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I. INTRODUCTION
our new equidistant pumping stations were located along
a 500 km long existing pipeline, with the objective of
increasing its transport capacity [1]. In this work, the
stations are called A, B, C and D. A simplified scheme
presents this situation in Figure 1.
Initial
Station
Terminal
2008 IEEE.
Description
6.6 kV
200-9000 HP (150-6700 kW)
0-6.6 kV
0.2-85 Hz
> 0.98 (with PWM rectifier)
< 5% (with PWM rectifier)
Induction or synchronous
Direct-field-oriented
(vector control)
PWM GCT
PWM current source
6@6000 V
Rectifier: SHE
Inverter: SHE and TPWM
Rectifier < 500 Hz
Inverter < 500 Hz
A. Disturbance detection
The first plant to start up was the pumping station B
(according to Figure 1) and, as soon as it began working,
important common-mode voltages were detected.
By using an isolated, 8-channel waveform-recorder with a
12-bit converter and a sampling rate of 200 ksamples per
second, voltages as well as currents in different points of the
plant were measured. The objective of these measurements
was to verify the presence of high-frequency common-mode
disturbances.
A simplified one-wire diagram of the analyzed plant
(identical to the other three) is shown in Figure 3. In this
graph, the PCC between the Utility and the Customer was
remarked.
Recordings were made in points 1 and 2 of the figure; i.e. at
6.6 kV and LV, respectively.
132 kV
Utility
PCC
Customer
132/6.6 kV
8 MVA
1
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
Time
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
6.6 kV
-8
Time
VFD
2
To Auxiliary
Services
M1
M2
6.6/0.38 kV
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Time
400
0
-200
-400
VFD
Time
3000
2000
1 motor at 40 %
of rated power
(1485 rpm)
1500
1 motor at 80 %
of rated power
(1800 rpm)
1 motor at 60 %
of rated power
(1640 rpm)
1 motor at 45 % of
rated power (1454
rpm) and the other
direct to the line at
52 % (1500 rpm)
1 motor at 20 %
of rated power
(1013 rpm)
1000
500
Hour
17:00
16:30
16:00
15:30
15:00
0
14:30
Power [kW]
2500
14:00
Spurious
Current
13:30
Cables Stray
Capacitance
13:00
12:30
Distorted
Voltage
VFD
11:30
6.6 kV
11:00
10:30
A. Plant evaluation
Apart from the phenomenon previously dealt with,
harmonics of the 50 Hz power frequency are also produced by
the VFD during the process of AC-DC conversion.
In this case, disturbances appear upstream the HV/MV
transformer. This issue differs from the phenomenon
discussed in the previous paragraph since it has direct impact
on the Utility grid and, for this reason, it must be carefully
evaluated.
Both, Utility and customer agreed to use the standard IEEE
519-1992 [5] as a reference in order to assess the harmonic
content emitted by the customer.
Prior to the official start up of the plants, preliminary
harmonic measurements were made (official measurements
are required to permit the plants to operate normally).
In Figure 10, it is shown the active power of the plant
during the measuring period. Added to this, the different
working states of the plant were indicated. Between two
consecutive steady states of operation, a transient appears due
to the inertia existing in the process.
10:00
8 MVA
Disturbance
-600
132 kV
Shielded
Cable
Filter
12:00
Voltage [V]
200
3.0
150
100
50
-2
-50
U
I
-4
-6
-100
-150
Time
Scc =
2.5
Current [A]
Voltage [kV]
St
8 x106
=
= 87 MVA
Z cc ( % ) 0.092
(1)
2.0
I2
I4
1.5
f r = f0
1.0
0.5
17:00
16:30
16:00
15:30
15:00
Hour
14:30
14:00
13:30
13:00
12:30
12:00
11:30
11:00
10:30
10:00
0.0
S cc
Q
(2)
800 kvar
3600
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
3.5
5th Harmonic in Voltage [%]
1200 kvar
4.0
3000
U5 [%]
Power [kW]
3.0
2400
2.5
2.0
1800
1.5
Power [kW]
1200
1.0
600
0.5
0.0
12:40
0
00:40
12:40
00:40
12:40 00:40
Hour
12:40
00:40
Fig. 15: 5th harmonic voltage and power taken by the plant.
Fig. 13: System frequency responses for the two values of
capacitance: 1200 and 800 kvar capacitors.
D. Impact of the Plants on the Power System
Once all issues concerning harmonic emission were solved,
the next step was to measure the voltage harmonics at PCC
and compare them to those established in the IEEE standard
519-1992.
These measurements showed a 5th harmonic voltage over
the established limit during some periods of time. Whereas
the maximum allowable value for the 5th harmonic is 1.5 %
for this voltage system values as high as 2.5 % were
recorded. The profile obtained is shown in Figure 14.
th
2.5
2.0
Maximum value according to IEEE=1.5 %
1.5
1.0
0.5
14:53
12:53
10:53
08:53
06:53
04:53
02:53
00:53
22:53
20:53
18:53
16:53
14:53
12:53
10:53
0.0
Hour
16
3000
14
2500
12
2000
10
1500
THD I [%]
Power [kW]
1.0
Lag
18
0.5
PF
20
3500
1.5
0.0
Lead
4000
-0.5
1000
60
100
-1.5
Load [%]
28/4 29/4 29/4 30/4 30/4 01/5 01/5 02/5 02/5 03/5 03/5 04/5
13:00 01:00 13:00 01:00 13:00 01:00 13:00 01:00 13:00 01:00 13:00 01:00
Date
1 Motor VFD
1 Motor Line
1 M. VFD & 1 M. L
40.0
80
1 Motor VFD
1 Motor Line
1 M. VFD & 1 M. L
-1.0
THD I [%]
40
Load [MW]
THDI [%]
500
20
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
300
100
Load [%]
The recorded values for the condition with only one motor
connected to the line correspond to the black squares.
The load fluctuated around the 50 per cent of maximum
value and as expected the harmonic emission was always
below 8 %.
When it comes to the condition with both pumps working,
the recorded values are those represented by grey triangles.
Most THD I [%] values remained below 10 %, regardless of
the load value. The higher values of load, the lower levels of
harmonic emission.
Finally, those periods with only one motor controlled by the
drive were represented by rhombuses. Under this condition,
the emitted levels depended heavily on the load. With levels
of load near the rated value of the drive, the emitted levels
were as low as 10 %. Nevertheless, for those levels of load
below 60 % of the rated value of the drive about 40 % of the
rated power of the plant the levels of THD I [%] recorded
were rather high.
250
Current [A]
200
I1 [A]
Irms [A]
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Load [%]
I rms [ A]
THD I [%]
= 1+
100
I 1 [ A]
(3)
IX. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
3
2.5
Voltage harmonics [%]
X. BIOGRAPHIES
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
THD H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19
Harmonic