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n the May 1959 issue of 8 E the authors reported on the gyrotheodolite as used for determining azimuths in surface and underground work.
Further research has led to the development of
a new type of gyro instrument, the band-suspended
gyro attachment, which is essentially an upset gyro
attached to the top of a theodolite. The new gyro
attachment is light enough to be mounted on any
angle-measuring instrument if the design of the
telescope standard permits.
Gyrotheodolite units have been used to transfer
meridian lines underground in the Coeur d'Alene
mining district, although they have not ,been used
extensively in the U.S. In other parts of the world,
however, they have been adopted as the standard
surveying instrument by mining engineers.
In addition to underground work, the gyrotheodolite has been used in geodetic surveys, surface
72-MINING
ENGINEERING, M A R C H 1968
SOCIETY OF
R=I.w.n.cos+-sins
C11
I = moment of inertia
o = angular velocity of
of gyro, gm cma
gyro, radians per sec
n = angular velocity of earth, radians per sec
4 = latitude of observation
= angle of precession from north, degrees
(Y
where
fore, 1-3 is the resultant vector that causes the
end of the axis to move perpendicular to K.
If the earth is considered to be a very big gyro
that turns around its axis once every 24 hours,
and on this big gyro we are operating our
small gyro-instrument, the problem of making this
small gyro-instrument north-seeking consists of
arranging it as a suspended pendulous gyro (Fig. 2 ) .
With the earth rotating from west to east, the axis
of the spinning gyro is directed in an east-west
direction (position I ) . When the plumbline has
changed 15 degrees, the gyro-axis tends to keep
the same position as in I (shown in position 11)
because of its inertia. But the precession due to
the gravity force F compels the gyro-axis to turn
to a north-south orientation, which is shown in
position 111. If the inertia of the system is great
enough, the axis of the gyro-wheel will overshoot
the meridian, and therefore cause the axis to precess
in the opposite direction. According to the laws
of dynamics, it can be easily proved that these
oscillations are in the form of weakly damped,
simple harmonic motion.
The oscillations around true north, as effected
by the earth's rotation, are summarized as follows:
There is no change in the direction of plumbline
on the North Pole but there is a change of 15"
m = mass of pendulum, gm
a = metacentric height, cm
g = acceleration of gravity, cm per secZ
The form of oscillations of the gyro-axis is elliptical, with the major axis being in the horizontal
plane, the minor axis in the vertical plane and
a ratio between the two axes of about 30: 1. For
the north determination only five or seven east
and west reversal points are observed and then,
by use of the Schuler-mean, the north position
is calculated.
Historical Development
In April 1947, Rellensmann began consrtuction
of a meridian-indicator that would not have the
disadvantage of preceding instruments, namely, extreme sensitivity to outside disturbances such as vibration (Fig. 3 ) . The gyro a, which has an angular
momentum of approximately 50 x 10' gm cm"
per sec is installed in a sphere b, which carries
a heavy leadmass on its lower side in order to
decrease swing time. The gyro-sphere is surrounded
by an envelope-sphere c, and both spheres have
electrical contacts opposite each other. By means
of a Wheatstone bridge it is possible to give the
envelope-sphere the same direction, which is ob-
M I N I N G ENGINEERS
M A R C H 1968, M I N I N G ENGINEERING-73
gyro
gyro sphere
envelope sphere
Gyro-Theodolite Unit
off-take of direction
a
divided circle
alidade
Fig. 3-A cross-section of the first Clausthal meridian indicator illustrates the basic constr~cctionof the gyro-attachment.
upper band c l a m p
lower band c l a m p
Index
mast
gyro
v-mark
lracer poml
magnnl~er
forced cenlerlng
locknng
Measuring Procedure
The methods of operating the gyro theodolite
(Rellensmann System) are described in detail by
Schwendener4 and in the manuals prepared by the
manufacturers of the instrument. A brief description of the procedures, however, will assist in understanding the simple techniques involved.
The telescope is preoriented towards the north
by a so-called "quick method", and subsequently
oriented precisely, either by the "transit method,"
or the "reversal point method" described below.
THEODOLITE:
Erect image, fixed focus magnification of 28 diam and 16 mm
aperture.
Spirit level sensitivity-30
in. per 2 mm
TOTAL WEIGHT: 18 k g (40 1b)
or by calculation. Depending on the desired accuracy, the circle reading for the true north is derived
from three or more transits through the center of
the index.
11
Schuler mean
z , lntermedlate mean
2,-total mean
lndlcatlng relerence
bearlng corresponding to
true nonn
+il,+I.I+l.
21
$11, t 1 . 1 + 1 .
2
Z*
the application of a north-seeking gyro. In transferring a bearing from the surface to the underground workings of a mine, usually one gyroscopic
determination of azimuth is made at each end of
the surface line and also one determination at each
end of the underground line. If the differences between the values on surface and underground range
within a certain limit, the transfer work is considered satisfactory.
Determining the true meridian is an important
task for the surveyor and usually has been done
by observing the bearing of the pole-star at its
greatest elongation. Observations on the pole-star
are less conveniently made than those on the sun,
but the calculations are simpler and accuracy is
much greater.
It is faster and more economical to solve this
task by using a gyro-attachment, and the accuracy
is high enough for all geodetic purposes. The gyromethod is particularly advantageous as it may be
used at all times and under all conditions, and the
whole procedure is rapid, involving virtually no
calculations.
It is not necessary to carry out observations at
each point of a long traverse when measuring distances and determining bearings because only every
second point need be occupied. Also the location
of new points by resection can be easily perfected
by using the gyro-attachment. Only two triangulation points are necessary for resection with the
gyro-theodolite, whereas three points must be
known when using the transit alone, thus simplifying calculations.
References
1 G. B. Lauf: The Gyrotheodolite and its Application in the Mining Industry of South Africa. Journal of the South A f ~ i c a nInstitute
of Mining and Metallurgy, 1963, pp. 349-386.
a A. Falter: The Gyrotheodolite and its Value in Modern Surveying Practice. The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, 1964,
PP. 413-420.
3 0. Rellensmann: Recent Application of the Gyrotheodolite in
Tunneling-Work in Underground-Workings and in Applied Geophysics. Mining Research, Pergamon Press, pp. 283-288.
LH. R. Schwendener: Methods and Practical Experience in the
Determination of True North with a Theodolite Gyro Attachment.
English translation of article in German published in Allgemeine
Ve7messungs-Nauchrichten, 4 (April 1966).
in the NorthM. Torricos: Results of ~eciinations:~easurements
west Harzregion. Dissertation Mining University Clausthal, 1965.
M A R C H 1968, M I N I N G ENGINEERING-75