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1. Introduction
In the last lecture we looked at the shear centre of a
singly symmetric beam. We found that the
resultant shear force in the cross section acts
through a point, S, which generally does not
coincide with the centroid of the cross section. The
shear centre always lies on an axis of symmetry. In
this lecture we investigate the position of the shear
centre of a channel cross section. To do this we
must first derive an extension to the shear formula,
=QSz/(Ib) for thin walled sections.
a b
y
x
dx
P
Fig.1 Thin-walled open sections
S
P
F1
dx
F2
Taking the element abcd, dx wide we can examine the equilibrium. The difference between the force, F1 and F2
due to direct stress variations (as a consequence of dM/dx) must be balanced by the shear force along the beam
at the face cd.
(2)
tdx = F1 F2
where t is the thickness at distance s from the free edge. The force, F1, is integral of direct stress over the area
of the face, ad.
s
s
M
(3)
F1 = x dA = z1 ydA
Iz
where Mz1is the bending moment at face ad. Similarly the force F2 is:
s
F2 = x dA =
0
M z2
Iz
ydA
(4)
M z 2 M z1 1
dx
I zt
ydA =
0
QS z
I zt
The last part of Eq (5) is true if the section has a constant thickness. If the thickness varies with s then the
integral version given in Eq (5) would have to be used. This formula is very similar to the original shear
formula and it is valid for any shape of thin walled open cross section.
The shear flow can be calculated from
QS z
q = t =
Iz
(5)
(6)
max
e
Q
1
Fig.3 Shear in I beams
h
bt
2
(8)
The stress varies linearly with s from 0 at the free end to a maximum 1 at the connected end of the flange.
This gives the triangle shape shown in figure 4. The peak flange shear stress is:
bhQ
(9)
2I z
If the channel is of constant thickness, then 1 will also be the shear at the top of the web (i.e. 2=1 ). If the web
had a different thickness tw , to the flange, tf then 2 =1 (tf/tw)
1 =
The maximum shear in the web is at the neutral axis and can be shown to be
h Qh
4 2I z
max = b +
(10)
The horizontal shear force in either flange can be obtained by multiplying the average flange shear by the area
of the flange:
b Qhb 2 t
Q1 = 1 t =
4I z
2
The web shear is made up of a rectangle, 2h and a parabola of area
2
( max 2 ) h
3
(11)
(12)
2
3
2
( max 2 ) ht = ht ( 2 + 2 max ) = Q ( bth + th )
3
3
2
12
Iz
(13)
But the second moment of inertia, Iz, is made up of the web part th3/12 and two flanges, bh2/4, i.e.
bth 2 th 3
(14)
+
2
12
Thus we find that the shear force in the web equals the applied shear Q2=Q which could be deduced from the
vertical equilibrium of the cross section. If the applied shear force, Q, is positioned at the shear centre then the
sum of moment are also equal to zero. Hence taking moment about point S:
Iz =
Q1 h Q 2 e = 0
Thus, the distance, e, from the shear centre to the centroid of the web is Q1h/Q2 which gives
e=
(15)
b 2 h 2t
3b 2
=
4I z
h + 6b
(16)
when Eq(14) is used for Iz. Eq(16) is valid for channels of constant thickness. If the web has thickness, tw, and
the flange has a different thickness, tf, G&T p325 gives the formula for e as
e=
3b 2 t f
h t w + 6b t f
Note that in the above derivation the distance b is from the free end to the centroid of the web and h is the
distance from the centroid of one flange to that of the other.
h/2
b(2h + 3b)
2(h + 3b)
h/2
(17)
b/2
b/2