are closely related to the UE location, cell layout, etc., it is very
difficult to calculate the downlink SHO MultiCell gain.
3.17.3.1 Calculation of the downlink SHO MultiCell gain with the specified edge coverage
probability
We can assume that the slow fadings over the uplink and downlink are completely
dependent upon each other. Hence, with the edge coverage probability being
specified, the calculation of the downlink SHO MultiCell gain is the same as that of
the uplink one.
3.17.3.2 Calculation of the downlink SHO MultiCell gain with the area coverage probability
As described above in section 3.14.2.2, because such parameters as lsc, loc and
orthogonality factor are closely related to the UE location in the cell, layout, etc., it is
very difficult to calculate the downlink SHO MultiCell gain with the area coverage
probability required being specified.
For the purpose of simplification, we can estimate the edge coverage probability
corresponding to the specified area coverage probability without soft handovers
being involved, and then calculate the slow fading margin required to ensure this
edge coverage probability required with soft handovers being involved in the same
method as described in section 3.15.3.1.
3.17.4 Downlink MDC Gain

The RAKE combination is used for downlinks. The value of the downlink MDC gain
depends upon the multipath channel attribute and should be determined through link
emulations in the same method described in section 3.17.2.
This version of link budget tool approximately sets the downlink MDC gain to 1.5dB.
3.18 Path Loss

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The path loss on cell edge is equal to the maximum path loss allowed plus the slow
fading margin, SHO gain and penetration loss for indoor coverage required to ensure
a specified edge/area coverage probability required:
Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm) ]Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
3.19 Propagation Model

Having estimated the mean path loss on cell edge, we can use a mean path loss
distribution model to estimate the cell radius. At the network estimation phase when
detailed propagation properties of the target area are not available, we can use
model COST231-HATA [GSM 03.30].
Frequency f:
1500 - 2000 MHz
Base station height Hb:
30 - 200 m
Mobile height Hm: 1 - 10 m

Distance d:
1 - 20 km
Large and small cells (i.e. base station antenna heights above roof-top levels of
buildings adjacent to the base station).
Urban areas (for rural areas the correction factors given in subparagraph 1.3 and 1.4
can be used up to 2000 MHz).
Lu (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm) +[44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) +
Cm
with :
a(Hm) =[1.1*log(f) - 0.7]*Hm -[1.56*log(f) - 0.8]
Cm = 0 dB for medium sized city and suburban centres with moderate tree
density
Cm = 3 dB for metropolitan centres
As stated above, this model is applicable to a propagation distance range of 1-20km.
In practice, an error may occur if the cell radius is less than 1km. Compared with
model Walfish-Ikagami, model COST231-HATA may greatly underestimate the
number of base stations required. Hence, whenever possible, we should use the
model that has being corrected based on CW test data to estimate the cell radius .
4 Definitions of Functions
4.1 Calculation of the Area Coverage Probability
4.1.1 Function Name
area_coverage
4.1.2 Purpose
To calculate the area coverage probability with the slow fading margin being
specified. According to [Rappaport 1996] 3.9.3:
1 2
1 P
P area (, , J) =
lg( 1r ),
r
dr
dO
edge + 10J
0 0
)
1 erf 1 ab
= 1 1 erf(a) + exp( 1 2ab
2
b
b2
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Formula 21
wherein,
2
10J
b=

lg(e)
2
a=
4.1.3 Input Parameters

1. Slow fading margin
fading_margin (dB)
2. Standard deviation of slow fading
stddev_of_slow_fading (dB)
3. Path loss factor
Pathloss_factor
At present, the path loss factor is calculated also based on the propagation model
selected. The formulas are:
1. If model COST231-HATA is selected, Pathloss_factor=(44.9-6.55log10(Hb))/10,
wherein Hb is the base station height;
2, If model Asset is selected, Pathloss_factor=(k2 + k6*log10(Hb))/10.
4.1.4 Returned Value

Area coverage probability, range (0, 1).
4.1.5 Implementation
Function area_coverage(fading_margin, stddev_of_slow_fading, pathloss_factor)
Dim a As Double
Dim b As Double
Dim c As Double
Dim d As Double
Dim e As Double
e = 2.71828
a = -fading_margin / stddev_of_slow_fading / Sqr(2)
b = 10 * pathloss_factor * Log10(e) / stddev_of_slow_fading / Sqr(2)
c = Exp((1 - 2 * a * b) / (b * b))
d = 1 - MY_Erf((1 - a * b) / b, stddev_of_slow_fading)
area_coverage = 0.5 * (1 - MY_Erf(a, stddev_of_slow_fading) + c * d)
End Function
4.1.6 Functions Called

4.1.6.1 LOG10
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Static Function Log10(X)

Log10 = Log(X) / Log(10#)
End Function
4.1.6.2 MY_Erf
Static Function MY_Erf(X, sigma)
Dim M As Double
Dim e As Double
e = 2.71828
M = -Sqr(2) * X * sigma
MY_Erf = 1 - 2 * Application.WorksheetFunction.LogNormDist(10 ^ M, 0, sigma /
Log10(e))
End Function
4.2 Calculation of the Slow Fading Margin

4.2.1 Function Name
"Link Budget".Worksheet_SelectionChange
4.2.2 Purpose
This function is an event-trigged callback function which is automatically called once
a selection field in sheet Tools changes.

Target, Excel.Range type, inputted by Excel upon callback , not used by this
function.

None. Directly Change the value of the corresponding cell in sheet "Link Budget".
Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Excel.Range)
Worksheets("Tools").Range("D9").GoalSeek _
Goal:=Worksheets("Tools").Range("C9"), _
ChangingCell:=Worksheets("Tools").Range("C13")
End Sub

GoalSeek, an Excel embedded Visual Basic function. For details, please refer to
Help in Excel.
4.3 Model COST231_HATA
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4.3.1 Function Name

COST231_HATA
4.3.2 Purpose
To use model COST231_HATA to calculate the propagation distance with the
specified path loss

1.
Path loss
PL, Double type (dB)
2.
Frequency
f, Double type (MHz)
3.
Base station height

Hb, Double type (m)
4.
Mobile height
Hm, Double type (m)
5.
Morphology
E, Integer type:
E = 1: Dense urban
E = 2: Urban
E = 3; Sub urban
E = 4: Rural area
E = 5: Highway

Distance, Double type(km).
Function COST231_HATA(PL As Double, f As Double, Hb As Double, _
Hm As Double, e As Integer) As Double
Dim a As Double
Dim k As Double
Dim E_factor As Double
Dim gamma As Double
a = 46.3 + 33.9 * Log10(f)
k = 3.2 * (Log10(11.75 * Hm)) ^ 2 - 4.97
If e = 1 Then
E_factor = 3
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ElseIf e = 2 Then
E_factor = 0
ElseIf e = 3 Then
E_factor = -2 * (Log10(f / 28)) ^ 2 - 5.4
ElseIf e = 4 Then
E_factor = -4.78 * (Log10(f)) ^ 2 + 18.33 * Log10(f) - 40.94
ElseIf e = 5 Then
E_factor = -4.78 * (Log10(f)) ^ 2 + 18.33 * Log10(f) - 35.94
End If
gamma = 44.9 - 6.55 * Log10(Hb)
COST231_HATA = 10 ^ ((PL - a + 13.82 * Log10(Hb) + k - E_factor) / gamma)
End Function

4.3.6.1 LOG10
4.4 ASSET Standard MacroCell Model

4.4.1 Function Name
COST231_HATA
4.4.2 Purpose
To use model COST231_HATA to calculate the propagation distance with the path
loss being specified.

1. Path loss
PL, Double type (dB)

2. Frequency
f, Double type (MHz)

3. base station height
Hb, Double type (m)

4. Mobile height
Hm, Double type (m)

5. Propagation model parameters
k1 ~ k7 & Clutter Loss: Corrected propagation model parameters

Distance, Double type (km).
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Function ASSET_StdMacro(PL As Double, f As Double, Hb As Double, Hm As
Double, _
k1 As Double, k2 As Double, k3 As Double, k4 As Double, k5 As
Double, _
k6 As Double, k7 As Double, ClutterLoss As Double) As Double
Dim Loss As Double
Dim gamma As Double
Dim Heff As Double
Heff = Hb - Hm
Loss = PL - (k1 + k3 * Hm + k4 * Log10(Hm) + k5 * Log10(Heff) + k7 +
ClutterLoss)
gamma = k2 + k6 * Log10(Heff)
ASSET_StdMacro = 10 ^ (Loss / gamma)
End Function

4.4.6.1 LOG10
5 Instructions for Use

5.1 Launch the Link Budget Tool
This version of link budget tool is implemented by Excel. Before launching it, make
sure Excel97 or higher version has been installed on the computer. Because macros
will be used, Excel Viewer cannot work normally.
If the macro virus protection feature is enabled, Excel will prompt you to enable or
disable macro. Please select Enable macro when prompted.
A change protective password (wlgh) has been set to avoid accidental changes to
the design. It is recommended to open the worksheets in read only mode that
allows you to make changes but not save them.
To save changes, please use Save as to acquire your own version.
The link budget sheet is the sheet named Link Budget.
Sheet "Tools" contains the following two tools:
1. Cable Loss Estimation
2. Area Coverage Probability
All other sheets are auxiliary sheets which should not be changed unless absolutely
necessary.
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5.2 Set the Scenario

Scenarios used in the link budget are in the sheet "Scenarios". The user should elect
an appropriate scenario to obtain a correct cell radius.
5.3 Set-by-User Parameters

Except Scenarios, all the set-by-user cells in Sheet "Link Budget" are displayed in
light blue.
Meanings of background colors of cells in the sheet are as follows:
Figure 3
Meanings of cell background colors
In this version of link budget tools, parameters to be set by user include:

1. Maximum downlink Traffic Channel output
power
2. Cable loss
3. Uplink/downlink cell loading
4. Edge coverage probability required
5. Base station height
6. Downlink frequency
7. Parameters of ASSET Std MacroCell model.
Recommended settings for these parameters are as follows:
5.3.1 Maximum Output Power of Downlink TCH

If the maximum TCH output powers in the system have been already set, directly
use the setting values.
At the estimation phase, there are two cases, coverage limited and capacity limited.
In the case of coverage limited, the objective of the planning is to expand the cell
coverage area as large as possible, and the maximum downlink TCH output power
should be set to balance the uplink and downlink coverage within an appropriate
range.
In the case of capacity limited, we may need to limit the maximum downlink output
power and as a result, the downlink coverage area will be less than the uplink one.
Please note that because in the calculation process of the downlink interference
margin we have assumed that the downlink and uplink are balanced, if it is not the
truth, there will be an error in the calculated downlink interference margin. To avoid
this, we can adjust the maximum uplink TCH output power of to balance the uplink
and downlink coverage. Because of the automatic calculation units, we may need to
go through several iterations to achieve this result.
5.3.2 Cable Loss

The current version of link budget tool sets the cable loss to 3.0dB by default. In
practice, we should set it to the actual value. At the estimation phase when the
feeder cable length is still unknown, we should set this parameter according to the
installation mode (mounted in building or on tower).
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Please note that in this version of link budget tool, the uplink cable loss parameter
set by user is located at C19 , while the downlink cable loss is calculated based on
the uplink one.
Without TMA being used, the cable loss is defined as the total loss of all the parts
along the signal path from the cabinet-top connector to antenna connector.
With TMA being used, the cable loss is defined as the total loss of all the parts along
the signal path from the cabinet-top connector to TMA connector.
Please refer to section 3.3 for
the reason why it should be so defined.
5.3.3 Uplink/Downlink Cell Loading

The uplink and downlink cell loadings are associated with each other, and should be
calculated based on the user density, service model and service ratio. Please note
that the downlink cell loading is defined as the average output power of
BS/maximum output power of BS ([Dodoo Margin 20020702]).
5.3.4 Edge Coverage Probability Required

If the vendor has specified the required edge coverage probability, set this parameter
to it.
Sometimes, the vendor will specify an area coverage probability rather than an
edge coverage probability, say, Available in over 95% part of the area and 99% of
time. In this case, we can use tool Area Coverage Probability in sheet "Tools" to
estimate the area coverage probability.
To use this tool, we must set the standard deviation of slow fading and path loss
factor. The standard deviation of slow fading can be set refer to the value in sheet
Link Budget, while the typical values of the path loss factor in various morphologies
are listed below:
table 9 Typical values of the path loss factor in various morphologies
Morphology
Path loss factor
Dense urban
4.5
Urban
4.2
Sub urban
3.8
Rural area
3.3
Highway
3.3
Note: If the penetration loss is included in the link budget to ensure indoor coverage,
the coverage probability for outdoor subscribers is higher than that for indoor
subscribers for lack of this penetration loss, thus lowering the slow fading margin
required to ensure a specified edge coverage probability.
We should take this factor into consideration while setting the edge coverage
probability, and calculate the indoor edge coverage probability based on the known
ratio between indoor and outdoor subscribers. Below is a simplified calculation
method. Suppose there are X% users which are outdoor subscribers whose
coverage probability is nearly 100%. Then, the indoor edge coverage probability
required=(general edge coverage probability required-X)/(1-X).
In the commercial network bidding process, we should negotiate with the vendor on
this setting method to reach a common understanding. To ensure the coverage
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quality, we recommend that the setting of the edge coverage probability required
should not be less than 75%.
5.3.5 Base Station Height

It should be set according to the actual situation. The typical value is 30m.
5.3.6 Downlink Frequency

It should be set on a case-to-case basis. The typical value is the central frequency of
the core band, i.e. 2140MHz. There is no need to change this value for it does not
have a great impact on the path loss.
The downlink frequency is associated with the uplink frequency. Uplink frequency
=downlink frequency-190MHz.
5.3.7 Parameters of ASSET Std. MacroCell Model

If the model has been corrected for the target area, we can use ASSET Std.
MacroCell model to estimate the cell radius.
In this case, we should set the parameters k1~k7 and Clutter Loss based on the
model correction results. Please note that Clutter type should be the major clutter
type in the target area.
The current version of link budget tool provides the default values of k1~k7. Please
note that these default values are derived from the COST231-HATA model, with the
frequency set to 2130MHz because this frequency is often used for model correction.
When Asset model is used, the impact of the difference between uplink and
downlink frequencies has already been taken into consideration. Because we cannot
import the terrain map into the link budget, we will not consider the diffraction loss.
However, because parameter k7 of ASSET Std. MacroCell model is mainly used to
reflect the diffraction loss, we should set k7 to zero in the link budget tool when using
this model.
5.4 Export Link Budget Results

The exporting the link budget results function is added to the link budget tool V3.30,
which makes it easy to refer to link budget results in the planning documents.
Click the Export button on the right of Scenario setting term in sheet Link Budget
the link budget results will be exported to the sheet Results.
Check Export UL only to export uplink budget results only.
Click the Clear button in sheet Results to clear exported results.
The link budget tool V3.40 has removed the bug that causes an exporting error in the
antenna diversity mode.
5.5 Other Issues

5.5.1 Existing Link Performance Data
Sheets NodeB_Perf and UE_Perf contain some parameters related to the link
performance .
These parameters are set based on the WCDMA RNP Link Performance Data
Version 2.10 provided by Link simulation Team. Parameters that have not available
simulation results are marked as "N/A". An error may occur due to the unavailability
of some parameters when the scenario setting is changed. This issue will be
addressed through the link emulation works.
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Because our link performance is confidential information, in link budget tool V3.40,
sheets containing these data are hidden.
5.5.2 OTSR Configuration

Though Huawei NodeB V100R003 supports OTSR configuration, the current
version of link budget tool does not provide the corresponding scenario.
Because only uplink/downlink RF channel specifications will change as a result of
the OTSR configuration ,and the others almost remain the same as in the 3-sector
directional configuration, we can change the default value in the link budget tool to
get the cell coverage result in this configuration.
5.5.3 Product & Auxiliary Equipment Performance and Version

All the equipment parameters used in the Link Budget tool (link performance and RF
channel performance) are based on NodeBV100R003. An update of the product
version and auxiliary equipment may result in changes in the settings of these
parameters,This can be realized by changing their default values.
Later versions of link budget tools will be developed for each product version and
auxiliary equipment.
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List of References:
[1] [A. J. Viterbi 1998] Andrew J. Viterbi, Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication,
ADDISON-WESLEY,1998
[2]
[NOKIA 2002] Janna Laiho, Achim Wacker,etc., Radio Network Planning and Optimisation
for UMTS, John Wiley & Sons LTD., 2002
[3] [GSM 03.30] Digital Cellular Telecommunication Systems: Radio Network Planning Aspects,
GSM 03.30 Ver 7.0.0 Release 1998, ETSI
[4] [Mehta&Greenstein VTC'02] N. B. Mehta, L. Greenstein, T. Willis, Z. Kostic.Analysis and
Results for the Orthogonality Factor in WCDMA Downlinks,
Submitted to IEEE Trans.
Wireless Commun., VTC02 (spring)
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4.1 Calculation of the Area Coverage Probability.....................................................................................30

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