MECH3020

Solid Mechanics II
(Spring 2015)
Professor Robin MA (melwma@ust.hk)
Room 2552, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Generalized Hookes Law

For an element subjected to multi-axial loading, the
normal strain components resulting from the stress
components may be determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small

With these restrictions:

x y z
x

E
E
E
x y z
y

E
E
E
x y z
z

E
E
E

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is

e 1 x 1 y 1 z 1
x y z
1 2
x y z
E
dilatation(changein volumeper unit volume)

For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

31 2
p
e p
k

E
bulk modulus
31 2

SOLUTION:
Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of the
block.
Apply Hookes law for shearing stress and
strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is bonded
to two rigid horizontal plates. The lower
plate is fixed, while the upper plate is
subjected to a horizontal force P. Knowing
that the upper plate moves through 1.0
mm. under the action of the force,
determine a) the average shearing strain in
the material, and b) the force P exerted on
the plate.

Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.

Determine the average angular deformation or

shearing strain of the block.

Apply Hookes law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.

Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.

Composite Materials
Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed from
lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or polymers
embedded in a resin matrix.
Normal stresses and strains are related by Hookes Law but
with directionally dependent moduli of elasticity,

Ex x
x

Ey

y
y

Ez

z
z

Transverse contractions are related by directionally dependent

values of Poissons ratio, e.g.,
y

xy
xz z
x
x
Materials with directionally dependent mechanical properties
are anisotropic.

Multi-axial loading of a layer of a composite material

Fiber reinforced composite

Free in y and z direction; the cube is not loaded or restrained in the y and z directions;
So, stresses in y and z are zero

Free in z direction but restrained in y direction; same result we obtained from part a
w.r.t stress x; stress in z is zero; stress in y could be different from zero, but cannot be
expended in y direction, so elongation y is zero

Saint-Venants Principle
Loads transmitted through rigid plates
result in uniform distribution of stress
and strain.
Concentrated loads result in large stresses
in the vicinity of the load application
point.
Stress and strain distributions become
uniform at a relatively short distance
from the load application points.

Saint-Venants Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.

Stress Concentration: Hole

(a) Flat bars with holes

Discontinuities of cross section may result in high

localized or concentrated stresses.

K max
ave

Stress Concentration: Fillet

(b) Flat bars with fillets

Determine the largest axial load P that

can be safely supported by a flat steel
bar consisting of two portions, both 10
mm thick, and respectively 40 and 60
mm wide, connected by fillets of radius
r = 8 mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.

Determine the geometric ratios and find

the stress concentration factor from

Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.

(b) Flat bars with fillets

Apply the definition of normal stress to

find the allowable load.