ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

2 1 1 .1-22

TABLE A1.5.3.3 - APPROXIMATE MIXING WATER AND AIR CONTENT REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT
SLUMPS AND NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZES OF AGGREGATES (Sl)
Water, Kg/m3 of concrete for indicated nominal maximum sizes of aggregate
Slump, mm

9.5*I

12.5*I19*I 25*

37.5*

Isot*I75t*IIsotS

Non-air-entrained concrete

25 to 50
75 to 100
150 to 175

Approximateamountofentrappedairinnonairentrainedconcrete,percent

243

T-

228

190
205
216

179
193
202

1.5

2.5

25 to 50
75 to 100
150 to 175

181
202
216

Recommendedaverage totalair
content,percentforlevelof
exposure:

166
181
190

154
169
178

130
145
160

113
124
-

0.5

0.3

0.2

mixing

egate larger than 40 mm are based on

slump tests made after removal of

percent or

particles larger than 40 mm by wet-

be wet-screened over the 40 mm sieve prior to testing for

more.

The

screenmg. $These quantities of mixing

air content, the percentage of air expected in the 40 mm

of

water are for use in computing cement

minus material should be as tabulated in the 40 mm

factors for trial batches when 75 mm or

column. However, initial proportioning calculations should

admixtures

150 mm normal maximum size

include the air content as a percent of the whole.

is included

aggregate is used. They are average for

volume
the

liquid

as part of

4.5
6.0
7.5

Mildexposure
Moderateexposure
ExtremeexposureSS

applicable specifications.

water by 5

the

total

volume

of

the mixing

**For concrete containing large aggregates which will

-ItWhen using large aggregate in low cement factor

concrete, air entrainment need not be detrimental to

reasonably well-shaped coarse
aggregates, well-graded from coarse to strength. In most cases mixing water requirement is
fine.
reduced sufficiently to improve the water-cement ratlo and
(iAdditional

recommendations

for to thus compensate for the strength reducing effect of

*The quantities of mixing water given for air-entrained

tThe

air-content and necessary tolerances entrained air concrete. Generally, therefore, for these large
on air content for control in the field nominal maximum sizes of aggregate. air contents

concrete are based on typical total air content requirements as

slum

are

shown for moderate exposure in the Table above. These

quantities of mixing water are for use in computing cement

value

given in a number of ACI recommended for extreme exposure should be considered

documents, including ACI 201, 345, 3 even though there may be little or no exposure to moisture
18, 301, and 302. ASTM C 94 for ready- and freezing.

contents for trial batches at 20 to 25 C. They are maximum for

s for

mixed concrete also gives air content

reasonably well-shaped angular aggregates graded within

conc

limits.

limits of accepted specifications. Rounded coarse aggregate

rete

will generally require I8 kg less water for non-air-entrained and

conta

15 kg less for air-entrained concretes. The use of water-

ining

reducing chemcial admixtures. ASTM C 494, may also reduce

aggr

Str

water.

The

documents

requirements
may

not

in

always

$_IThese values are based on the criteria that 9 percent

other air is needed in the mortar phase of the concrete. If the

agree mortar volume will be substantially different from that

exactly so in proportioning concrete determined in this recommended practice, it may be

consideration

must

be

given

to desirable to calculate the needed air content by taking 9

selecting an air content that will meet percent of the actual mortar volume.
the needs of the job and also meet the

Proportions for Strength or

incorrectaircontentinatrial
batch
of airentrained con
is
Acceptance or for Quality
based
Control of ASTM Method crete on slump, reduce or
on
C 3 I for Making and increase the mixing water
152 x
Curmg
Concrete
content of A1.5.3.9.1 by 3
305
Specimens in the Field.
mm
kg/mofconcreteforeach1
These
are
cylinders
cured
TABLE A1.5.3.4(a) cylind
moist at 23 2 1.7 C prior to percent by which the air
RELATIONSHIPS
ers
testing.
contentistobeincreasedor
moistThe relationship in this
BETWEEN WATERcured
Table assumes a nominal decreasedfrom
for 28
CEMENT RATIO AND
maximum aggregate size thatofthetrialbatch.
days
of about I9 to 25 mm. For a
A1.5.3.9.3
COMPRESSIVE
in
given source of aggregate,
accor
Thereestimatedunitmassof
strength
produced
at
a
STRENGTH OF
dance
given water-cement ratio the
fresh concrete for
with
CONCRETE (SI)
will increase as nominal
adjustment
of trial batch
the
maximum
size
of
sectio
proportions
is equal to the
aggregate
decreases;
see
I
Watercementratio,bymass
ns on
Sections 3.4 and 5.3.2.
unitmassinkg/m3measured
Compressivestrength
Nonairentrained
Initial
onthetrialbatch,reducedor
I
at28days,MPa*
concrete
Curin
g
increased by the percentage
and
increase or decrease in air
Curin
content oftheadjustedbatch
g
of
Cylind
fromthefirsttrialbatch.
ength

as

the

Basis

for

ers for
Check
ing

*Values are estimated average strengths the

for concrete containing not more than 2 Adequ

percent air for non-air-entrained concrete acy of

and 6 percent total air content for air- Labor
atory
entrained concrete. For a constant waterMixtur
cement ratio, the strength of concrete is
e
reduced as the air content is increased.

TABLE A1.5.3.4(b)
- MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE
WATER-CEMENT
RATIOS FOR
CONCRETE IN

S
E
V
E
R
E
E
X
P
O
S
U
R
E
S
(
S
I
)
*

Typeofstructure
Thin sections
curbs, sills,
ornamental

(railings,
ledges,

work)and
sectionswithlessthan
5mmcoveroverstee
Allotherstructures
*Based on
ACI 201.2R.
Koncrete
should also
be airentrained.
IIf

sulfate
resisting
cement
(Type II
or Type V
of ASTM
C 150) is
used,
permissi
ble
watercement
ratio may
be
Increase
d by
0.05.

PROPORTIONS FOR NORMAL, HEAVYWEIGHT, AND MASS CONCRETE

TABLE A1.5.3.7.1 -

TABLE A1.5.3.6 - VOLUME OF

COARSE AGGREGATE PER UNIT OF
VOLUME OF CONCRETE (SI)
Nominal
maximum size
of aggregate,
mm
9.5
12.5
19
25
37.5
50
75
150
*Volumes are

211.1-23

2.60

2.80

3.00

0.50
0.59
0.66
0.71
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.87

0.48
0.57
0.64
0.69
0.73
0.76
0.80
0.85

0.46
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.71
0.74
0.78
0.83

0.44
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.69
0.72
0.76
0.81

FIRST

estimate of unit mass may be refined as

ESTIMATE OF

follows if necessary information is available: for

MASS OF

each 5 kg difference in mixing water from the

Table A1.5.3.3 values for 75 to 100 mm slump,

FRESH

Volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate*

per unit volume of concrete for different
fineness modulit of fine aggregate
2.40

mm slump in Table A1.5.3.3. If desired, the

correct the mass per m3 8 kg in the opposite

direction; for each 20 kg difference in cement

CONCRETE (SI)

in the same direction; for each 0.1 by which

First estimate of concreteaggregate

unit mass,
kg/m
specific gravity deviates from 2.7,

Nominal
maximum size of
aggregate, mm

Non-air-entrained
concrete

9.5
12.5
19
25
37.5
50
75
150

based on aggregates in dry-rodded condition as described in

content from 330 kg, correct the mass per m 3 kg

2280
2310
2345
2380
2410
2445
2490
2530

correct the concrete mass 60 kg in the same

direction. For air-entrained concrete the air
content for severe exposure from Table A.1.5.3.3
was used. The mass can be increased 1 percent
for each percent reduction in air content from that
amount.

ASTM C 29.
These volumes are selected from empirical relationships to produce concrete with a degree
of workability suitable for usual reinforced construction. For less workable concrete such as
required for concrete pavement construction they may be increased about 10 percent. For more
workable concrete. such as may sometimes be required when placement is to be by pumping,
they may be reduced up to 1O percent.

tSee ASTM Method 136 for calculation of fineness modulus.

*Values calculated by Eq. (A1.5.3.7) for

concrete of medium richness (330 kg of
cement per m3) and medium slump with
aggregate specific gravity of 2.7. Water

requirements based on values for 75 to 100

APPENDIX 2 -EXAMPLE

measure.
A2.1 Example 1 Required
Example 1 presented inaverage
Section 6.2 will be solvedstrength
here using metric units of
of
39. The coarse
aggr
aggregatehasa
egat
nominal
e
maximum size
Section 6.1, seque
otherproperties nceto
of

the avoid
ingredients are: confu
cement Type sion,
I with specific even
gravityof3.15; thoug
coarse
hthey
aggregate somet
bulk specific imes
gravity 2.68
and absorption merely
0.5 percent; restate
fine aggregate inform
bulk specific ation
gravity 2.64, alread
absorption 0.7 y
percent, and given.
fineness
A
modulus2.8.
2
A2.2
All
.
steps

of
2
Section 5.3
.
should be
1
followed in

PROBLEM IN
METRIC (SI)

SYSTEM

be 24 MPa
A2.2.7 Stepaggregate
withslumpof7 With theestablished, the
quantities of water,remaining
75to100
cement and coarsematerial

will

comprising the
cubic meter of
concrete must
consistoffine

will be37.5 mm
d
kg/m3. As stated in
entrapped.
mass
and
fineaggregatemaybe
The
of
dry
determined on the
required
1600
rodde
basisofeither
aslump
uire mm.
regate is aggrega
dry
S
found to be te
rodded
A
of75to
t
dto
3
181

kg/m
.
havinga
basis,
e
100mm
be 2.2. 3
A2.2.4
Step
4
fineness
may be
p
innon
75 Step 3
Thewater
modulu
used in
air
to The
cement ratio s of 2.8
each
1100mm. concrete
entrained
fornon
and

a
cubic
concrete airentrainedconcrete
A2. willbe
37.5
meterof
2.2 nonair
made withastrengthof24 mm
concrete
Ste entrained
wMPaisfound
nominal
. The
T
p 2 sincethe
i from Table
maximu
required
t Al.5.3.4(a)tobe0.62.
structure
h
m

size
dry
h
The isnot
e
A2.2.5 Step 5 of
mass is,

aggr exposed
-From the coarse
s
therefor
3
egat tosevere
informationdeveloped aggrega
l
e, 0.71
7
eto
in
Steps

3
and
4,

the
te,

the
x 1600
u
weatheri
.
be
required

cement
table
= 1136
5
m
use ng.From
contentisfoundtobe

indicate
kg.
p
d Table
3 s that
m
181/0.62=292kg/m .
i
has A1.5.3.3,
3
m
A2.2.6 Step 6 0.71 m
s
the
a
The quantity of of
estimate
rnominal
acoarse aggregate is coarse
emaximum dmixing
gestimatedfromTable aggrega
g
qsizeof37.5 waterfor
A1.5.3.6.Forafine te, on a
and
what
ever
air

massor
concret
absolutevolume emade
asshown
with
below:
A2. aggreg
2.7.1
Mass ate
basis -- Fromhaving
a
Table
A1.5.3.7.1, thenomin
massofacubical
meter of nonmaxim
um
airentrained
size of

37.5 adjustments already

fine
air) of 1
A2.2.7.2
mm isofthisvalueknown
percent
aggregat
Absolute
volume
basis
estimat for usualare:
determin
e,
-Withthe
quantities
ed todifferences
ed from
therefore
ofcement,water,andTable
be
in slump,
Water(netmixing)
,is
coarseaggregateestaAl.5.3.3,
2410 cement
Cement
estimate
kg.
factor, and
Coarseaggregate blished, and thethe sand
dtobe approximate
(For aaggregate
Total
content
entrapped air contentcan be
first specific
2410
(as
op-posed tocalculate
trial gravity areThe
1609=
batch, notcritical.)massof
purposely entrainedd as
801kg
exact Masses

follows:

Volumeof
water

Solidvolume
ofcement

211.1-24

ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

water. Thus,
= surface water
contributed by the
coarse aggregate
Volumeofentrapped amountsto20.5
air
= = 1.5 percent; by
thefineaggregate6
Totalsolidvolume 0.7=5.3percent.
ofingredientsexceptThe estimated
requirement for
fineaggregate
added water,
therefore,becomes
Solidvolumeof
fineaggregate
181
required
=
1136(0.015
)
Requiredweight
801(0.053)
ofdry
=
fiieaggregate
=122kg
Solidvolume
ofcoarse
aggregate

Fineaggregate(wet)
Total
A2.2.9 Step
9 For the
laboratory trial
batch, it is found
convenient to scale
themassesdownto
produce0.02m3of
concrete. Although
the calculated
quantityofwaterto
be added was 2.44
kg, the amount
actually used in an
effort to obtain the
desired 75 to 100
mm slump is 2.70
kg. The batch as
mixed, therefore,
consistsof

A2.2.7.3
The estimated
Batchmassespercubic batch masses for a
meterof concrete
cubic meter of
calculatedonthetwo
concreteare:
Water(added)
basesarecompared
Cement
below:
Water(tobeadded)
Coarseaggregate(wet)
Cement
Fineaggregate(wet)
Basedon Coarseaggregate(wet)
Total
estimated
concrete
Theconcretehasa
mass,kg
measuredslumpof
50 mm and unit
Water(netmixing)
181
mass of 2390
Cement
292
kg/m? It is judged
Coarseaggregate
to be satisfactory
(dry)
1136
fromthestandpoint
801
Sand(dry)
of workability and
finishing
properties. To
A2.2.8 Step 8
provide proper
Tests indicate total
yield and other
characteristics for
moisture of 2 percent in
future batches, the
the coarse aggregate and
following
6 percent in the fine
adjustments are
aggregate. If the trial
made:
batch proportions based
A2.2.9.
on assumed concrete
1 Since
mass are used, the
the
adjusted

aggregate
yieldof
massesbecome
thetrial
batch
Coarseaggregate(wet)=
Fineaggregates(wet)=
was
Absorbedwaterdoesnot
become part of the
mixingwaterandmustbe
excluded from the
adjustment in added

849kg
2422kg

48
.7
0/
23
90

2.70kg
5.84kg
23.18kg
16.98kg
48.70kg

=
mixing water,
0.0204 additional cement
will be required to
m3
providethedesired
and the mixing water watercement ratio
contentwas2.70(added) of 0.62. The new
+ 0.34 (on coarse cement content
aggregate) + 0.84 (on becomes
fineaggregate)=3.88kg,
1
themixingwaterrequired
9
for a cubic meter of
8
concrete with the same
/
slump as the trial batch
shouldbe
0
.
3.88/0.
6
0204=
2
190kg

=
AsindicatedinA1.5.3.9.1,

this amount must be

3
increased another 8 kg to
1
raise the slump from the
9
measured 50 mm to the

desired 75 to 100 mm
k
range, bringing the total
g
mixing

waterto198kg.
A2.2.9.
A2.2.9.2
3
Since

workability
With the increased

was found to be
satisfactory, the
quantity of coarse
aggregate per unit
volume of concrete
will be maintained
the same as in the
trial batch. The
amount of coarse
aggregate per cubic
meterbecomes

23.
18

1
1
3
6

k
g

w
e
t

0
.
0
2
0
4

whichis

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